Bauta a Gaɓar Tekun Barbari
 Bauta a Gaɓar Tekun Barbari |
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Bautar a kan Barbary Coast tana nufin bautar mutanen da Barbary corsairs na Arewacin Afirka suka kama.
A cewar Robert Davis, marubucin Kirista Slaves, Musulmi Masters, tsakanin 1 miliyan da 1.2 Turawa Turawa 'yan fashin fata Barbary sun kama su kuma aka sayar da su a matsayin bayi a Arewacin Afirka da Daular Ottoman tsakanin karni na 16 zuwa 19. [1]
Daga sansanonin da ke gabar tekun Barbary na Arewacin Afirka, ' yan fashin tekun Barbary sun yi wa jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya ta tekun Mediterrenean hari da kuma yankunan arewaci da yammacin Afirka, suna kwashe kayansu tare da bautar da mutanen da suka kama. Daga shekara ta 1500 zuwa gaba, 'yan fashin sun kai farmaki kan garuruwan Italiya da Spain da Faransa da Ingila da kuma Iceland, inda suka kama maza da mata da yara. A wasu lokuta, ƙauyuka irin su Baltimore, Ireland an yi watsi da su bayan hare-haren 'yan fashin teku na Barbary, kawai an sake tsugunar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616, Ingila ita kadai ta yi asarar jiragen ruwa 466 na fatauci ga barayin Barbary. [2]
Yaƙe-yaƙe na barbari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jiragen kasuwanci daga Amurka sun kasance ƙarƙashin hare-haren fashi. A shekara ta 1783, Amurka ta yi sulhu da, kuma ta sami karbuwa daga, mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1784, 'yan fashi sun kwace jirgin Amurka na Maroko daga Morocco. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1793, an kama jiragen ruwa na Amurka da yawa, an kwace kayayyaki, kuma duk fasinjoji da ma'aikatan sun zama bayi. A mayar da martani, Amurka ta kirkiro Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Amurka a watan Maris na shekara ta 1794.
Wannan sabon kasancewar soja ya taimaka wajen karfafa ƙudurin Amurka don tsayayya da ci gaba da biyan haraji, wanda ya haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na Barbary a bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka: Yaƙin Barbary na Farko daga 1801 zuwa 1805 da Yaƙin Bar Barbary ya biyu a 1815. Biyan fansa da haraji ga jihohin Barbary sun kasance 20% na kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na gwamnatin Amurka a cikin 1800.[3] Ba har zuwa 1815 ba ne nasarar sojan ruwa ta kawo karshen biyan haraji daga Amurka. Wasu ƙasashen Turai sun ci gaba da biyan kuɗi na shekara-shekara har zuwa shekarun 1830. Kasuwancin bayi da kasuwanni na bayi a cikin Bahar Rum a hankali sun ragu kuma daga ƙarshe sun ɓace bayan ayyukan Turai.
Labaran bayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]In comparison to North American and Caribbean slave narratives, the North African slave narratives in English were written by British and American white slaves captured (at sea or by Barbary pirates) and enslaved in North Africa in the 18th and early 19th centuries. They are distinct in that they highlight the non-Christian aspect of Muslim slave traders.
Labaran da suka mayar da hankali kan jigogi na tsakiya na 'yanci da' yanci sun samo wahayi daga juyin juya halin Amurka. Tun da labaran da suka tsira sun haɗa da maimaita wasu jigogi da ambaton juna, wasu malamai sun yi imanin cewa labaran sun samo asali ne daga labaran da aka gabata.
Misalan sun hada da:
- Tsoro na bautar: ko, Tars na Amurka a Tripoli, na Ray William, 1808 [4]
- Empty citation (help)
- A True and Faithful Account of the Religion and Manners of the Mahometans by Joseph Pitts (1663-1735) An kama Pitts a matsayin yaro mai shekaru 14 da 'yan fashi na Barbary a bakin tekun Spain. An sayar da shi a matsayin bawa da rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin iyayengiji uku daban-daban a Arewacin Afirka, kuma an bayyana tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa Makka.
- Tyrkja-Gudda, 'yan fashi na Barbary sun sace Símonardóttir daga gidanta a Iceland a cikin 1627
- Thomas Pellow, Tarihin Tsawon Bautar da Labaran Thomas Pellow, A Kudancin Barbary, 1740
- Jaridar Captivity da Sufuri na John Foss; Shekaru da yawa a Fursunoni a Algiers, 1798
- Tarihin Bautar da Hadin Godiya na Mrs Maria Martin wanda ya kasance bawa na shekaru shida a Algiers 1812
- Kyaftin James Riley, Sufferings a Afirka, 1815
- Labarin Robert Adams, Wani Jirgin Ruwa na Amurka wanda ya rushe a Yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1810 kuma Larabawa na babban hamada suka tsare shi shekaru uku a bautar, 1817
- James Leander Cathcart, The Captives, Eleven Years a Prisoner in Algiers, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1899, shekaru bayan da aka kama shi a Ottoman AlgeriaAljeriya ta Ottoman
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed". news.osu.edu (in Turanci). Ohio State University. 7 March 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ↑ Davies, Rees (1 July 2003). "British History in depth: British Slaves on the Barbary Coast". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ↑ Oren, Michael B. (2005-11-03). "The Middle East and the Making of the United States, 1776 to 1815". Retrieved 2007-02-18.
- ↑ William, Ray (1808). "Horrors of slavery: or, The American tars in Tripoli. Containing an account of the loss and capture of the United States frigate Philadelphia; treatment and sufferings of the prisoners". lib.umich.edu. Retrieved 25 March 2024.