Bauta a Angola
 Bauta a Angola | |
|---|---|
aspect in a geographic region (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Fuskar | Slavery |
| Ƙasa | Angola |
Bauta a Angola ta wanzu tun kafin ƙarshen karni na 15 lokacin da Portugal ta kulla hulɗa da al'ummomin da ke zaune a arewa maso yammacin wannan ƙasa, kuma ta kafa wuraren kasuwanci da dama a bakin teku. Yawancin waɗannan mutanen, kamar Ibangala da Mbndu, [1] sun kasance masu cinikin bayi masu aiki tsawon ƙarni (duba Bauta a Afirka ). A ƙarshen karni na 16, masu binciken Masarautar Portugal sun kafa ƙaƙƙarfan matsuguni na Luanda, daga baya kuma a kan ƙananan wuraren kasuwanci da garu a kan kogin Cuanza da kuma bakin tekun Atlantika zuwa kudu har zuwa Benguela . Babban abin da ke cikin ayyukan kasuwancin su ya ƙunshi babban hannu a cikin cinikin bayi na Atlantic . Hukumomin Portugal sun kawar da fataucin bayi a shekara ta 1836.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ciniki da cin nasara
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daular Portugal ta ci mutanen Mbndu na Angola, tare da haɗa tattalin arzikin gida cikin cinikin bayi na Atlantic . A shekara ta 1610, Friar Luís Brandão, shugaban kwalejin Luanda Jesuit na Portugal, ya rubuta wa wani Jesuit wanda ya yi tambaya game da halaccin bautar da ’yan asalin Angola, yana mai cewa, “Mun kasance a nan da kanmu tsawon shekaru arba’in kuma akwai mutane masu ilimi da yawa a nan da kuma a lardin Brazil waɗanda ba su taɓa yin la’akari da haramcin cinikin ba. Ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa, kawai ƙananan ƴan ƙasar na iya bautar da su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma Portuguese aƙalla sun maida su Kiristanci . Angola ta fitar da bayi a kan adadin 10,000 a kowace shekara a shekara ta 1612. Turawan Portugal sun gina sabuwar tashar jiragen ruwa a Benguela a shekara ta 1616 don faɗaɗa hanyoyin da Portugal ke samun bayin Angola. Daga 1617 zuwa 1621, lokacin gwamna Luís Mendes de Vasconcellos, an bautar da 'yan Angola 50,000 zuwa Amurka. [2] Vergulde Valck, ƴan kasuwan bayi na Holland, sun sayi 675 daga cikin bayi 1,000 da aka sayar a Angola a shekara ta 1660.
A cikin akalla ƙarni na 18 da na 19, Angola ita ce babbar tushen bayi waɗanda aka tilastawa shiga cinikin bayi na Atlantic. [3]
Bauta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shekaru da yawa, cinikin bayi tare da mulkin mallaka na Portugal na Brazil yana da mahimmanci a Angolan Portuguese ; Jiragen ruwan Brazil sun fi yawa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Luanda da Benguela . Har ila yau wannan cinikin bayi ya ƙunshi ƴan kasuwa baƙi da mayaƙa na cikin gida waɗanda suka ci moriyar cinikin. [4] A cikin karni na 17, Ibangala ya zama manyan abokan hamayyar Mbndu wajen ba da bayi ga kasuwar Luanda . A cikin 1750s Portuguese sun sayar da bayi 5,000 zuwa 10,000 kowace shekara, abin da ya lalata tattalin arzikin Mbunddu da yawan jama'a.
Turawan Portugal sun ba da bindigogi ga sojojin Ibangala a matsayin bayi. Makamai da manyan makamai, sojojin Ibangala sun kama kuma sun sayar da ƴan asalin ƙasar a kan sikelin da ya fi girma kamar yadda kowane sabon bawa ya fassara zuwa mafi kyawun makami na masu zalunci. Rundunar hadin gwiwa ta sojojin Portugal da na Ibangala sun kai hari tare da mamaye masarautar Ndongo daga shekara ta 1618 zuwa 1619, inda suka kewaye babban birnin Ndongo na Kabasa. Turawan Portugal sun sayar da dubban mazauna Kabasa tare da jiragen ruwa 36 da suka bar tashar jiragen ruwa na Luanda a shekara ta 1619, inda suka kafa sabon tarihi, wanda aka tsara don noman bayi a kasashen waje. [5] A cikin karni na 18, yakin da ake yi tsakanin Portuguese, wasu kasashen Turai da wasu kabilun Afirka, sannu a hankali ya ba da damar yin ciniki .
Manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci da yarjejeniyoyin da suka tabbatar da su su ne ginshikin gudanar da ayyuka a tsakanin bangarori daban-daban; Jihohin kabilanci masu son yaki sun zama jahohi a shirye don samarwa da sayarwa. A cikin Planalto (tsauni mai tsayi), jihohi mafi mahimmanci sune na Bié da Bailundo, na karshen ana lura da su don samar da kayan abinci da roba. Turawan mulkin mallaka, Portugal, ta zama mafi arziƙi da ƙarfi, ba za ta lamunci ci gaban waɗannan ƙasashe da ke makwabtaka da su ba, ta kuma yi musu ƙasa ɗaya bayan ɗaya, ta yadda a farkon wannan karnin Portuguese ɗin ke da cikakken iko a kan yankin baki ɗaya.
Daga shekara ta 1764 zuwa gaba, an sami sauyi a hankali daga al'ummar da ta dogara da bayi zuwa ga abin da ake samarwa don amfanin cikin gida, daga baya kuma don fitar da kayayyaki zuwa kasashen waje. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Brazil daga Portugal a shekara ta 1822, hukumomin Portugal sun soke cibiyar bautar da ke cikin kasashen waje na Portugal a cikin 1836.
Portugal ta haramta bauta a cikin yankunansu a cikin 1854 a hankali, ta hanyar ayyana duk bayin da suke da su a matsayin 'yantacce bayan lokacin mika mulki na shekaru ashirin, kuma a shekara ta 1878, dukan bayi sun canza zuwa zama masu ' yanci; duk da haka, dokokin banza sun sa tsofaffin bayi cikin haɗari na tilastawa gwamnati yin aiki ga 'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu har sai da aka haramta wannan a 1910.
Aikin tilas
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daular Portuguese ta fara kafa tsarin de jure na aikin tilastawa wanda aka sani da chibalo a duk fadin yankunanta a cikin 1899, amma gwamnatin Portugal ba ta aiwatar da tsarin a Angola har zuwa 1911 kuma ta soke shi a 1913. 'Yan Republican sun hambarar da Sarki Manuel II a wani juyin mulki a watan Oktoban 1910. Ma'aikata a Moçâmedes, a cikin sauran biranen Angola, sun yi kamfen don kawar da ta'addanci. A wasu yankunan ma'aikatan da aka tilastawa ma'aikata sun ayyana yajin aiki, da fatan koma bayan tattalin arziki zai tilasta sauye-sauyen siyasa. Carvalhal Correia Henriques, sabon gwamnan Moçâmedes, ya goyi bayan iƙirarin su kuma ya jagoranci korafe-korafen ma'aikata. Jamhuriyar Portugal ta Farko, sabuwar jihar, ta sake soke aikin tilastawa, amma ma'aikatan da kasuwancinsu suka dogara da aikin tilastawa sun yi amfani da karfin siyasar su don yin amfani da gwamnatin Portuguese don korar Henriques. Gwamnatin Portuguese ta sake halatta yin aikin tilas a Angola a cikin 1911, ta kori Henriques a cikin Janairu 1912, kuma ta sake soke aikin a 1913. [6]
A cikin 1926, juyin mulkin 28 ga Mayu 1926 ya ba António de Oliveira Salazar iko a Portugal . Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Salazar ya sake kafa aikin tilastawa, yana ba da umarni ga hukumomin mulkin mallaka su tilastawa kusan dukkan manya, maza 'yan asalin yankin da ke yankin Afirka ta Portugal yin aiki. Gwamnati ta shaida wa ma’aikatan cewa watanni shida ne kawai za su yi aiki a kowace shekara. A aikace, wannan takalifi hukuncin daurin rai da rai ne na aikin tilas. [7] Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ga ƴan ƙasa, ba a ƙara ɗaukar su azaman doka ta dabi'a, dole ne a sami "samuwa" bisa ga shari'a bisa ga ƙayyadaddun nadi na Kasa da 1% na al'ummar ƙasar sun taɓa samun wannan nadi. A shekara ta 1947, kashi 40 cikin 100 na ma'aikata sun mutu kowace shekara tare da kashi 60% na mace-macen jarirai .
