Bauta a Mali

Bauta a Mali
aspect in a geographic region (en)

Bautar da ake yi a Mali a yau, tare da mutane kusan 200,000 da ake tsare da su a bautar kai tsaye ga ubangida. Tun daga shekara ta 2006, wata kungiya mai suna Temedt ta fara aiki a kasar ta Mali domin yakar bautar da ake yi da kuma nuna wariya da ake alakantawa da tsoffin bayi. Akwai rahotannin cewa a cikin Tawayen Abzinawa na shekara ta 2012, tsaffin ubangidansu sun sake kama wasu bayi. Haka kuma, al’amarin bautar da ya danganci zuriya har yanzu yana ci gaba da wanzuwa a cikin kabilu daban-daban.

Bautar kasar Mali ta kasance a tsakanin kabilu daban-daban na Pre-emperial Mali kafin yakin musulmi . Bauta ta karu da mahimmanci tare da cinikin bayi na Trans-Saharan a fadin Sahara a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, musamman a lokacin daular Mali, wacce ta yi cinikin bayin Afirka ta Yamma ga mulkin Berber da Larabci na Arewacin Afirka . Bayan rugujewar daular Mali (a shekara ta 1600 AD), hare-haren bayi ya karu kuma cinikin bayi ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na tattalin arziki a cikin al'ummomin Abzinawa, Mandé, da Fula wadanda a karshe za su zama manyan kabilu a kasar Mali .

Lokacin da yankin ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon mulkin mallaka na Faransa a cikin 1898, a matsayin Sudan ta Faransa, hukumomin Faransa sun kawar da bautar a hukumance a 1905. Duk da wannan ikirari, tsarin bautar gargajiya ya ci gaba. Ko da yake wasu bayi sun bar matsayinsu na bauta bayan shela ta 1905, da yawa sun kasance kuma a yawancin ƙasar, bautar ta ci gaba ko kaɗan ba tare da wani cikas ba. Tare da buɗe siyasa na ƙirƙirar Jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Faransa a cikin 1946, yawancin bayi sun bar mukamansu kuma batun bautar ya zama babban batun siyasa ga ƙungiyar Tarayyar Sudan - African Democratic Rally (US-RDA).

A lokacin da Jamhuriyar Mali ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, gwamnatin kasar ta yi kokarin kara durkusar da tsarin bautar, amma yunkurin ya ci tura sosai lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na soja na Moussa Traoré ya karbi ragamar mulkin kasar daga 1968 zuwa 1991.

Tarihi da ayyuka

Bauta kafin mulkin mallaka

Hanyoyin ciniki na cinikin bayi a Afirka ta Tsakiya .

A cikin iyakokin Mali na yau, bauta ta wanzu shekaru aru-aru a Daular Mali da al'ummomi da masarautu da ke kewaye. Bauta ta ci gaba da wanzuwa bayan faduwar daular Mali kasancewar wani muhimmin bangare na tattalin arzikin Abzinawa, Mandé, da Fula . Da rikice-rikicen da aka yi a faduwar daular Mali, hare-haren bayi da cinikin bayi ya karu sosai a duk fadin yankin.

Kasuwancin bayi da cinikin bayi a karni na 19 galibi ana yin su ne ta hanyar ka'idojin shari'ar Musulunci da ke ba da damar ciniki tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban a yankin. Ba a yi bautar da bai dace ba kuma ana samun nau'ikan bauta iri-iri tare da bambance-bambance tsakanin nau'ikan bayi daban-daban: misali tsakanin mutanen da aka saya ko aka kama da wadanda aka haifa a cikin gida da kuma banbance tsakanin masu kiwon kiwo da masu gudanar da ayyukan gida.

Bauta ba ta da mahimmanci a wasu al'ummomi inda wasu a kudancin Mali a yau ba su da bayi ko kaɗan. [1] Sai dai kuma, a sassa da dama na kasar ta Mali a halin yanzu, aikin bauta ya kasance wani muhimmin ginshiki na tsarin tattalin arziki da kuma dogaro da shi sosai. [1] An lura da wannan dogara ga aikin bawa daga farkon masu gudanar da mulkin Faransa na yankin lokacin da Faransawa ke mamaye yankin a cikin 1890s a matsayin matsala mai mahimmanci.

Ikon Faransa

Faransawa sun mamaye yankin a shekarun 1890 kuma sun kafa iyakacin gwamnati a matsayin wani yanki na Faransanci na yammacin Afirka . Daga ƙarshe za a shirya yankin kuma a kira shi mulkin mallaka na Sudan ta Faransa, amma galibi ana danganta gwamnati da sauran yankuna a yankin a farkon shekarun 1900. A cikin 1903, an umurci ma'aikatan Faransa da kada su yi amfani da bawa a matsayin nau'in gudanarwa kuma: a cikin aiki, ba za a iya amfani da matsayin bawa ba don yanke shawarar shari'a ko al'amuran dukiya.

