Bauta a Aljeriya
 Bauta a Aljeriya | |
|---|---|
aspect in a geographic region (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Slavery |
| Ƙasa | Aljeriya |
An lura da Bautar a yankin da aka sani da Aljeriya tun zamanin d ̄ a. Aljeriya ta kasance cibiyar hanyar cinikin bayi ta Trans-Sahara ta bautar baƙi na Afirka daga yankin Sahara, da kuma cibiyar Cinikin bayi na barbari na 'yan Turai da' yan fashi na Barbaria suka kama.
An haramta bautar a hukumance a 1848, amma hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Aljeriya sun yi jinkirin tilasta 'yanci saboda tsoron cewa zai haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin Aljeriyawa da Faransanci, kuma bautar da cinikin bayi har yanzu suna ci gaba a farkon karni na 20.
Cinikin bayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cinikin bayi na Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tun zamanin d ̄ a, Aljeriya ta kasance cibiyar cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara na bayi na Afirka daga Afirka ta Kudu a fadin hamadar Sahara zuwa duniyar Bahar Rum.
Oasis Ouargla a cikin Sahara na Algeria, wanda ke da kyau tsakanin Kogin Neja da Bahar Rum, babban cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta bayi na Afirka daga abin da Larabawa ke kira Bilad al-Sudan ("Land of the Blacks") kudu da Sahara a fadin hamada don a sayar da su zuwa Kudancin da Gabashin Tekun Bahar Rum. [1]Bayin Afirka da aka yi fataucin su a fadin hamadar Sahara, tafiyar da aka tilasta wa mafi yawansu su yi da ƙafa, an ajiye su hutawa a cikin oasis bayan tafiya mai haɗari da yawa daga cikinsu ba su tsira ba, kafin su ci gaba zuwa kasuwar bayi ta Bahar Rum. [2]An koya wa bayi na Larabci na asali don su iya sadarwa tare da iyayengijinsu na gaba, kuma wasu 'yan kasuwa na bayi sun koya musu Islama a shirye-shiryen juyowa.
Cinikin bayi daga yankin Sahara na Afirka ya ci gaba a bayyane har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19.
Fiye da mutane miliyan 28 sun zama bayi a Arewacin Afirka a lokacin cinikin bayi na Sahara.
Cinikin bayi na Turai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai shaidar tarihi na hare-haren bayi Musulmai na Arewacin Afirka a duk faɗin bakin tekun Bahar Rum a duk fafen Kirista na Turai. Yawancin bayi da aka yi ciniki a fadin yankin Bahar Rum galibi sun fito ne daga asalin Turai daga ƙarni na 7 zuwa 15. A cikin karni na 15, Habashawa sun sayar da bayi daga yankunan iyaka na yamma (yawanci a waje da mulkin Sarkin Habasha) ko Ennarea .
Tsakanin karni na 16 har zuwa farkon karni na 19, Aljeriya ta kasance cibiyar Cinikin bayi na barbari na Turawa da 'yan fashi suka kama a cikin Tekun Atlantika da Bahar Rum.
Barbary corsairs da ma'aikata daga lardunan Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli na Arewacin Afirka, da Sultanate na Maroko a ƙarƙashin Daular Alaouite (Barbary Coast) sune annoba ta Bahar Rum. Kama jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci da bautar ko fansar ma'aikatan su sun ba sarakunan waɗannan ƙasashe dukiya da ikon ruwa. The Trinitarian Order, ko kuma tsari na "Mathurins", ya yi aiki daga Faransa na ƙarni da yawa tare da manufa ta musamman ta tattara da rarraba kudade don taimako da fansa ga fursunonin 'yan fashi na Bahar Rum.
A cewar Robert Davis, tsakanin 'yan fashi na Barbary sun kama Turawa miliyan 1 zuwa 1.25 kuma sun sayar da su a matsayin bayi tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 19.
Cinikin bayi na Turawa ya ƙare bayan yaƙe-yaƙe na Barbary a farkon karni na 19. Akwai ci gaba da kamfen daga jiragen ruwa daban-daban na Turai da na Amurka don murkushe fashi da kasashen Arewacin Afirka suka yi wa Turawa. Takamaiman manufar wannan balaguron, duk da haka, ita ce 'yantar da bayi Kirista da kuma dakatar da aikin bautar da Turawa. Don wannan dalili, ya sami nasara, yayin da Dey na Algiers ya 'yantar da bayi kusan 3,000 bayan Bombardment na Algièrs (1816) kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya game da bautar Turawa. Koyaya, wannan aikin bai ƙare gaba ɗaya ba har sai da Faransa ta ci Aljeriya.
