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Bauta a Kanada

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Bauta a Kanada
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Fuskar Slavery
Ƙasa Kanada
Talla don sayar da bayi biyu a cikin Upper Canada Gazette, 10 Fabrairu 1806

  Bautar a Kanada ta haɗa da ayyukan tarihi na bautar da Al'ummai na farko suka yi har zuwa ƙarshen rabin karni na 19, da kuma masu mulkin mallaka a lokacin Mulkin mallaka na Turai.

Ayyukan bautar a Kanada ta masu mulkin mallaka sun ƙare yadda ya kamata a farkon karni na 19, ta hanyar dokoki na gida da yanke shawara na kotu wanda ya haifar da shari'a a madadin bayi da ke neman izini. Kotuna, zuwa matakai daban-daban, sun sa bautar ba za a iya aiwatar da ita ba a Lower Canada da Nova Scotia. A Lower Canada, alal misali, bayan yanke shawara na kotu a ƙarshen shekarun 1790, "ba za a iya tilasta wa bawa ya yi aiki fiye da yadda zai yi ba, kuma ... na iya barin ubangijinsa da son rai. " [1] Upper Canada ta zartar da Dokar Da Cutar a cikin 1793, ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko na adawa da bautar a duniya. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru a Kanada sun riga sun yanke shawarar Burtaniya ta haramta bautar ta hanyar mafi yawan Daular Burtaniya ta hanyar zartar da Dokar Kawar da Bautar 1833.

Kamar yadda bautar a Amurka ta ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka wuce Kwaskwarima ta goma sha uku a 1865, baƙar fata (yanci da bayi) sun fara ƙaura zuwa Kanada daga Amurka bayan Juyin Juya Halin Amurka kuma bayan Yaƙin 1812, kuma daga baya da yawa ta hanyar Jirgin Kasa.

Saboda rawar da Kanada ke takawa a Cinikin bayi na Atlantic ya iyakance, tarihin bautar baƙar fata a Kanada sau da yawa ana rufe shi da bautar da aka yi a wasu wurare a Amurka.

A karkashin mulkin 'yan asalin ƙasar

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Mutanen da ke da bayi na abin da ya zama Kanada sune, alal misali, al'ummomin kamun kifi kamar Yurok, waɗanda ke zaune a bakin tekun Pacific daga Alaska zuwa California, a kan abin da wani lokacin ake bayyana shi a matsayin Pacific ko Arewa maso Yammacin Coast. [10] Wasu daga cikin 'Yan asalin yankin Pacific Northwest Coast, kamar Haida da Tlingit, an san su da al'ada a matsayin jarumawa masu tsananin gaske da masu cinikin bayi, suna kai hari har zuwa California. Bautar ta kasance ta gado, bayi sun kasance fursunonin yaki kuma zuriyarsu bayi ne.[2] A cikin abin da ya zama British Columbia, bautar tana bunƙasa a cikin shekarun 1830, sannu a hankali tana raguwa a cikin karni. A cikin shekarun 1870, mai kula da harkokin Indiya, Isra'ila Wood Powell, ya 'yantar da bayi a kan roƙonsu a gare shi yayin tafiye-tafiyensa zuwa gabar yammacin tsibirin Vancouver. Bautar ta kusan ƙare a cikin shekarun 1880 da 1890. Wasu kasashe a British Columbia sun ci gaba da rarrabewa da kuma fitar da zuriyar bayi har zuwa shekarun 1970s.[16] Daga cikin 'yan kasashe na Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'a bayi ne.

Wani ɗan Ingila, John R. Jewitt ne ya rubuta Labarin bawa ɗaya. An kama shi da rai lokacin da mutanen Nuu-chah-nulth suka kama jirginsa a 1802 saboda kyaftin din jirgin ya zagi shugabansu, Maquinna, da sauran laifuka da wasu kyaftin din Amurka da Turai suka yi wa mutanensu. Tarihin Jewitt ya ba da cikakken bayani game da rayuwa a matsayin bawa.[3]

A karkashin mulkin mallaka na Turai

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Maritimes sun ga bayi 1,200 zuwa 2,000 sun isa kafin a soke su, tare da 300 a Lower Canada, kuma tsakanin 500 da 700 a Upper Canada. Wani karamin ɓangare na Black Canadians a yau sun fito ne daga waɗannan bayi.

Mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka sun kama su da karfi daga shugabannin yankin da sarakuna a matsayin bayi kuma sun sayar da su ga 'yan kasuwa da ke da alaka da yankunan kudancin Amurka. Wadanda ke cikin abin da ake kira Kanada a yanzu sun fito ne daga yankunan Amurka, saboda babu wani jirgi da ke dauke da kayan mutum da ya tafi Kanada kai tsaye daga Afirka. Babu manyan shuke-shuke a Kanada, sabili da haka babu buƙatar babban ma'aikacin bayi na irin wannan wanda ya wanzu a yawancin yankunan Turai a Amurka.[4]

A karkashin mulkin Faransa

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  Under French rule, enslaved First Nations people outnumbered enslaved individuals of African descent.[5] According to Afua Cooper, author of The Hanging of Angélique: The Untold Story of Canadian Slavery and the Burning of Old Montréal, this was due to the relative ease with which New France could acquire First Nations slaves. She noted that the mortality of slaves was high, with the average age of First Nations slaves only 17, and the average age of slaves of African descent, 25. One of the first recorded Black slaves in Canada was brought by a British convoy to New France in 1628. Olivier le Jeune was the name given to the boy, originally from Madagascar.[25]

A shekara ta 1688, yawan mutanen New France ya kai mutane 11,562, wadanda suka hada da 'yan kasuwa, masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, da manoma da suka zauna a kwarin St. Lawrence. Don taimakawa wajen shawo kan karancin ma'aikata da ma'aikata, Sarki Louis na 14 ya ba da takardar neman izinin New France don shigo da baƙi daga Afirka ta Yamma. Kodayake babu jigilar kayayyaki da suka zo daga Afirka, masu mulkin mallaka sun sami wasu bautar baki daga wasu yankunan Faransa da Burtaniya. Daga ƙarshen 1600s, sun kuma sami bayi na asali, galibi daga abin da ke yanzu jihohin Amurka ta Tsakiya, ta hanyar hanyoyin cinikin fata na yamma. Ana kiran bayi na asalin asalin "Panis", amma kaɗan ne suka fito daga kabilar Pawnee. Mafi yawanci, sun kasance daga asalin Fox, Dakota, Iowa, da Apache, fursunoni da 'yan asalin ƙasar da abokan ciniki na Faransanci suka kama a yaƙi.

Code Noir na 1742, gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihin Nantes

Yayinda aka haramta bautar a Faransa, an ba da izini a cikin yankunanta a matsayin hanyar samar da ma'aikata masu yawa da ake buƙata don share ƙasa, gina gine-gine da (a cikin yankunan Caribbean) aiki a kan sukari, indigo da gonakin taba. Code Noir na 1685 ya kafa tsari don yin amfani da bautar 'yan sanda a West Indies. Ya buƙaci a koyar da dukkan bayi a matsayin Katolika ba a matsayin Furotesta ba. Ya mayar da hankali kan bayyana yanayin bautar, kuma ya kafa iko mai tsanani. Bayin ba su da kusan hakkoki, kodayake Dokar ta umarci iyayengiji su kula da marasa lafiya da tsofaffi. Code noir da alama bai yi amfani da shi ga Kanada ba don haka, a cikin 1709, mai kula Jacques Raudot ya ba da umarni da ya amince da bautar a New France; bautar ta wanzu kafin wannan ranar, amma a cikin 1709 ne kawai aka kafa shi cikin doka.

Gabaɗaya, ta ƙididdigar Marcel Trudel, bayi 1,685 na 'yan asalin Amurka da baƙi 402 sun bayyana a cikin rikodin a lokacin mulkin Faransa, don jimlar bayi 2087. : 86 Bayan nasarar da Birtaniya ta yi a New France, mallakar bayi ta kasance ta hannun Faransanci. Trudel ya gano masu bautar 1,509, daga cikinsu 181 ne kawai na Turanci. Trudel ya kuma lura da aure 31 da aka yi tsakanin masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa da bayi na asali.