Kawar da bautar Faransa (1905)

Hakan ya biyo baya a shekara ta 1905 lokacin da Faransawa suka fitar da wata doka ta yau da kullun ta kawo karshen bautar da ake yi a duk fadin Faransa ta yammacin Afirka, ciki har da yankin ya zama kasar Mali. A duk faɗin ƙasar Faransa ta yammacin Afirka kusan bayi miliyan ɗaya sun amsa wannan ta hanyar ƙaura daga iyayengijinsu da zama a wani wuri, tare da Faransanci suna tallafawa wannan ƙoƙarin ta hanyar samar da matsuguni a kusa da kogin Niger da haƙa rijiyoyi ga al'ummomin wasu wurare don shiga aikin noma nesa da tsoffin iyayengijinsu.

Wannan tsari ya yi tasiri ko tasiri a yankunan Kudu da Yammacin kasar ta Mali a yau, amma a yankunan Arewa da Gabashin kasar da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka, dimbin bayi sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin alakar bautar da iyayengijinsu. A duk fadin kasar ta Mali a yau, kiyasi mai tsauri sun ce kusan kashi daya bisa uku sun kaurace da kawo karshen dangantakar bauta yayin da kashi biyu bisa uku suka rage tare da iyayengijinsu. A cikin 1920s, yawancin gidajen Abzinawa har yanzu suna da bayi waɗanda suke kula da gida da dabbobi.

Sudan ta Faransa (Lime) da sauran ƙasashen da Faransa ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a Afirka (Dark Green).

Ko da yake bautar ta ci gaba, wasu al'amura na dangantakar sun canza da gwamnatin Faransa. Bayin da suka tsere wa iyayengijinsu na iya samun kariya daga hukuma daga hukumomin Faransa a cikin biranen na ɗan lokaci kaɗan. Wasu lokuta bayi sun sami damar sake yin shawarwari kan sharuɗɗan bautarsu a cikin yanayin siyasa da aka canza. Wasu sun yarda su ci gaba da bauta idan sun sami iko a kan rayuwar iyalinsu kuma aka ba su fili su ba ’ya’yansu. Bugu da kari, gwamnatin Faransa ta yi aiki tukuru don kawo karshen hare-haren bayi da kuma bayyanannun bayyanar cinikin bayi da ke rage wadannan hanyoyin samun bayi.

Ƙoƙarin da gwamnatin Faransa ta yi kan al'amuran bayi yana da alaƙa da manufofin da suka shafi yankunan Abzinawa. Al'ummar Abzinawa dai sun yi tsayin daka wajen adawa da mulkin Faransa a yankin har zuwa shekara ta 1903 kuma su ne sanadin tashe-tashen hankula a yawancin shekarun farkon shekarun 1900 (wato Tawayen Kaocen na 1916-1917). Gwamnatin Faransa ta fi neman maye gurbin ikon siyasa na al'ummar Abzinawa ta hanyar lalata abin da suke gani a matsayin tsattsauran matsayi da tsarin kabilanci .

Faransawa sun ga al'ummar Abzinawa sun kasu kashi-kashi na gungun manya, jiga-jigai, da bayi kuma suka yanke shawarar ba da goyon baya ga 'yan baranda don su lalata ikon manyan mutane. A cikin wannan ƙoƙarin, ba a ɗauki bayi a matsayin muhimmin al'amari ba. Hakazalika an yi la'akari da tsarin kabilanci da yanayin launin fata tare da ma'anar vassals da manyan mutane a matsayin fararen fata da kuma bayi da aka ayyana a matsayin baƙar fata.

Sakamakon ci gaba da ci gaba da dagewar da dimbin bayi suka yi a cikin al'ummomin Abzinawa da kuma mayar da hankali kan 'yan ta'adda a maimakon yawan bayi, mahukuntan Faransa a Sudan ta Faransa sun ba da rahoton kuskuren cewa ba a wanzuwar bauta a cikin al'ummar Abzinawa ta yadda sanarwar ta 1905 ta kawo karshen bautar da aka fi sani da ita. Don haka, shekaru da yawa bayan kawar da bautar a shekara ta 1905, wannan al'ada ta ci gaba da wanzuwa a yawancin Sudan ta Faransa.