A shekara ta 1940 farar fata a Angola sun haura dubu arba'in, kashi 2% na al'ummar kasar. Yawancin waɗannan ƙaura, jahilai da marasa ƙasa, sun ɗauki mafi kyawun filayen noma, ba tare da la'akari da samuwa ba, ba tare da biyan diyya ga masu mallakar filaye ba. Hukumomin kasar sun kori ‘yan kasar, lamarin da ya tilasta musu girbin masara, kofi, da wake. 'Yan asalin ƙasar za su iya "ba da aikin sa kai" don yin aiki a kan gonaki, masu aikin sa kai, ko fuskantar aikin soja, suna aiki akan $1.50 kowane wata a matsayin sabani . Wannan tsarin aikin tilastawa ya sa 'yan Angola 500,000 tserewa, wanda ya haifar da karancin ma'aikata, wanda hakan ya haifar da bukatar karin ma'aikata ga tattalin arzikin mulkin mallaka. A shekara ta 1947, kashi 40% [8] na ma'aikatan tilastawa sun mutu a kowace shekara tare da kashi 60% na mace-macen jarirai a yankin (bisa ga kididdigar The World Factbook 's 2007, adadin mace-macen jarirai (mutuwar mace-mace/haihuwar 1,000) a Angola ta zamani ya kai 184.44 - sakamakon mafi muni a duk ƙasashe a duniya). Masanin tarihi Basil Davidson ya ziyarci Angola a shekara ta 1954 kuma ya gano kashi 30% na dukan mazajen da suka girma suna aiki a cikin waɗannan yanayi; "Wataƙila an sami ƙarin tilastawa fiye da kowane lokaci." Marcelo Caetano, Ministan Mallaka na Portugal, ya gane kuskuren da ke cikin tsarin, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin yin amfani da 'yan asalin "kamar kayan aiki ba tare da damuwa ga sha'awar su, sha'awa, ko sha'awar su ba". Majalisar ta yi zaman rufe a 1947 don tattauna tabarbarewar lamarin. Henrique Galvão, Mataimakin Angolan ga Majalisar Dokokin Portugal, ya karanta "Rahotanni game da Matsalolin 'Yan Asalin a cikin Turawan Mulkin Fotigal". Galvão ya yi Allah wadai da "bacin rai" da ya fallasa, aikin tilasta wa "mata, na yara, na marasa lafiya, [da] na tsofaffin maza." Ya kammala da cewa a Angola, "matattu ne kawai ake kebewa daga aikin tilas." Matsakaicin da gwamnati ta yi wa ’yan asalin kasar ya kawar da kwarin gwiwar ma’aikaci da ma’aikata na ganin an ci gaba da rike ma’aikatansa saboda ba kamar sauran kungiyoyin ‘yan mulkin mallaka ba, jihar ta maye gurbin ma’aikatan da suka rasu ba tare da cajin ma’aikaci kai tsaye ba. Gwamnatin Portugal ta karyata rahoton kuma ta kama Galvão a cikin 1952. [9] A cikin 1961, Galvão ya shiga cikin yin garkuwa da wani jirgin ruwa na alfarma na Portuguese . [10]
Baixa de Cassanje tawaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ma'aikatan da Cotonang, wani kamfanin shuka auduga na Portuguese-Belgium, ya yi aiki, sun yi tawaye a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1961, suna kira ga Portuguese da su inganta yancinsu na aiki su bar Angola. Tawayen da aka fi sani da yakin farko na Yakin yancin kai na Angola, ya kare ne a cikin wankan jini. [11]
Masu zanga-zangar 'yan asalin kasar sun kai hari kan sansanin São Paulo, gidan yari mafi girma da sojoji a Luanda, suna kokarin kubutar da fursunonin tare da kashe 'yan sanda bakwai. Hukumomin Portugal sun kashe maharan arba'in kafin gungun 'yan kasar Angola farar fata suka aikata bazuwar bazuwar a kan mafi yawan kabilu.
