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Batutuwan muhalli a kasar Sin

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Batutuwan muhalli a kasar Sin
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli
Ƙasa Sin

Batutuwan muhalli a kasar Sin sun tashi tare da saurin masana'antu na kasar, da kuma Kula da muhalli musamman a farkon shekarun 2000. Kasar Sin ta kasance a matsayi na 120 daga cikin kasashe 180 a kan 2020 Environmental Performance Index.[1]

Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta amince da matsalolin kuma ta ba da martani daban-daban, wanda ya haifar da wasu ci gaba, amma kafofin watsa labarai na yamma sun soki ayyukan kamar yadda bai dace ba. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sami karuwar gwagwarmayar' yan ƙasa game da yanke shawara na gwamnati waɗanda ake ganin suna da lahani ga muhalli, kuma wani jami'in gwamnati da ya yi ritaya ya yi iƙirarin cewa shekarar 2012 ta ga zanga-zangar muhalli sama da 50,000 a China.[2][3]

Tun daga shekarun 2010, gwamnati ta ba da kulawa sosai ga kare muhalli ta hanyar ayyukan manufofi kamar sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar yanayi ta Paris, Shirin Shekaru biyar na 13 da sake fasalin Dokar Kare Muhalli ta 2015 [4] Daga 2006 zuwa 2017, matakan sulfur dioxide a China sun ragu da kashi 70, [5] kuma gurɓataccen iska ya ragu daga 2013 zuwa 2018 A cikin 2017, saka hannun jari a cikin makamashi mai sabuntawa ya kai dala biliyan 279.8 a duk duniya, tare da China ta kai dala biliyar 126.6 ko 45% na saka hannun jari na duniya. Tun daga wannan lokacin kasar Sin ta zama babbar mai saka hannun jari a duniya, mai samarwa da kuma mai amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa a duk duniya, masana'antun bangarorin hasken rana na zamani, turbines na iska da wuraren samar da makamashin ruwa da kuma zama babbar mai samar da motocin lantarki da bas a duniya.[6]

Daga hangen nesa na kasa da kasa, kasar Sin ta kasance jam'iyya ga mafi yawan manyan yarjejeniyoyi da ake nufi don magance batutuwan muhalli. Wannan ya hada da Yarjejeniyar Antarctic-Environmental, Yarjejeniyar Antárctic, Yarjejeniya kan Bambancin Halitta, Yarjejeniwar Canjin yanayi, Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da Yaki da Hamada, Yarjejeniyarsa ta Hadari, Dokar Tekun, Yarjejeniyoyin Katako na Tropical na Duniya na 1983 da 1994, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Gudanar da Dokar Whaling, da Yarjejeniya ta Marine, Kare Jirgin Ozone, da Tsarar Jirgin Ruwa, da Kare Ruwa. Kasar Sin ta sanya hannu, amma ba ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto ba (amma har yanzu ba a buƙatar rage fitar da carbon a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar, kamar yadda Indiya take) da yarjejeniyar haramta gwajin nukiliya.

Matsalolin muhalli

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Ma'adanai na ruwa

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Abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa na kasar Sin suna fama da karancin ruwa mai yawa da gurɓataccen ingancin ruwa. Ƙarin yawan jama'a da saurin ci gaban tattalin arziki da kuma kula da muhalli sun kara bukatar ruwa da gurɓataccen yanayi. Kasar Sin ta mayar da martani ta hanyar matakan kamar gina kayan aikin ruwa da sauri da kara ka'idoji da kuma bincika wasu hanyoyin fasaha. Amfani da ruwa ta tashoshin wutar lantarki na kwal yana bushewa a Arewacin China.

A cewar gwamnatin kasar Sin a shekarar 2014 kashi 59.6% na wuraren ruwa na karkashin kasa ba su da inganci ko kuma ba su da kyau sosai.

Binciken bincike na 2016 ya nuna cewa ruwan kasar Sin yana dauke da haɗari na mai haifar da cutar kansa nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). A kasar Sin, ana zaton NDMA wani abu ne na hanyoyin kula da ruwa na gida (wanda ya shafi chlorination mai nauyi). [7]

Kashe daji

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Kodayake gandun daji na kasar Sin kusan kashi 20% ne kawai [8] kasar tana da wasu daga cikin manyan gandun daji a duniya, yana mai da shi babban burin kokarin kiyaye gandun daji.