Halin ya canza tare da ɗimbin bayin da suka sake komawa matsayinsu tun daga 1946. A wannan shekarar, an kafa jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Faransa kuma wani muhimmin sashi na sabon kundin tsarin mulkin shi ne zaɓe kai tsaye na mukamai a ƙasashen da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka. Tare da wannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, wata ƙungiya ta siyasa ta yi fice a Sudan ta Faransa, mai suna Sudanese Union – African Democratic Rally (US-RDA), wacce ke da tushe mai ƙarfi na siyasa a kudancin ƙasar mulkin mallaka. Sakamakon akidarta ta gurguzu da kuma samun gindin zama na siyasa a arewa, US-RDA ta kwadaitar da bayi da su bijirewa iyayengijinsu kuma su sami 'yanci. A sakamakon haka, ɗimbin bayi a ƙasar sun fara neman mallakar shanu da filayensu ko kuma ƙaura zuwa wasu wuraren da ake samun guraben aikin yi (mai u ko zuwa wasu yankuna kamar Gold Coast ).

’Yancin da aka yi girma da kuma tawayen bayi da yawa sun faru a ko’ina cikin mulkin mallaka. , wani lokacin ƙirƙirar sababbin ƙauyuka. Ɗaya daga cikin fitaccen misali na tawaye na bawa a cikin 1955 a garin Norben a cikin Gourma-Rharous Cercle . Tare da ƙarfafawa daga US-RDA, bayi a yankin sun kwashe dukan garken da suke kula da su suka ƙaura daga ƙasar ubangidansu. Daga nan sai maigidan ya shirya wani gagarumin hari da aka kai wa bayin domin a kwato dabbobin. Shari’ar ta zo ne ga mai kula da Faransa a yankin wanda ya yanke hukuncin cewa za a ba bayin matsayi na ’yancin kai daga ubangijinsu kuma za su karɓi fiye da rabin garken.

Duk da waɗannan ƙoƙarin da gwamnatin Faransa ta yi, cibiyar bautar ta ci gaba ta hanyar yawancin mulkin mallaka kuma har yanzu yana yiwuwa a cikin 1958 don siyan bawa a Timbuktu .

Mali mai cin gashin kanta zuwa yanzu (1960-)

Tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1960, bauta na ci gaba da wanzuwa a kasar Mali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi wani yunkuri na yaki da ci gaba da ayyukan bauta da nuna wariya ga tsoffin bayi. Duk da cewa bautar ba bisa ka'ida ba ce, dangantakar bayi tana ci gaba da wanzuwa a ko'ina cikin kasar ta Mali a kowace kabila a kasar, kodayake galibi a cikin al'ummomin Abzinawa.

Bugu da kari, akwai rahotannin da ke nuna cewa matsayin tsofin bayi da kuma tauye dabi'unsu ya kasance a cikin ' yan kasashen waje na Mali da ke zaune a wasu kasashe. Wasu a cikin gwamnati suna da'awar cewa tun da akwai 'yancin barin al'amuran ba a bayyana shi da kyau a matsayin bauta ba. Kungiyar da ke yaki da bautar kasar Mali Temedt ta ba da gudummawa ga wani rahoto da ke ikirarin cewa har yanzu mutane miliyan biyu na ci gaba da tsare su cikin alakar bautar da ba ta dace ba, tare da mutane kusan 200,000 da aka yi garkuwa da su a matsayin bayi.

Dagewar bauta

Hoton Modibo Keïta, shugaban farko na Mali, wanda ya karfafa bayi su bar iyayengijinsu.

A farkon shekarun 1960 shugaban kasar Mali na farko Modibo Keïta da jam'iyyar US-RDA sun sanya kawo karshen bautar da ya zama babban batu ga jam'iyyar. An haramta bautar a hukumance a cikin kasar kuma an yi kokarin ci gaba da kokarin Faransa na sake tsugunar da tsofaffin bayi. US-RDA ta ƙarfafa kowane bawa a ƙasar su bar iyayengijinsu kuma da yawa sun yi. Duk da haka, da yawa sun dawo cikin shekara guda ko biyu sakamakon karancin damar tattalin arziki da aka ba wa tsoffin bayi a kasar. Ko da waɗannan ƙayyadaddun yunƙurin an dakatar da su da mulkin kama-karya na Moussa Traoré daga 1968 har zuwa 1991.

Ko da yake an ba da izinin barin ƙasar bisa doka, batutuwan tattalin arziki da zamantakewa sun sa mutane da yawa cikin yanayi da aka ayyana a matsayin bauta. Bugu da kari, ko da an ‘yanta, ana nuna wariya da ikon siyasa a kan tsoffin bayi a lokuta da dama. Dimokuradiyya a shekarun 1990 ba lallai ba ne ya haifar da 'yantuwa kuma akwai misalan tsofaffin ubangida suna matsawa da tilasta wa tsoffin bayi su zabi 'yan takarar da suka fi so; duk da haka, an kuma sami misalan tsayin daka ga wannan matsin lamba.

