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Bauta a Sudan

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Bauta a Sudan
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Slavery
Fuskar Slavery
Ƙasa Sudan

Bauta a Sudan ta fara ne a zamanin d ̄ a, kuma ta sake farfadowa a lokacin Yaƙin basasar Sudan na Biyu (1983-2005). A lokacin cinikin bayi na Trans-Sahara, an sayi mutane da yawa na Nilotic daga ƙananan Kwarin Nilu a matsayin bayi kuma Nubians, Masarawa, Berbers da Larabawa sun kawo su aiki a wasu wurare a Arewacin Afirka da Gabas.

Farawa a cikin 1995, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da yawa sun ba da rahoto game da ayyukan zamani, musamman a cikin yanayin yakin basasar Sudan na biyu. A cewar rahotanni na Human Rights Watch da sauransu, a lokacin yakin gwamnatin Sudan ta shiga cikin tallafawa da kuma shirya 'yan bindiga masu yawa a kasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin da ta yi da Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). [1] Har ila yau, ya gano cewa gwamnati ta kasa aiwatar da dokokin Sudan game da satar mutane, kai hari da aiki na tilas, ko kuma taimaka wa iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa su gano 'ya'yansu.[1]

Wani rahoto (ta Ƙungiyar Manyan Mutane ta Duniya) ya sami 'yan bindiga da ke goyon bayan gwamnati da' yan tawaye (wanda SPLA ke jagoranta) da laifin sace fararen hula, kodayake sace fararen mutanen da 'yan bindigar gwamnati suka yi "na musamman damuwa" kuma "a cikin adadi mai yawa", ya haifar da bautar "a ƙarƙashin ma'anar bautar a cikin Yarjejeniyar Bautar Duniya ta 1926".[2] Gwamnatin Sudan ta ci gaba da cewa bautar ta samo asali ne daga yaƙin kabilanci, wanda ba ta da iko.[1]

A cewar Cibiyar Rift Valley, mamayewar bayi da sace-sacen "ya ƙare" a cikin shekara ta 2002, kodayake "adadin da ba a sani ba" na bayi sun kasance a cikin bauta.[3] "Slave" (ko Abeed) kalma ce ta launin "Bawa" da aka tsara ga mutanen Sudan masu fata.

Tarihin bautar a Sudan

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Tsohon zamani

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Bautar a yankin Sudan tana da dogon tarihi, wanda ya fara ne a zamanin Nubian da zamanin Masar kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa yanzu.[4]

Fursunonin yaki sun kasance abin da ke faruwa akai-akai a tsohuwar kwarin Nilu da sauran sassan Afirka. A lokacin cin nasara da kuma bayan cin nasarar yaƙe-yaƙe, tsoffin Nubians sun ɗauki Masarawa a matsayin bayi. Hakanan, tsoffin Nubians sun ɗauki bayi bayan sun ci yaƙe-yaƙe da Libyanci, Kan'aniyawa, da Masarawa.[5]

Zamanin Tsakiya

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Ba da daɗewa ba bayan nasarar Larabawa a Misira, Larabawa sun yi ƙoƙari su ci masarautun Kirista Nubia a lokuta da yawa, amma ta amfani da yaƙi na dabarun, ƙaramin Kirista Nubia ya ci manyan sojojin Larabawa. A ƙarshe, saboda ƙoƙarin da ba su yi nasara ba, Larabawa sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Baqt ta shekaru 600 tare da mulkin Nubian na Kirista na Makuria. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, Nubians, waɗanda suka riga sun shiga cikin cinikin bayi na Gabashin Afirka, sun amince da cinikin bayi 360 a kowace shekara ga maƙwabtansu na arewa don musayar kayan yaji da hatsi.

Karni na 16 zuwa 19

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Mutanen ƙabilar Sudan sun kai hari kan ƙauyen Dinka a kusa da 1870
Kasuwar bayi a Khartoum, Sudan, c. 1876

Bayan faduwar masarautun Nubian a cikin 1504, Musulmai sun ci nasara a mafi yawan Nubia, yayin da Funj suka ci nasara a yawancin Sudan na zamani daga Darfur zuwa Khartoum; Funj sun fara amfani da bayi a cikin sojoji a cikin mulkin Badi III (r. 1692-1711).[6] Daga baya, masu bautar Masar sun fara mamaye yankin kudancin Sudan. Musamman, mai mulki Muhammad Ali na Masar ya yi ƙoƙari ya gina rundunar bayi na kudancin Sudan tare da taimakon masu bautar Nubian. Yunkurin hana bautar daga baya hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya suka yi ƙoƙari a cikin 1899, bayan nasarar da suka samu a Yaƙin Mahdi .