A karkashin mulkin Burtaniya

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  Al'ummai na farko sun mallaki ko sun yi ciniki da bayi, ma'aikatar da ta wanzu tsawon ƙarni ko fiye tsakanin wasu kungiyoyi. Shawnee, Potawatomi, da sauran kabilun yamma sun shigo da bayi daga Ohio da Kentucky kuma sun sayar ko kuma sun ba da su ga abokan tarayya da mazauna Kanada. Mohawk Chief Thayendenaga (Joseph Brant) ya yi amfani da baƙar fata da ya kama a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka don gina Brant House a Burlington Beach da kuma gida na biyu kusa da Brantford . A cikin duka, Brant ya mallaki kusan bayi baƙi arba'in.[6]

Baƙar fata bayi sun zauna a yankunan Burtaniya na Kanada a cikin karni na 18 - 104 an jera su a cikin ƙidayar 1767 na Nova Scotia, amma adadinsu kaɗan ne har sai daular United Empire Loyalist ta shiga bayan 1783. Yayin da masu aminci farar fata suka gudu daga sabuwar Jamhuriyyar Amurka, sun ɗauki bayi fiye da 2,000 baƙar fata baƙi: aƙalla 1,500 na Brunei. da tsibirin Prince Edward ), [7] 300 zuwa Lower Canada ( Quebec ), da 500 zuwa Upper Canada ( Ontario ). A cikin Ontario, Dokar Imperial na Majalisar 1790 ya tabbatar wa masu son hijira cewa bayinsu za su kasance da dukiyarsu. [8] Kamar yadda a ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransanci, an riƙe bayi masu aminci a cikin ƙananan adadi kuma an yi amfani da su a matsayin bayin gida, hannun gonaki, da ƙwararrun masu sana'a.

Bayan Yaƙin Filayen Ibrahim da cin nasarar Burtaniya na New France, ba a ambaci batun bautar a Kanada ba - ba a haramta ba ko kuma ba a ba da izini - a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris ta 1783 da Dokar Quebec ta 1774 ko Yarjejeniyar París ta 1783.

Tsarin aikin kungiya, da kuma cibiyoyin sarrafawa da zalunci, ba su bunkasa a Kanada ba kamar yadda ya faru a Amurka. Saboda ba su bayyana suna haifar da barazana ga iyayensu ba, an ba da izinin bayi su koyi karatu da rubutu, an ƙarfafa juyowa ta Kirista, kuma doka ta amince da aurensu.

Ƙananan Kanada

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Ƙarshen bautar a Ƙananan Kanada ba za a iya ƙayyade kwanan wata ba :: 233 ">: 253 , kuma tsari ne na sannu a hankali. :: 265  Da farko a shekara ta 1787, masu bautar sun damu game da kawar da bautar da ke gabatowa.[7] : 233 

Jaridar da aka buga game da bautar tun daga watan Yulin shekara ta 1790, tare da kamfen ɗin adawa da bautar da ya sami ƙarfi a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1791. Wannan ɗaukar hoto, duk da haka, na wucin gadi ne, kuma galibi ya mai da hankali kan bautar a matsayin abin mamaki na kasashen waje. : 233–236 (pp233-236)

A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1793, Pierre-Louis Panet ya gabatar da tambaya game da ko ya kamata a soke bautar ko a ci gaba da ita a Majalisar Dokoki (a matsayin "a lissafin [...] don kawar da bautar"). A ranar 8 ga watan Maris, an fara karatun lissafin; a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, an sake karanta lissafin na biyu kuma Panet ya koma don kirkirar Kwamitin Dukan Gida a kan lissafin a ranar 25. Koyaya, Pierre-Amable Debonne ya ba da shawarar jinkirta muhawara game da batun a cikin wani gyare-gyare mai lalacewa kuma George McBeath ya goyi bayan shi: gyare-garen ya wuce ta hanyar gefe mai yawa (31 zuwa 3). Wannan lissafin da ya gaza ya bayyana masu adawa da bautar a cikin House: Pierre-Louis Panet, Bonaventure Panet, Amable Berthelot da Louis Dunière .  : 236–237 