Dey ya 'yantar da bayi Kirista 1,083 da kuma wakilin Burtaniya kuma ya biya kudin fansa da aka karɓa a 1816, kusan £ 80,000. Fiye da bayi 3,000 an sake su daga baya. Drescher ya lura da Algiers a matsayin 'kamar kawai a cikin shekaru sittin na cinikin bayi na Burtaniya wanda yawancin rayukan Burtaniya suka rasa a cikin gwagwarmaya ta ainihi.' [1] Koyaya, duk da kokarin sojan ruwa na Burtaniya, ya kasance da wahala a tantance tasirin dogon lokaci na Bombardment na Algiers, yayin da Dey ya sake gina Algiers، ya maye gurbin bayi na Kirista da aikin Yahudawa, kuma cinikin bayi ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin Deys na gaba (duba Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)). Haɗin Algiers tare da cinikin bayi bai ƙare ba har sai mamayar Faransa ta Algiers a cikin 1830.
Ayyuka da yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mata bayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana amfani da bayi mata da farko a matsayin ma'aikatan gida, ko kuma a matsayin ƙwaraƙwarai (bawan jima'i). Mazaunan bayi na maza masu arziki na Urban waɗanda suka haifi ɗan bawan su an ƙidaya su a matsayin mafi daraja, tun lokacin da suka zama Umm Walad kuma suka sami 'yanci bayan mutuwar bawan su; ƙwaraƙwarar Beduoin galibi ta rayu iri ɗaya da sauran membobin ƙabilar da mata na iyali. Mata bayi na gida sun rayu rayuwa mai wahala kuma haifuwa tsakanin bayi ba ta da yawa; an lura cewa mutuwar jarirai tana da yawa tsakanin bayi, kuma ana yawan yi wa mata fyade a yarantakarsu kuma ba sa rayuwa a cikin shekaru arba'in, kuma masu mallakar bayi mafi talauci galibi suna karuwanci da su.
Wasu mata da suka fada cikin bautar jima'i a matsayin ƙwaraƙwarai sun ƙare a cikin maza masu tasiri, kuma a matsayin ƙwarƙwarar da aka fi so, wani lokacin sukan iya samun tasiri, wanda aka lura a cikin rahotanni na diflomasiyya na zamani. A cikin wani rahoto daga shekara ta 1676, an lura da Mohammed Trik, Dey na Algiers, cewa ya auri tsohuwar ƙwaraƙwarar bawa, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mace mai son zuciya ta Ingila, wacce za ta sayar da ita don cin hanci da rashawa", tare da ita, Ingilishi sun kalli shi a matsayin "mai caji don kiyayewa a cikin ni'imar ta... ga Countrysake".
Maza bayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An yi amfani da bayi maza a matsayin ma'aikata, eunuchs ko sojoji. Yanayin bauta na iya zama mai wuyar gaske, kuma an sa bayi maza su yi aiki tuƙuru a cikin manyan gine-gine, a cikin tukwane, da kuma a matsayin bayin galey, suna tuƙi, gami da kwale-kwalen ’yan fashin teku na barbary corsair da kansu..[1]
Soke Bautar da Cinikin Bayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Soke Cinikin Bayi na Barbary
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Cinikin bayi na Turawa daga yankin Barbary ya ƙare ne bayan Yaƙin Barbari a farkon ƙarni na 19.
A ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1784, 'yan fashin teku na Maroko sun kama jirgin ruwan Amurka mai suna Betsey.[2] Gwamnatin Sifaniya ce ta shiga tsakani wajen kubutar da jirgin da ma’aikatansa; duk da haka, Sifaniya ta ba da shawara ga Amurka da ta biya haraji domin hana karin hare-hare kan jiragen kasuwancin ta. Jakadan Amurka a Faransa, Thomas Jefferson, ya yanke shawarar aika jakadu zuwa Maroko da Aljeriya domin neman cimma yarjejeniya da kuma kubutar da matukan jirgin da ake tsare da su a Aljeriya.[3]
An kawar da fashin teku na Barbary bayan yƙin Barbary na biyu.
Bayan Faransa ta karɓi mulkin Aljeriya kuma ta soke bauta a shekarar 1848, an fi ambato bayi bakaken fata ne kawai.
Soke Cinikin Bayi da Bauta a Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An soke bauta a Aljeriya bayan mamayar Faransa a Aljeriya daga 1830 zuwa 1848. Soke bauta ya biyo bayan dokar da ta soke bauta a Faransa, kasancewar Aljeriya wani ɓangare ne na Faransa, don haka dokar ta shafi yankin.