A cewar mai binciken Burtaniya kuma mai abolitionist Samuel Baker, wanda ya ziyarci Khartoum a 1862, shekaru sittin bayan hukumomin Burtaniya sun ayyana cinikin bayi ba bisa ka'ida ba, bautar ita ce masana'antar "ta ci gaba da Khartoom a matsayin gari mai cike da tashin hankali". Baker ya bayyana al'adar bautar da ke kai hari kan ƙauyuka a kudu ta hanyar masu bautar Sudan daga Khartoum: Wani rukuni mai dauke da makamai zai tashi a Kogin Nilu, ya sami ƙauyen Afirka mai dacewa, ya kewaye shi da dare kuma ya kai farmaki kafin asuba, ya ƙone gidaje da harbi. Za a kama mata da matasa kuma a ɗaure su da "tsuntsaye masu laushi a kafaɗunsu", hannu da aka ɗaure da sanda a gaba, yara da aka ɗaura ga mahaifiyarsu. Don sanya "ƙauyen matalauta sosai cewa mazauna da suka tsira za a tilasta su hada kai da masu bautar bayi a tafiyarsu ta gaba da ƙauyukan da ke makwabtaka," ƙauyen za a sace shanu, hatsi, hauren giwa, tare da duk abin da ya lalace.[7]

Karni na 20

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Kafin binciken bautar na Ƙungiyar Al'ummai a 1923, Sudan ta Anglo-Masar (1899-1956) ta rushe Sashen Cutar Bautar tare da da'awar cewa bautar ta zama abin mamaki. Rahoton kan Sudan ga Hukumar Bautar Wuri (1923-1925) ya bayyana bautar da Larabawa Musulmai a Arewa suka yi wa 'yan gudun hijira na Nilotic Non-Muslims na Kudu maso Yamma, inda har yanzu ana gudanar da aikin gona ta hanyar aikin bawa a 1923.

Hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun yi yaƙi da cinikin bayi a Sudan amma sun guji magance bautar kanta saboda tsoron haifar da tashin hankali. Birtaniya sun ba da izinin duk bautar da aka bayar ta hanyar kotunan shari'a waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar bayi, waɗanda ke amfani da dokar Islama don sarrafa mata, yara da bayi.[1] An gudanar da hare-haren bayi daga Habasha da Afirka ta Tsakiya kuma an fitar da mutanen da aka sace zuwa bautar a Arabiya.

A cikin shekarun 1920, jami'in noma na Burtaniya P. W. Diggle ya gudanar da kamfen na kansa don 'yantar da bayi a Sudan. Ya yi fushi da ganin bayi da aka yi wa duka, yara da aka karbe daga iyayensu da 'yan mata bayi da aka saba amfani da su don karuwanci. Diggle ya kasance muhimmin mai ba da labari ga TSC game da bautar a Sudan, wanda ya sanya matsin lamba ga Birtaniya dangane da TSC.

Birtaniya ta bayyana wa Lugard na TSC cewa ba zai yiwu a kawar da bautar a Sudan ba saboda babban haɗarin tashin hankali a cikin "ƙasar da aka gudanar da ita da kuma fashewa kamar Sudan" inda aka ba da izinin bautar ta hanyar dokar Islama. Har ila yau, Birtaniya ta gabatar da wata sanarwa da aka bayar a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1925 inda ta bayyana cewa duk bayi da aka haifa bayan 1898 sun sami 'yanci ta hanyar doka kuma cewa bayi suna da' yancin barin masu su kuma ba za a dawo da su ba idan sun yi haka, wanda ya ba TSC ra'ayin cewa Birtaniya ta dauki mataki game da bautar a Sudan.