An kafa misali a shekara ta 1794 lokacin da alƙali ya 'yantar da bawa da aka kawo a gaban shari'a, yana mai da'awar cewa bautar ba ta da masaniya ga dokokin Ingila (sanarwa mai matukar muhawara). Babban Mai Shari'a William Osgoode, wanda aka nada a shekara ta 1794, bai amince da bautar ba kuma ya 'yantar da duk bayi da suka bayyana a kotu da aka shigar da su a matsayin bayi. :: 242 -243 Babban Alkalin ya ki amincewa da bautar, tare da kin amincewa da Majalisar Dokoki ta bayyana kanta, ya haifar da yawan yunkurin bayi.[7] :: 250  Rashin yanke shawara na Majalisar Dokoki ya kuma haifar da bayi da suka fice daga wasu larduna da Amurka, har ma kafin majalisar dokoki ta yi aiki a Upper Canada don iyakance bautar.[9] Bayan an 'yantar da bawa a irin wannan hanyar a cikin shekara ta 1798, yawan bayi a bayyane ya yi barazanar tawaye gaba ɗaya.[7] : 242 

Babban Alkalin Sir James Monk, ba tare da sanin halattaccen bautar ba bisa ga fasaha game da rashin gidajen gyara, ya ba da jerin yanke shawara da ke lalata ikon tilasta wa bayi su bauta wa iyayengijinsu a ƙarshen shekarun 1790: bawa ba zai sake yin biyayya ga ubangijinsa ba kuma zai iya barin yadda yake so.[36] Ya yi watsi da karar da masu mallakar suka yi game da bayi masu gudu. An gudanar da fassarar Monk, har ma da zarar an kafa gidajen gyara.[38]

Sayar da bawa na karshe ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 1797. A shekara ta gaba, tallan jarida na ƙarshe da ke sayar da bawa ya bayyana a cikin <i id="mwAUg">Montreal Gazette</i> kuma kalmar "bawa" ta ƙarshe ta bayyana a cikin rajistar farar hula. : 251 (pp251)

Farawa a cikin shekara ta 1799, masu mallakar bayi sun roki Majalisar dokoki da ta tsara doka kan batutuwan bautar don cire duk rashin tabbas game da matsayinta (ta hanyar kawar da shi, tabbatar da shi, tsara shi da / ko iyakance shi; dangane da korafin). Dukkanin yunkurin sun tsaya kuma sun kasa (1799, 1800 da 1803), kuma ba a sake yin ƙoƙari ba bayan 1803. : 243-: a sake tayar da batun bautar a Majalisar Dokoki bayan 1803. [7] : 250 

Bayan 1799, bayi goma sha tara ne kawai suka rage a cikin bayanan; ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka bayyana bayan 1808 (a cikin 1821) (p251). A lokacin da Dokar Kawar da Bauta ta 1833 ta fara aiki, bautar ya ɓace a kanta a cikin ƙananan Kanada, tare da watakila kawai 'yan baƙar fata baƙar fata ne kawai aka 'yantar da doka. [7] :

A cikin 1829, mai gudanarwa na Lower Canada Sir James Kempt ya ki amincewa da bukatar da gwamnatin Amurka ta yi na dawo da bawa da ya tsere, bisa ga cewa dole ne a ba da 'yan gudun hijira ne kawai lokacin da laifin da ake tambaya ya kasance laifi a Lower Canada.[38]

Gabaɗaya, bayi 787 na 'yan asalin Amurka da baƙi 730 sun bayyana a cikin rikodin, don jimlar bayi 1527. : 86 :

Upper Canada

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Dokar da za ta hana ci gaba da gabatar da bayi da kuma iyakance lokacin kwangila don bautar a cikin wannan lardin, Majalisar dokokin Upper Canada, 1793