Wasu mutanen da a da suka kasance bayi ko kuma iyayensu ko kakanninsu sun yi fice a fagen siyasa a kasar Mali bayan mulkin kama karya (ciki har da Amadou Toumani Touré wanda ya kasance shugaban kasar Mali daga 2002 zuwa 2012). Batun asalin kuyangin nasu an danne da kuma kiyaye shi a matsayin sirrin jama'a don gujewa kyama da wannan tarihin.

Akwai yunƙurin da ƙungiyoyin jama'a ke yi na haramta bautar da kuma gwagwarmaya da kyamar da ake yiwa tsoffin bayi. Rahotannin da aka samu game da yadda matasa daga Mali ke shiga halin tilastawa aiki a kasashe makwabta sun sa gwamnati ta bullo da dokar hana shige da fice a kan dukkan matasan Mali.

A shekara ta 2002, an kori marubucin New York Times Michael Finkel daga aikinsa saboda ƙirƙirar halayen almara a cikin rahotannin wani yaro bawa a Mali.

Tare da Tawayen Abzinawa na 2012, kungiyar da ke yaki da bautar da ake kira Temedt ta ruwaito cewa, mutanen farko da aka hukunta karkashin tsarin shari'ar da aka aiwatar, tsoffin bayi ne kuma wasu iyalan Abzinawa sun yi amfani da hargitsi wajen kwato bayin da suka bijirewa a shekarun baya.

Temedt

Temedt wani yunkuri ne na zamantakewa wanda ke kokarin kawo karshen bauta a duk fadin kasar Mali tare da yaki da munanan ra'ayi da wariya ga tsoffin bayi. Yana tasowa daga ƙoƙarin biyu a cikin 1990s kuma a yau yana da mambobi sama da 30,000.

A cikin 1990s, Ibrahim Ag Idbaltanant (Shugaban Temedt na yanzu) ya kafa kungiyar Groupement des Artisans Ruraux d'Intadeyni (GARI) wacce ta shirya don ba da ilimi da ƙananan bashi ga mutanen da suka fito daga bayi a yankunan Abzinawa. Hakazalika a shekarar 1994, Mohammed Ag Akeratane (tsohon shugaban kasar Temedt) ya kafa wata kungiya da aka fi sani da Tazolt, wanda ke nuni da bakar fenti da ake sakawa a wasu lokutan karkashin idon mutanen Abzinawa. Wadannan ƙungiyoyi sun haifar da ƙirƙirar Temedt, ma'anar asali ko haɗin kai, a cikin 2006 a cikin birnin Essakane .

Kungiyar ta tattaro masu hankali tare da tsatson bayi don kalubalantar ayyukan bauta da kyama a bainar jama'a. Don kare kansu a tarurrukansu, suna gayyatar jami'an gwamnati, da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da shugabannin Abzinawa zuwa ga abubuwan da suka faru.

Temedt yana da hannu a cikin kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a, taimakawa kalubalen shari'a ga bautar, da matsin siyasa a kan gwamnati don inganta kulawa ga batun. Kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a ya haɗa da fareti da gabatarwar al'adun gargajiya da sauran ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen nuna bambanci ga tsoffin bayi. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta samar da manyan lauyoyi don taimakawa tare da gurfanar da shari'o'in bayi, kuma tare da taimakon kungiyar lauyoyin Amurka, sun ba da mahimman kokarin shari'a a kan shari'oʼi da yawa.

Wata fitacciyar shari’a ta faru a watan Oktoban 2011 lokacin da aka gurfanar da mutum na farko a Mali bisa zargin bautar da Iddar Ag Ogazide. Temedt ya matsa lamba kan lamarin tare da bayar da taimakon kudi ga dangin Ag Ogazide a cikin mawuyacin hali. Bayan zaman farko da wanda ake zargin ya yi ikirarin cewa ya biya Ag Ogazide aikin sa, an dage shari’ar ne a lokacin da alkalin ya gudu daga Gao domin kare lafiyarsa. Tare da Tawayen Abzinawa da juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi, an kara jinkirta shari'ar. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta tura gwamnati da ta kara aikata laifin bautar da kuma kara wasu karin takunkumi kan wannan al'ada tare da yin aiki tare da kungiyoyin yaki da bauta a wasu kasashe da kuma Anti-Slavery International don daidaita ayyukan.

A shekarar 2012, kungiyar ta samu lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara daga kungiyar yaki da bautar kasa ta kasa da kasa saboda kokarin da suke yi na yaki da bauta.

Manazarta

Littafi Mai Tsarki

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