Ba da daɗewa ba aka gano cewa an ba da sanarwar 6 ga Mayu 1925 ne kawai ga jami'an Burtaniya kuma ba a san su ba ga Sudan. Lokacin da aka gabatar da wannan gaskiyar a cikin House of Lords, duk da haka, an umarci gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da ta buga da kuma aiwatar da tanadin game da bautar a Sudan. Bugu da ƙari, an ɗauki mataki a kan Cinikin bayi na Bahar Maliya ta hanyar Sudan ta hanyar karɓar iko mafi kyau na aikin hajji da kuma kafa gidan tsabta a Port Sudan don bayi da Burtaniya ta dawo da su daga bautar a Masarautar Hejaz, wanda ya haifar da bayi sama da 800 da aka sake zama tsakanin 1925 da 1935.

A lokacin Hukumar Bautar Wuri (TSC), an gano cinikin bayi mai tasowa tsakanin Sudan da Habasha: an gudanar da hare-haren bayi daga Habasha zuwa lardunan Funj da White Nile a Sudan ta Kudu, inda aka kama Berta, Gumuz da Burun wadanda ba Musulmai ba na Habasha ba, wadanda Musulmai Larabawa na Sudan suka saya daga 'yan kasuwa na Habasha a Sudan ko a fadin iyaka a Daular Habasha mai zaman kanta.

Mafi shahararren mai sayar da bayi shine Khojali al-Hassan, "Watawit" shaykh na Bela Shangul a Wallagi, da kuma babban matarsa Sitt Amna, wanda Burtaniya ta amince da shi a matsayin shugaban sashin gudanarwa a Sudan a cikin 1905. Khojali al-Hassan ya tattara bayi - yawanci matasa mata da yara maza ko yara - ta hanyar satar mutane, bautar bashi ko kuma a matsayin haraji daga talakawansa, kuma zai tura su haye iyakar zuwa ga matarsa, wanda ya sayar da su ga masu siye a Sudan.

Consul Hodson na Burtaniya a Habasha ya ba da rahoton cewa dokar 1925 ba ta da wani tasiri a kan bautar da cinikin bayi da aka gudanar a kan iyakar Sudan da Habasha zuwa Tishana: Habashawa sun bukaci haraji kuma sun dauki 'ya'yan mutanen da ba za su iya biya bautar da su; har yanzu ana gudanar da hare-haren bayi a kan ƙauyuka da dare ta hanyar 'yan fashi da ke ƙone gidaje, kashe tsofaffi da bautar matasa. A wani lokaci a watan Maris na shekara ta 1925, lokacin da aka kama 'yan fashi, sojoji na gwamnati sun kwace bayi 300 da aka kama kuma a maimakon haka sun raba su a matsayin bayi ga sojojin su; an sayar da mata da yara a farashin $ 15MT a Habasha, kuma dokar hana bautar ta 1925 ta kasance kawai al'ada ce. A cikin 1927, an ruwaito cewa dan kasuwa na bayi Khojali al-Hassan, "Watawit" shaykh na Bela Shangul a Wallagi, ya sayar da bayi 13,000 daga Habasha zuwa Sudan ta hanyar matarsa Sitt Amna.

A cikin 1929, Habasha ta gudanar da hare-haren bayi a cikin Birtaniya Kenya da kuma cinikin bayi yana gudana a Sudan, ya ba da gudummawa ga goyon bayan Burtaniya don kafa Kwamitin Masana kan Bautar Kungiyar Al'ummai.

Bauta a zamanin yau

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A cikin shekarun 1980s, lokacin yakin basasa na biyu a Sudan, cinikin bayi ya dawo sabuwa karkashin gwamnatin National Islamic Front da kuma wasu ƙungiyoyi kamar Baqqara da Rizeigat. [8] Wannan ya shafi mutane da yawa daga kudu da tsakiyar Sudan, musamman Dinka, Nuer da Nuba, waɗanda aka kama aka sayar ko kuma a tilasta musu aiki ta hanyoyi daban-daban daga ‘yan arewa masu kallon kansu a matsayin Larabawa.[9][10] Matsalar bauta ta ƙara tsananta bayan gwamnatin soja mai goyon bayan National Islamic Front ta karɓi mulki a 1989, inda gwamnatin Khartoum ta ayyana jihad akan ƙungiyoyin da ba Musulmi ba daga kudu.[11] An bai wa Baqqara dama su kashe waɗannan ƙabilu, su kwace dukiyoyinsu, su kama bayi, su kori sauran daga ƙasashensu, su kuma mamaye ƙasashen da karfi.[12]