A shekara ta 1790, yunkurin kawar da bautar ya sami amincewa a Kanada kuma mummunan niyyar bautar ya tabbatar da wani abin da ya faru wanda ya shafi wata baiwar da mai bautar ta yi mata fyade a kan hanyar sayar da ita a Amurka. A cikin shekara ta 1793, Chloe Cooley, a cikin wani aikin rashin amincewa ya yi ihu na juriya. Peter Martin da William Grisely ne suka shaida cin zarafin da mai bautar ta yi da kuma tsayayyar da ta yi.[10] Peter Martin, tsohon bawa, ya kawo lamarin ga Mataimakin Gwamna John Graves Simcoe. A karkashin jagorancin Simcoe, an kafa Dokar Yaki da Bautar 1793. Zaɓaɓɓun membobin majalisar zartarwa, da yawa daga cikinsu 'yan kasuwa ne ko manoma waɗanda suka dogara da aikin bayi, ba su ga bukatar samun' yanci ba. Babban Lauyan John White daga baya ya rubuta cewa akwai "yan adawa da yawa amma ɗan jayayya" ga ma'auninsa. A ƙarshe Majalisar ta zartar da Dokar Yaki da Bautar da ta tsara dokar kawar da bautar sannu a hankali: ba za a iya shigo da bayi ba; bayi da suka riga sun kasance bayi har zuwa mutuwa, ba za a kawo sabbin bayi ba zuwa Upper Canada, kuma yaran da aka haifa wa mata bayi za su zama bayi amma dole ne a 'yantar da su a shekara 25. Don hana mantawa, Dokar ta buƙaci maigidan ya samar da tsaro cewa tsohon bawa ba zai zama cajin jama'a ba. Dokar sulhu game da bautar ta tsaya a matsayin ƙoƙari na kowane majalisa na Ontario don yin aiki game da bauta.[11] Wannan doka ta tabbatar da ƙarshen bautar a Upper Canada, kodayake yayin da ya rage darajar sayarwa na bayi a cikin lardin ya kuma haifar da sayar da bayi ga Amurka. A cikin shekara ta 1798 akwai yunkurin da kungiyoyin masu fafutuka suka yi don gyara dokar da shigo da karin bayi.[11] Bayin sun gano cewa za su iya samun 'yanci ta hanyar tserewa zuwa Ohio da Michigan a Amurka.[12]

A shekara ta 1800, sauran larduna na Burtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka sun iyakance bautar ta hanyar yanke shawara na kotu da ke buƙatar tabbatar da mafi tsananin mallaka, wanda ba a samu ba. A cikin 1819, John Robinson, Babban Lauyan Upper Canada, ya ba da ra'ayi na shari'a cewa duk mutanen da suka fito daga Afirka da suka shiga Upper Canada ya kamata a tabbatar da 'yanci, koda kuwa an bautar da su a wata ƙasa.[13] Bautar ta kasance doka, duk da haka, har sai Dokar kawar da bautar Majalisar Burtaniya ta 1833 ta soke bautar a mafi yawan sassan Daular Burtaniya daga ranar 1 ga Agusta 1834.

Nova Scotia

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Abin tunawa ga abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor - ya taimaka ya 'yantar da bayi na Black Nova Scotian

Duk da yake yawancin baƙar fata da suka isa Nova Scotia a lokacin juyin juya halin Amurka sun kasance 'yanci, wasu ba su da. Wasu baƙi sun isa Nova Scotia a matsayin mallakar fararen Amurka masu aminci. A shekara ta 1772, kafin juyin juya halin Amurka, Burtaniya ta haramta cinikin bayi a tsibirin Burtaniya sannan Knight v. Wedderburn ya yanke shawara a Scotland a shekara ta 1778.[14] Wannan yanke shawara, bi da bi, ya rinjayi mulkin mallaka na Nova Scotia. A shekara ta 1788, abolitionist James Drummond MacGregor daga Pictou ya buga wallafe-wallafen adawa da bautar farko a Kanada kuma ya fara sayen 'yancin bayi da kuma azabtar da abokan aikinsa a cocin Presbyterian wanda ke da bayi. Masanin tarihi Alan Wilson ya bayyana takardar a matsayin "a landmark on the road to personal freedom in province and country". Masanin tarihi Robin Winks ya rubuta cewa "harin da ya fi karfi da ya zo daga alkalami na Kanada har ma a cikin shekarun 1840; ya kuma kawo muhawara ta jama'a wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya kai kotuna". (An binne lauyan Abolitionist Benjamin Kent a Halifax a shekara ta 1788.) A shekara ta 1790 John Burbidge ya 'yantar da bayinsa. Richard John Uniacke ne ya jagoranci, a cikin 1787, 1789 kuma a ranar 11 ga Janairun 1808 majalisar dokokin Nova Scotia ta ki halatta bautar. Manyan alƙalai biyu, Thomas Andrew Lumisden Strange (1790-1796) da Sampson Salter Blowers (1797-1832), sun taimaka wajen 'yantar da bayi daga masu su a Nova Scotia.[15][16] An yi musu girmamawa sosai a cikin mulkin mallaka. Mai shari'a Alexander Croke (1801-1815) ya kuma kwace jiragen bautar Amurka a wannan lokacin (wanda ya fi shahara shine Liverpool Packet). A lokacin yakin, Sir William Winniett na Nova Scotia ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikata a cikin HMS Tonnant a kokarin 'yantar da bayi daga Amurka. (A matsayin Gwamnan Gold Coast, Winniett daga baya zai yi aiki don kawo karshen cinikin bayi a Yammacin Afirka.) A ƙarshen Yaƙin 1812 da isowar Black Refugees, akwai 'yan bayi da suka rage a Nova Scotia. (Dokar Cinikin Bauta ta 1807 ta haramta cinikin bayi a Daular Burtaniya kuma Dokar kawar da Bauta ta 1833 ta haramta bautar gaba ɗaya.)