An sanar da manyan shirye-shiryen sake gina gandun daji guda biyu, Shirin Kare Gidajen Halitta da Shirin Komawa zuwa Gidajen daji, a ƙarshen 1998.  :: 183  An gudanar da shirye-shiryen a Sichuan, Shaanxi, da Gansu a cikin 1999. [9] :: 183  Sun zama an aiwatar da su sosai a cikin shekara ta 2000.[9] :: 183  Shirin Kare dazuzzuka na Halitta ya yi kira ga manyan raguwa a cikin girbi na katako, kiyaye gandun daji, da kuma kafa haramcin katako a mafi yawan Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, da Tibet.[9] :: 183  Shirin ya samar da wasu damar samun aiki ga tsoffin ma'aikatan masana'antar katako, gami da hayar su don aikin sake dasa bishiyoyi.[9] :: 183  Shirin Komawa Farmland zuwa Forest ya biya manoma don dasa bishiyoyi a kan gonar da ba ta da amfani kuma ta ba su tallafin shekara-shekara don samun kudin shiga.[9] : 183 : 183 

A shekara ta 2001, Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ya lissafa kasar Sin a cikin manyan kasashe 15 tare da mafi yawan "kusa da aka rufe," watau, budurwa, tsohuwar gandun daji ko bishiyoyi masu tsiro. 12% na yankin ƙasar China, ko fiye da hekta miliyan 111, gandun daji ne da aka rufe. Koyaya, UNEP ta kuma kiyasta cewa kashi 36% na gandun daji da aka rufe a kasar Sin suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga yawan jama'a, yana mai da ƙoƙarin kiyayewa musamman mahimmanci. A cikin 2011, Conservation International ta lissafa gandun daji na kudu maso yammacin Sichuan a matsayin daya daga cikin yankuna goma da suka fi fuskantar barazana a duniya.[10]

Kasar Sin tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 7.14/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 53 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.[11]

A shekara ta 2023 gwamnatin kasar Sin tana ƙarfafa sare daji don ƙoƙarin samun 'yancin cin abinci.

Dam din Three Gorges

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Dam din ya samar da kashi 3% na wutar lantarki a kasar Sin amma ya kori gidaje kuma ya haifar da matsalolin muhalli a cikin yankin. Saboda gina madatsar ruwan sama da mutane miliyan daya sun rasa muhallinsu.[12] Har ila yau, madatsar ruwan ta haifar da manyan rushewar ƙasa saboda rushewar da ke cikin tafkin. Wadannan manyan rushewar ƙasa sun haɗa da abubuwan da suka faru biyu a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 lokacin da wani wuri tsakanin 20,000 da 50,000 cubic mita (26,000 da 65,000 cu yd) na kayan da suka nutse cikin ambaliyar Wuxia Gorge na Kogin Wu.[13]

Maido da bakin teku

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Yanayin ruwa na kasar Sin, gami da Tekun Yellow da Tekun Kudancin kasar Sin, ana daukar su daga cikin yankunan ruwa da suka fi lalacewa a duniya. Rashin wuraren zama na bakin teku na halitta saboda farfado da ƙasa ya haifar da lalacewar fiye da kashi 65% na wuraren da ke kewaye da bakin tekun Yellow Sea na kasar Sin a cikin kimanin shekaru 50.[14] Ci gaban bakin teku mai sauri don noma, Kiwon kifi da ci gaban masana'antu ana ɗaukar su manyan direbobi na lalacewar bakin teku a yankin.[14]

A cikin Tekun Kudancin China, an lalata murjani sosai ta hanyar sake farfado da ƙasa ta kasashe da yawa, tare da China kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa.[15] Daga cikin kadada 7,165 na lalacewar reefs, kasar Sin tana da alhakin kashi 65% na lalacewarsa, bayan sun lalata kimanin kadada 4,648 tun 2013.[15] "Babban Ginin Yashi" yana daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga lalacewar reefs. Yayinda kasashe da ke kewaye da su ke ci gaba da yin gwagwarmaya don iko da Tekun Kudancin China, sake farfado da ƙasa ya zama barazana ga mahalli da ke kewayen.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Environmental Performance Index | Environmental Performance Index". 3 June 2020. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  2. ↑ "Environmental Protests Expose Weakness In China's Leadership". Forbes Asia. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  3. ↑ John Upton (8 March 2013). "Pollution spurs more Chinese protests than any other issue". Grist.org. Grist Magazine, Inc. Retrieved 28 July 2013.[permanent dead link]
  4. ↑ "Environmental Performance Index | Environmental Performance Index". 3 June 2020. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  5. ↑ "China Has Successfully Improved Air Quality, but the Efforts Could Unmask Further Global Warming". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2 June 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  6. ↑ "Environmental Protests Expose Weakness In China's Leadership". Forbes Asia. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  7. ↑ "China's water contains dangerous amounts of a cancer-causing agent NDMA". WebMD China. October 19, 2016. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  8. ↑ "Environmental Performance Index | Environmental Performance Index". 3 June 2020. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :122
  10. ↑ "Environmental Performance Index | Environmental Performance Index". 3 June 2020. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  11. ↑ Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 5978. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7723057. PMID 33293507.
  12. ↑ "Environmental Performance Index | Environmental Performance Index". 3 June 2020. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  13. ↑ "Environmental Performance Index | Environmental Performance Index". 3 June 2020. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  14. 1 2 Murray N. J., Clemens R. S., Phinn S. R., Possingham H. P. & Fuller R. A. (2014) Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12, 267-72. doi:10.1890/130260
  15. 1 2 "China and Vietnam Are Driving Reef Destruction in the South China Sea". www.csis.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-07.
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