Dokar da aka zartar a ranar 18 ga Yuli 1845 da ta bai wa bayi wasu 'yanci ta kasance wata hanya ce da ta kai ga soke bauta gaba ɗaya.[4] Batun kuma ya shiga tattaunawa tsakanin jami'an mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Aljeriya. A shekarar 1847, Marechal Bugeaud ya nuna adawa da soke bauta, yana mai cewa Aljeriyawa sun amince da mulkin Faransa ne bisa sharadin cewa addininsu, al’adunsu da dukiyoyinsu za su kasance cikin kariya, kuma soke bauta na iya haifar da tawaye.[5]
Juyin Juya Hali na Faransa na 1848, wanda ya sa aka bayyana Aljeriya a matsayin wani ɓangare na Faransa, ya tabbatar da cewa kowace dokar soke bauta a Faransa za ta shafi Aljeriya ma,[6] kuma a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1848, Majalisar Faransa ta ayyana soke bauta da cinikin bayi a duk faɗin daular Faransa da yankunanta, ciki har da Aljeriya.[7]
Aiwana Dokar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Aiwana dokar soke bauta ya bambanta daga wuri zuwa wuri a Aljeriya, ya danganta da irin hukuncin da jami’an Faransa suka yanke a yankunansu. Jami’an mulkin mallaka sun yi amfani da aiwana dokar ne domin lada ko hukunta shuwagabanni na gida dangane da alakar su da Faransa. Wannan ya sa aiwana soke bauta ya kasance a hankali kuma a wasu yankuna kawai.[8]
Jami’an Faransa a Aljeriya sun aiwatar da dokar sannu a hankali, kuma sun samu umarni da su yi taka-tsantsan:
- "Ganowa cewa ‘yanta bayi bakaken fata a Aljeriya wata barazana ce ga dukiyar Larabawa, dole a yi hakan a hankali, a fara da garuruwan bakin teku, daga nan a bazata zuwa ciki da kuma ga kabilun Larabawa."[9]
Wasu jami’ai sun gargadi gwamnati cewa idan ba a biya diyya ga masu bayi ba, za a iya fuskantar tawaye.[10]
Shekara goma bayan soke bauta a doka, har yanzu an gano ana sayar da bayi a kasuwanni. A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1857, Gwamna Janar ya rubuta cewa: "Ana sayar da bayi a wasu kasuwanni a Aljeriya. Ban buƙatar tunatar da ku cewa wannan kasuwanci ya sabawa doka ba, amma dole ku tabbatar an mutunta wannan doka. Duk wani baƙar fata da aka kawo Aljeriya don a sayar da shi dole ne a sako shi ba tare da biya diyya ga mai bayi ba".[11]
Har zuwa shekarar 1906, jami'an Faransa sun ruwaito cewa har yanzu ana gudanar da cinikin bayi a fili a yankunan hamadar Sahara, inda ake ganin hakan a matsayin abu na doka kuma halal, kuma duk wani yunkuri na aiwana dokar 1848 zai iya haddasa fitina. Don haka, Faransa ta sake fitar da wata doka a watan Yuli 1906 domin jaddada haramcin cinikin bayi a Aljeriya.[12]
Bayan dokar soke bauta, bayi sun fara neman 'yanci daga jami’an Faransa, suna nuna cewa sun san da dokar. Haka kuma, bayi daga Maroko da Libya, inda bauta ke nan a doka, sun ketara zuwa Aljeriya don su nemi 'yanci daga gwamnatin Faransa.[13]
Bayin Larabawa sun ci gaba da neman 'yanci daga jami’an Faransa daga shekarar 1848 har zuwa lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko.[14]
Hoto
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kasuwar bayi a Algiers a farkon karni na 17.
Algiers 1832 - Tsofaffin kasuwar bayi
Kasuwar bayi a Tangier, 1904 (hade-hade)
Kiristoci cikin bauta
Kyaftin Walter Croker yana ziyartar asibiti a Algiers, 1816
1819 Bergeret Filippo Lippi a matsayin bawa a Algiers
Siyan Kiristoci da aka kama daga Kasashen Barbary
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Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Davis, Robert C., Christian slaves, Muslim masters: white slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500-1800, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2003
- ↑ Battistini, Robert. "Glimpses of the Other before Orientalism: The Muslim World in Early American Periodicals, 1785–1800." Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal. 8.2 (2010): 446–74.
- ↑ Parton, James (October 1872). "Jefferson, American Minister in France". Atlantic Monthly. Vol. 30. p. 413.
- ↑ Brower, B. C. (2009). A Desert Named Peace: The Violence of France's Empire in the Algerian Sahara, 1844–1902. USA: Columbia University Press.
- ↑ Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa. (2013). USA: Taylor & Francis.
- ↑ Brower, B. C. (2009). A Desert Named Peace. USA: Columbia University Press.
- ↑ Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa. (2013). USA: Taylor & Francis.
- ↑ Brower, B. C. (2009). A Desert Named Peace. USA: Columbia University Press.
- ↑ Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa. (2013). USA: Taylor & Francis.
- ↑ Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa. (2013). USA: Taylor & Francis.
- ↑ Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa. (2013). USA: Taylor & Francis.
- ↑ Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa. (2013). USA: Taylor & Francis.
- ↑ Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa. (2013). USA: Taylor & Francis.
- ↑ Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa. (2013). USA: Taylor & Francis.