An kafa Kamfanin Saliyo don sake dawo da kungiyoyin tsoffin 'yan Afirka, kusan baƙar fata 1,200 na Nova Scotians, mafi yawansu sun tsere wa bautar a Amurka. Idan aka ba da yanayin bakin teku na Nova Scotia, mutane da yawa sun mutu daga matsanancin hunturu. Sun kirkiro wani yanki a cikin mulkin mallaka na yanzu a Saliyo (wanda aka riga aka kafa don yin gida ga "matalauta baƙi" na London) a Freetown a cikin shekara ta 1792. Yawancin "baƙi matalauta" sun haɗa da sauran mazaunan Afirka da Asiya na London. Ƙungiyar Freetown ta haɗu, musamman bayan 1834, da wasu ƙungiyoyin 'yan Afirka da aka' yanci kuma ta zama mafaka ta farko ta Afirka ga' yan Afirka da suka kasance bayi.

Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa

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Bikin Tunawa da Jirgin Kasa da Kasa a Windsor, Ontario

A farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19, an kafa Hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa a Amurka don 'yantar da bayi, ta hanyar kawo su wuraren da bayi za su sami 'yanci daga sake kama su. Birtaniya Arewacin Amurka, wanda yanzu aka sani da Kanada, babban wuri ne na hanyar jirgin kasa ta karkashin kasa bayan 1850, tare da tsakanin bayi 30,000 da 100,000 da ke neman mafaka.[17]

A Nova Scotia, tsohon bawa Richard Preston ya kafa kungiyar African Abolition Society a cikin yakin kawo karshen bautar a Amurka. An horar da Preston a matsayin minista a Ingila kuma ya sadu da yawancin manyan muryoyi a cikin ƙungiyar abolitionist wanda ya taimaka wajen samun Dokar Abolition ta 1833 ta Majalisar Burtaniya. Lokacin da Preston ya koma Nova Scotia, ya zama shugaban kungiyar Abolitionist a Halifax.


Akwai makabarta na bayi a wasu sassan Kanada, a cikin jihohi daban-daban, wasu an yi watsi da su kuma an watsar da su. Sun hada da makabarta a St-Armand, Quebec; Shelburne, Nova Scotia; da Priceville da Dresden a Ontario.

Bautar zamani

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Tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Bautar da Kanada ta yi a 1953 ya fara alkawuran kasa da kasa na kasar don magance bautar zamani. Cinikin mutane a Kanada lamari ne na shari'a da siyasa, kuma an soki 'yan majalisa na Kanada saboda sun kasa magance matsalar ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa.[18] Ofishin British Columbia don Yaki da Cinikin Mutane da aka kafa a cikin 2007, wanda ya sa British Columbia ta zama lardin farko na Kanada don magance fataucin mutane a cikin tsari.[19] Babban shari'ar fataucin mutane a Tarihin Kanada ya kewaye rushewar Kungiyar masu aikata laifuka ta Domotor-Kolompar. A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2012, Gwamnatin Kanada ta kafa Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa don Yaki da Cinikin Dan Adam don adawa da Cinikin Mutum.[20] An kafa kungiyar Trafficking Taskforce a watan Yunin 2012 don maye gurbin kungiyar Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficky in Persons a matsayin hukumar da ke da alhakin ci gaban Manufofin jama'a da suka shafi fataucin mutane a Kanada. [21]