Dokar Penal Code ta Sudan na shekarar 1991 ba ta ayyana bauta a matsayin laifi ba, amma Jamhuriyar Sudan ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar hana bauta ta duniya, ciki har da Slavery Convention da Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, da kuma yarjejeniyar International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).[1] Duk da haka, a cewar limamin Ansar movement kuma tsohon Firayim Minista, Sadiq al-Mahdi, jihad:

na nufin farawa da yaki don dalilai na addini. [...] Gaskiya ne cewa gwamnatin [NIF] ba ta kafa doka da ke halatta bauta a Sudan ba. Amma fahimtar gargajiya ta jihad tana amincewa da bauta a matsayin abin da ke fitowa daga yaki. [13]

Human Rights Watch[14] da Amnesty International[15] sun fara bada rahoto kan bauta a Sudan a 1995 a cikin mahangar yakin basasa na biyu. A 1996, an samu ƙarin rahotanni guda biyu – ɗaya daga wakilin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da kuma wani daga jaridar Baltimore Sun – waɗanda suka kasance ɗaya daga cikin rahotanni masu yawa daga kafafen yada labaran yamma tun daga 1995.[Note 1]

Human Rights Watch da wasu sun bayyana cewa bauta a Sudan a yau ana gudanar da ita ne ta hannun dakarun ƙungiyoyin Baqqara masu goyon bayan gwamnati, waɗanda ke kai farmaki kan fararen hula – musamman 'yan kabilar Dinka daga kudancin yankin Bahr El Ghazal. Baqqara na kama yara da mata kuma suna kai su yammacin Sudan da sauran wurare, inda ake tilasta musu aiki ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba, ana hukunta su idan sun ƙi aiki, sannan ana cin zarafinsu ta jiki da kuma lalata da su. Gwamnatin Sudan "ta ba da makamai kuma ta amince da wannan aikin bauta da dakarun ƙabilar suka yi", waɗanda aka fi sani da suna muraheleen, a matsayin hanya mai rahusa don raunana abokiyar hamayyarta a yakin basasa na biyu, wato Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A), wadda aka yi zaton tana da gagarumar goyon baya daga kabilar Dinka daga kudancin Sudan.[1]

A cewar rahoton 2002 daga International Eminent Persons Group (tare da goyon bayan Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka), an samu laifin sace fararen hula daga duka ɓangarorin – gwamnati da ‘yan tawayenta (SPLA) – amma "abin da ya fi jan hankali" shi ne hare-haren da dakarun pro-gwamnati masu suna murahaleen suka kai kan kauyuka a yankunan da SPLA ke iko da su kusa da iyakar arewa da kudu. Wannan Ƙungiya ta tabbatar da cewa "a yawancin lokuta", sace mutane shine mataki na farko a cikin wani tsarin cin zarafi da ya shafi bauta bisa ga ma’anar yarjejeniyar International Slavery Convention ta 1926 da kuma ƙarin yarjejeniya ta 1956.[17]

Hasashen adadin mutanen da aka sace a lokacin yaki yana tsakanin 14,000 zuwa 200,000.[18] Wani hasashe daga masanin tarihi Jok Madut Jok yana cewa akwai tsakanin bayi 10,000 zuwa 15,000 a Sudan a kowane lokaci, inda adadin ke ci gaba da kasancewa daidai yayin da wasu ke guduwa, ana sayen 'yancinsu, ko a sako su saboda rashin lafiya – kuma sabbi na ci gaba da kama su.[19] Har zuwa 1999, adadin bayi da ɗan bauta ya ke ci gaba da riƙe su bayan an raba ganimar yaki ba ya wuce "uku zuwa shida, kuma da wuya ya kai goma a kowanne ɗan bauta". Ko da yake cinikin bayi na zamani bai kai matakin bauta ta ƙarni na 19 ba, wasu daga cikin Baqqara "sun kasance dillalan bayi, suna sayar da su a wurare daban-daban a yammacin Sudan", da kuma "har zuwa Khartoum". Cinikin, wanda ba bisa doka ba ne kuma duniya tana ƙin shi, ana yi ne "a ɓoye", kuma "a matakin da bai ja hankali ba" don kada a samu hujjoji. "Masu bayi sukan musanta cewa yaran kudu da ke aiki a gidajensu bayi ne." [20]