Hukumomin Portugal sun kashe mutane 49 a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu. A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, hukumomin Portugal sun murkushe wani yunƙurin sakin fursunonin da bai yi nasara ba. Manoman Bakongo da masu aikin noman kofi sun yi tawaye a ranar 15 ga Maris, kusa da Baixa de Cassanje, inda suka kashe farar fata ‘yan Angola da ma’aikata bakar fata, da kona gonaki, gadoji, cibiyoyin gwamnati, da ofisoshin ‘yan sanda, tare da lalata jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa. Sojojin saman Portugal sun mayar da martani ta hanyar jefa bam mai 200 miles (320 km) yankin da napalm ya kashe mutane 20,000, ciki har da farar fata Angola 750, a cikin watanni shida na farkon 1961.
Sojoji da sojojin sama na Portugal sun yi fatali da boren tare da rufe bakin ga manema labarai. Jam'iyyar People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) ta ce sojojin Portugal sun kashe mutane dubu goma a wannan kisan kiyashi. Kiyasin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun kai kusan mutane 400 da suka jikkata. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru farkon Yaƙin Mulkin Mallaka na Portugal (1961-1974).
Bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Portugal
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan da Angola ta samu 'yancin kai daga Portugal a shekarar 1975, lokacin yakin basasar Angola (1975-2002), babbar kungiyar adawa, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ), da gwamnati, sun yi amfani da yara kanana a yakin basasa. An kiyasta cewa kimanin yara 11,000 ne suka shiga cikin shekaru na karshe na fadan.
A halin yanzu Angola, ana ba da rahoton yawan fataucin yara, cin zarafin kasuwanci, batsa, aikin tilastawa, bautar jima'i, da sauran nau'o'in cin zarafi, a wani bangare saboda yakin basasa - ya haifar da rushewar tsarin zamantakewa da tsarin tsaro na gargajiya da ke aiki kafin samun 'yancin kai. Angola kasa ce tushen adadin maza da mata da yara da ake fataucinsu domin aikin tilastawa ko yin lalata da su. An yi safarar yara a cikin gida da kuma Namibiya da Afirka ta Kudu don yin lalata da su da aikin gida da na kasuwanci. Gwamnatin Angola ba ta cika cika ka'idojin kawar da fataucin mutane ba.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Mbundu, Onwuka N. Njoku, PH D Njoku, The Rosen Publishing Group, 1997 ISBN 0-8239-2004-6 ISBN 978-0-8239-2004-4
- ↑ (Barry M. ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-09-26. Retrieved 2017-09-25.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ↑ João C. Curto. Álcool e Escravos: O Comércio Luso-Brasileiro do Álcool em Mpinda, Luanda e Benguela durante o Tráfico Atlântico de Escravos (c. 1480-1830) e o Seu Impacto nas Sociedades da África Central Ocidental. Translated by Márcia Lameirinhas. Tempos e Espaços Africanos Series, vol. 3. Lisbon: Editora Vulgata, 2002. ISBN 978-972-8427-24-5
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedh - ↑ Bruce and Becky Durost Fish (2002). "Angola 1880 to the present: slavery, exploitation, and revolt" (PDF). South African History Online (SAHO).
- ↑ Ball, Jeremy (2006). ""I escaped in a coffin". Remembering Angolan Forced Labor from the 1940s" (PDF). Centro de Pesquisa Em História Social Da Cultura.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedWalker - ↑ Solla de Andrade Peres, Luis Miguel (March 2009). "Henrique Galvão, 1895-197O: Aspectts of a Euro-African Crusade". University of South Africa.
- ↑ Manuel Jerónimo (2008). "Angola: "Baixa De Kassanje" Massacre Turns 47 Years". Angola Press Agency via allAfrica. Retrieved 2008-01-05.