Ɗaya daga cikin al'amuran da aka yada a yanzu shi ne ɓacewar mata na Aboriginal wanda wasu kafofin suka danganta da fataucin mutane.[22] Tsohon Firayim Minista Stephen Harper ya kasance mai jinkirin magance batun a kan dalilin da ya sa ba "matsalar zamantakewa" ba ce kuma ya ki kirkirar bincike na kasa game da batun da ya saba wa ra'ayoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam cewa batun yana da mahimmanci kuma yana buƙatar bincike mafi girma.

A watan Yulin 2024, wani rahoto ga Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar Dinkinobho kan nau'ikan bautar zamani Tomoya Obokata ya bayyana shirin ma'aikatan kasashen waje na wucin gadi a matsayin "ƙasa mai shayarwa ga bautar zamani". Rahoton Obokata ya sami lokuta da yawa na Bautar bashi, sata albashi, rashin kayan kariya na mutum, cin zarafi, da lalata.[23] Ministan shige da fice Marc Miller ya ba da wata sanarwa ga Reuters yana cewa shirin "yana bukatar sake fasalin" kuma ana buƙatar bincika ƙananan albashi.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Full text of "The slave in Canada"". archive.org. 1920.
  2. ↑ Ames, Kenneth M. (June 2001). "Slaves, Chiefs and Labour on the Northern Northwest Coast". World Archaeology. 33 (1 The Archaeology of Slavery): 1–17. doi:10.1080/00438240120047591. JSTOR 827885.
  3. ↑ Jette, Melinda (2003). "Under Attack at Nootka Sound, 1803". Oregon History Project. Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Greer 2003 86
  5. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  6. ↑ Derreck, Tom (February–March 2003). "In Bondage". The Beaver. 83: 14–19.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Enslaved Black people in the Maritimes". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Archived from the original on 2024-07-18. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
  8. ↑ "An Act To Prevent The Further Introduction Of Slaves". Uppercanadahistory.ca. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  9. ↑ "Full text of "The slave in Canada"". archive.org. 1920.
  10. ↑ "Enslaved Africans in Upper Canada". Archives of Ontario. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013.
  11. 1 2 Bode, Patrick (1993). "Upper Canada, 1793: Simcoe and the Slaves". Beaver. 73 (3): 17–19.
  12. ↑ Cooper, Afua (Spring 2007). "Acts of Resistance: Black Men and Women Engage Slavery in Upper Canada, 1793-1803" (PDF). Ontario History. 99 (1): 5–17. doi:10.7202/1065793ar.
  13. ↑ "Chloe Cooley National Historic Person". Parks Canada. 2022.
  14. ↑ "Enslaved Black people in the Maritimes". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Archived from the original on 2024-07-18. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
  15. ↑ "Celebrating the 250th Anniversary of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia". courts.ns.ca. Archived from the original on 2015-01-12. Retrieved 2025-08-18.
  16. ↑ Cahill, Barry (1994). "Slavery and the Judges of Loyalist Nova Scotia". UNB Law Journal. 43: 73–135.
  17. ↑ "Settling Canada Underground Railroad". Historica Minutes. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2018. Between 1840 and 1860, more than 30,000 people enslaved in America came secretly to Canada and freedom
  18. ↑ "Falling Short of the Mark: An International Study on the Treatment of Human Trafficking Victims. Future Group March 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 3, 2011.
  19. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  20. ↑ "The Harper Government Launches Canada's National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking". Public Safety Canada. June 6, 2012. Archived from the original on July 3, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
  21. ↑ "Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography" (PDF). Canadian Coalition for the Rights of Children. October 5, 2012. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
  22. ↑ "First Nations Women Are Being Sold into the Sex Trade On Ships Along Lake Superior". Vice News. August 23, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  23. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bauta_a_Kanada&oldid=704573"