A cewar rahoton CBS News na Janairu 25, 1999, ana sayar da bayi a Sudan da dala $50 kacal.[21]

A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2001, Michael Rubin ya rubuta a jaridar The Wall Street Journal:[22]

Ta yaya bauta a Sudan take? Wani yaro ɗan shekara 11 Kirista ya faɗa mini game da kwanakin farko na kama shi: "An faɗa mini in zama Musulmi sau da yawa, na ƙi, shi ya sa suka sare yatsana." Alokor Ngor Deng yarinya ce ‘yar shekara 12 da aka kama a 1993. Tun lokacin bata sake ganin mahaifiyarta ba bayan masu bauta sun sayar da su daban-daban. Akon yarinya ce ‘yar shekara 13 da sojojin Sudan suka kama a garinsu shekaru biyar da suka wuce. Sojoji shida sun yi mata fyade a lokaci guda, sannan ta shaida kisan mutane bakwai kafin a sayar da ita...

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Slavery and Slave Redemption in the Sudan. Human Rights Watch Backgrounder". Human Rights Watch. March 2002 [March 1999]. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  2. ↑ "Factfinding Report Confirms Sudan Slavery".
  3. ↑ Vlassenroot, Koen. "The Sudan Abduction and Slavery Project. Rift Valley Institute". Riftvalley.net. Archived from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
  4. ↑ Redford, D. B..From Slave to Pharaoh: The Black Experience of Ancient Egypt. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. Project MUSE
  5. ↑ "Ancient Egypt: Slavery, its causes and practice". Reshafim.org.il. Archived from the original on 2012-08-30. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
  6. ↑ "Africa and Slavery 1500-1800 by Sanderson Beck". Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "jok-quote-5".
  8. ↑ Poggo, Scopas (2024-01-30), "Southern Sudanese Systems of Slavery", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History (in Turanci), doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.884, ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4, retrieved 2024-09-11
  9. ↑ Jok 2001, p. viii.
  10. ↑ John Eibner, shugaban ƙungiyar Christian Solidarity International-USA, ya bayyana cewa bauta a Sudan ta dawo sabuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 1980s lokacin da gwamnatin Musulmi ta Arab ta fara farfado da ita. Ya ce wannan bauta ta samo asali ne daga jihad da gwamnati ta jagoranta kan waɗanda ba Musulmi ba. (source: John Eibner (December 1999). "My Career Redeeming Slaves". Middle East Forum. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  11. ↑ John Eibner (December 1999). "My Career Redeeming Slaves". Middle East Forum. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
  12. ↑ Jok 2001, p. 144-5.
  13. ↑ As-Sadiq Al-Mahdi zuwa ga Mary Robinson, Babbar Kwamishiniya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan haƙƙin ɗan adam (Sashe na III: Laifukan Yaki), Maris 24, 1999.
  14. ↑ "Children in Sudan: Slaves, Street Children and Child Soldiers," Human Rights Watch, Satumba 1995
  15. ↑ "Sudan:‘The tears of orphans’: no future without human rights," Amnesty International, Janairu 1, 1995
  16. 1 2 Jok 2001, p. x.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "SAFSiS-7".
  18. ↑ "Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan". US Department of State. 22 May 2002. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  19. ↑ Jok 2001, p. 1.
  20. ↑ Jok 2001, p. 57.
  21. ↑ "Curse Of Slavery Haunts Sudan". CBS News. January 25, 1999.
  22. ↑ Rubin, Michael (December 12, 2001). "Don't 'Engage' Rogue Regimes". The Wall Street Journal.
  1. ↑ A cewar mai bincike Jok Madut Jok, ana samun cikakkun bayanai kan hare-haren bauta tun daga 1995 a mujallu da jaridun Amurka: The New Yorker, The Washington Post, The Washington Times, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe, da kuma The South African Mail and Guardian, da wasu mujallu da jaridun Turai da Kanada. "Yawancin su sun kuma yi ƙoƙarin bayyanawa rawar da gwamnati ke takawa a daukar bayi." [16]
    A Sudan kanta, "rubuce-rubucen jarida na tsari da tasiri" kan bauta ya fito daga Bona Malwal (wani ɗan jarida da tsohon minista na gwamnati), wanda ya fara yaƙin bayyanawa a shekarun 1980 a matsayin edita na jaridar Sudan Times. [16]
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