Bauta a Mali

Bauta a Mali

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Bautar da ake yi a Mali a yanzu, akwai mutane kusan dubu dari diyu (200,000) da ake tsare da su a bautar kai tsaye ga ubangida. Tun daga shekara ta dubu biyu da shida (2006), wata kungiya mai suna Temedt ta fara aiki a kasar ta Mali domin yakar bautar da ake yi da kuma nuna wariya da ake alakantawa da tsoffin bayi. Akwai rahotannin cewa a cikin Tawayen Abzinawa na shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu (2012), tsaffin ubangidansu sun sake kama wasu bayi. Haka kuma, al’amarin bautar da ya danganci zuriya har yanzu yana ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin kabilu daban-daban.

Bautar kasar Mali ta kasance a tsakanin kabilu daban-daban na Pre-emperial Mali kafin a mamaye musulunci. Bauta ta karu da mahimmanci tare da cinikin bayi na Trans-Saharan a fadin Sahara a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, musamman a lokacin daular Mali, wadda ta yi cinikin bayi na Afirka ta Yamma ga mulkin Berber da Larabci na Arewacin Afirka. Bayan rugujewar daular Mali (a shekara ta 1600 miladiyya), hare-haren bayi ya karu kuma cinikin bayi ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na tattalin arziki a cikin al'ummomin Abzinawa, Mandé, da Fula wanda a karshe zai zama manyan kabilu a kasar ta Mali.

Lokacin da yankin ya koma karkashin mulkin mallaka na Faransa a shekara ta 1898, a matsayin Sudan ta Faransa, hukumomin Faransa sun kawar da bauta a hukumance a shekara ta 1905. Duk da wannan shela, tsarin bautar gargajiya ya ci gaba. Ko da yake wasu bayi sun bar matsayinsu na bauta bayan shekara ta 1905, da yawa sun kasance kuma a yawancin ƙasar, bautar ta ci gaba ko kaɗan ba tare da wani cikas ba. Tare da buɗe siyasa na ƙirƙirar Jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Faransa a cikin shekara ta 1946, yawancin bayi sun bar mukamansu kuma batun bautar ya zama babban batun siyasa ga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Sudan - African Democratic Rally (US-RDA).

A lokacin da Jamhuriyar Mali ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, gwamnatin kasar ta yi kokarin kara durkusar da tsarin bautar, amma yunkurin ya ci tura sosai lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na soja na Moussa Traore ya karbi ragamar mulkin kasar daga 1968 zuwa 1991.

Tarihi da Ayyuka

Bauta kafin mulkin mallaka

A cikin iyakokin Mali na yau, bauta ta wanzu tsawon ƙarni da yawa a cikin daular Mali da al'ummomi da masarautu da ke kewaye. Bauta ta ci gaba da wanzuwa bayan faduwar daular Mali kasancewar wani muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin al'ummar Abzinawa, Mandé, da Fula. Tare da rudani a faduwar daular Mali, hare-haren bayi da cinikin bayi ya karu sosai a duk yankin.

Sayar da bayi da cinikin bayi a karni na 19 galibi ana yin su ne ta hanyar ka'idojin shari'a na Musulunci da ke ba da damar ciniki tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban a yankin. Ba a yi bautar da bai dace ba kuma akwai nau'o'in bauta iri-iri tare da bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan bayi daban-daban: misali tsakanin mutanen da aka saya ko aka kama da waɗanda aka haifa a cikin gida da kuma banbance tsakanin masu kiwon kiwo da waɗanda suke kiwon dabbobi. wanda ya shafi ayyukan gida.

Bauta ba ta da mahimmanci a wasu al'ummomi inda wasu a kudancin Mali a yau ba su da bayi ko kadan. Sai dai a yawancin yankunan kasar Mali na yanzu, aikin bauta ya kasance wani muhimmin ginshiki na tsarin tattalin arziki da kuma dogaro da shi sosai. An lura da wannan dogaro ga aikin bayi a farkon faransanci masu kula da yankin lokacin da Faransawa ke mamaye yankin a cikin 1890s a matsayin wani muhimmin batu.

Iko da Tsare-Tsare na Faransa

Faransawa sun mamaye yankin a shekarun 1890 kuma sun kafa iyakacin gwamnati a matsayin wani yanki na Faransanci na yammacin Afirka. Daga karshe za a shirya yankin kuma a kira shi mulkin mallaka na Sudan ta Faransa, amma galibi ana danganta gwamnati da sauran yankuna a yankin a farkon shekarun 1900. A cikin 1903, an umurci ma'aikatan Faransa da kada su yi amfani da bawa a matsayin nau'in gudanarwa kuma a wurin aiki, matsayin bawa ba za a iya amfani da shi ba don yanke shawara kan batutuwan doka ko dukiya.

Kawar da bautar Faransa (1905)

Hakan ya biyo bayan haka ne a shekara ta 1905 lokacin da Faransawa suka fitar da wata doka ta yau da kullun ta kawo karshen bauta a duk fadin Faransa ta yammacin Afirka, ciki har da yankin da ya zama kasar Mali. A duk fadin Faransa ta yammacin Afirka kusan bayi miliyan daya ne suka amsa wannan ta hanyar yin kaura daga iyayengijinsu suka zauna a wani wuri, tare da Faransawa suna tallafawa wannan kokarin ta hanyar samar da matsuguni a kusa da kogin Niger da haka rijiyoyi don al'ummomin wasu wurare don shiga aikin noma nesa da su. magabata na farko.

Wannan tsari ya yi tasiri ko tasiri a yankunan Kudu da Yammacin kasar ta Mali a yau, amma a yankunan Arewa da Gabashin kasar da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka, dimbin bayi sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin alakar bautar da iyayengijinsu. A duk fadin kasar ta Mali a yau, kiyasi mai tsauri sun ce kusan kashi daya bisa uku sun kaurace da kawo karshen dangantakar bauta yayin da kashi biyu cikin uku suka rage tare da iyayengijinsu. A cikin shekarun 1920, yawancin gidajen Abzinawa har yanzu suna da bayi masu kula da gida da dabbobi.

Ko da yake bautar ta ci gaba, wasu al'amura na dangantakar sun canza da gwamnatin Faransa. Bayin da suka tsere wa iyayengijinsu na iya samun kariya daga hukuma daga hukumomin Faransa a cikin biranen na dan lokaci kadan. Wasu lokuta bayin sun kan sami damar sake yin shawarwari kan sharuddan bautarsu a cikin yanayin siyasa da aka canza. Wasu sun yarda su ci gaba da bauta idan sun sami iko a kan rayuwar iyalinsu kuma aka ba su fili su ba ’ya’yansu. Bugu da kari, gwamnatin Faransa ta himmatu wajen kawo karshen hare-haren da ake kai wa bayi da kuma bayyanannun bayyanar da cinikin bayi ya yi matukar rage wadannan hanyoyin samun bayi.