Bautar Bayi a Romania
 Bautar a Romania | |
|---|---|
aspect in a geographic region (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Fuskar | Slavery |
| Ƙasa | Romainiya |
Bautar Chattel ta wanzu a yankin Romania ta yanzu daga kafuwar masarautun Wallachia da Moldova a karni na 13 zuwa 14, har sai An soke shi a matakai a cikin shekarun 1840 da 1850 kafin yakin neman 'yancin Romania da kuma kafa United Principalities of Moldavia da Wallachia a 1859, har zuwa 1783 a Transylvania da Bucovina (wasu sassa na mulkin Habsburg). Yawancin bayi sun kasance na Ƙabilar Romani. Musamman a Moldavia akwai kuma bayi na kabilar Tatar, mai yiwuwa fursunoni da aka kama daga yaƙe-yaƙe tare da Nogai da Crimean Tatars . [1][2]
Bayin Romani sun kasance na boyars (masu daraja), masallatai na Orthodox, ko jihar. An yi amfani da su a matsayin masu yin ƙarfe, masu yin zinariya da ma'aikatan gona, amma lokacin da aka gina birane, sun kuma yi aiki a matsayin bayin.
An sami nasarar kawar da bautar ne a ƙarshen kamfen ɗin da matasa masu juyin juya hali suka rinjayi ra'ayoyin Haskakawa. Mihail Kogălniceanu, wanda ya tsara dokar kawar da bautar a Moldova, ya kasance sunan da ke da alaƙa da kawar da shi. A cikin 1843, jihar Wallachian ta 'yantar da bayinta, kuma a cikin 1856, a cikin manyan ƙasashe biyu, an 'yantar leki na kowane aji. Mutane da yawa da suka kasance bayi a Romania sun tafi Amurka kuma sun zama Amurkawa na Romani
Bayan kawar da shi, an yi ƙoƙari (daga jihar da kuma masu zaman kansu) don daidaita makiyaya da kuma haɗa Romawa cikin al'ummar Romania, amma nasarar su ta iyakance.
Mafari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ba a san ainihin asalin bautar a cikin Principalities na Danubian ba. Masanin tarihi Nicolae Iorga ya danganta isowar mutanen Roma da mamayewar Mongol na 1241 a Turai da kuma ta hanyar Hare-haren bayi na Crimea-Nogai a Gabashin Turai, ya dauki Roma daga Mongols a matsayin bayi kuma ya kiyaye matsayinsu. Sauran masana tarihi sun yi la'akari da cewa an bautar da su yayin da aka kama su a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe da Tatars. Wataƙila an ɗauke aikin bautar fursunoni daga Mongols. Ba a san asalin kabilanci na "Bawan Tatar" ba, ana iya kama su Tatars na Golden Horde, [1] Cumans, ko bayi na Tatars da Cumans.[3]
Duk da yake yana yiwuwa wasu mutanen Romani bayi ne ko dakarun taimako na Mongols ko Tatars, yawancin su sun fito ne daga kudancin Danube a ƙarshen karni na 14, wani lokaci bayan kafa Wallachia. A wannan lokacin, an riga an kafa kafa bautar a Moldavia, a lokacin da aka bautar da , amma isowar Romawa ya sa bautar ta zama al'ada. Bayin Tatar, karami a lambobi, daga ƙarshe an haɗa su cikin yawan Romawa.
Yanayin Bayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masarautun Danubian sun kasance a mafi yawan tarihin su ne kawai yankin a Gabas da Tsakiyar Turai inda aka tsara bautar Roma, kuma wurin da aka fi fadada wannan.[1] A sakamakon wannan, masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Birtaniya Will Guy ya bayyana Romania a matsayin "al'amari na musamman", kuma daya daga cikin manyan "tsarin ci gaba" a cikin abin da ya shafi kungiyoyin Roma na yankin (tare da wadanda ke cikin ƙasashen da suka gabata na Ottomans, Austria-Hungary da Daular Rasha).[4]
A al'ada, an raba bayi na Roma zuwa kashi uku. Mafi ƙanƙanta mallakar hospodars ne, kuma ya tafi da sunan Harshen Romania na țigani domnești ("Gypsies na ubangiji"). Sauran rukuni guda biyu sun hada da țigani boierești ("Gypsies na gidajen ibada"), waɗanda mallakar masallatai na Orthodox na Romania da na Orthodox na Girka ne, da țigani boyerești ("Cypsies na boyars"), waɗanda masu mallakar ƙasa suka bautar.[1] Matsayin țigani domneşti ya fi na ɗaya daga cikin bayi da ke hannun boyars ko masallatai da yawa bayi da Yarima ya ba masu zaman kansu ko masallaci suka gudu suka shiga al'ummomin bayin Yarima.