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Bautar Jima'i

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Bautar Jima'i
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Slavery da sexual violence (en) Fassara
Participant (en) Fassara sex slave (en) Fassara da pimp (en) Fassara

Bautar dama'i da cin zarafin jima'i haɗin kowane mallaka ne akan mutum ɗaya ko fiye da haka da niyyar tilasta musu su shiga cikin ayyukan jima'i. Wannan ya haɗa da aikin tilas wanda ke haifar da jima'i, auren tilasta da fataucin jima'i. [1]

Bautar jima'i ta ɗauki nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin tarihi, gami da bautar mai shi ɗaya da bautar al'ada da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan addini a yankuna kamar Ghana, Togo, da Benin.[2] Bugu da ƙari, bautar ta wuce cin zarafin jima'i. Misalai na ayyukan jima'i ba tare da amincewa ba suna haɗuwa da tsarin da aka tsara don dalilai marasa jima'i, kamar yadda aka shaida a cikin mulkin mallaka na Amurka. Wannan lokacin, wanda ke nuna gamuwa tsakanin masu binciken Turai da 'Yan asalin ƙasar, sun ga aikin tilas don samun riba ta tattalin arziki kuma an lalata shi da yaduwar ayyukan jima'i ba tare da amincewa ba.

A cikin bayyana matakai masu rikitarwa na wannan labarin tarihi, aikin Gilberto Freyre mai suna 'Casa-Grande e Senzala' ya ba da haske mai haske game da rikitarwa ta zamantakewar zamantakewa wanda ya fito daga haɗakar al'adun Turai, 'yan asalin ƙasar, da Afirka a cikin yanayin Brazil. [3]

A wasu al'adu, ƙwaraƙwalwa ta kasance al'ada ce ta bautar jima'i, inda mata suka ciyar da rayuwarsu a cikin bautar jimaʼi, misali ɗaya shine ƙwaraƙwarar a cikin Islama. A wasu al'adu, ƙwaraƙwarai da 'ya'yansu suna da hakkoki daban-daban da matsayi na zamantakewa.  

Sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki sun yi kira ga ƙoƙari na kasa da kasa don sanar da mutane game da bautar jima'i kuma cewa bautar jimaʼi cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan adam ne.[4] UNESCO ta yi nazarin abin da ya faru na bautar jima'i ta ƙasa kuma ta tsara shi, tare da hadin gwiwar hukumomin duniya daban-daban.

Ma'anar

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Dokar Roma (1998) (wanda ya bayyana laifuka da Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya na iya samun iko) ya ƙunshi laifuka a kan bil'adama (Mataki na 7) wanda ya haɗa da "bautar" (Matakiyar 7.1.c) da "bauta ta jima'i" (Mataka ta 7.1.g) "lokacin da aka aikata a matsayin wani ɓangare na yadu ko kuma tsarin kai hari kan kowane farar hula". Har ila yau, ya bayyana bautar jima'i a matsayin Laifin yaki da keta Yarjejeniyar Geneva lokacin da aka aikata shi a lokacin rikici na kasa da kasa (Mataki na 8.b.xxii) kuma a kaikaice a cikin rikici na ciki a karkashin Mataki na (8.c.ii), amma kotuna suna da iko kan laifukan yaki a bayyane daga hada laifuka da aka aikata a lokacin "yanayin rikice-rikice na ciki da tashin hankali, kamar tashin hankali, ware da kuma ayyukan tashin hankali ko wasu ayyukan irin wannan" (Mataki).

Rubutun Dokar Roma ba ta bayyana bautar jima'i a bayyane ba, amma ta bayyana bauta a matsayin "aikin kowane ko duk ikon da ke haɗe da haƙƙin mallaka a kan mutum kuma ya haɗa da yin amfani da irin wannan iko a yayin fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara" (Mataki na 7.2.c).

A cikin sharhin game da Dokar Roma, Mark Klamberg ya ce: [5]

Bautar jima'i wani nau'i ne na bauta wanda ya haɗa da iyakancewa ga 'yancin kai, 'yancin yin motsi da ikon yanke shawara kan al'amuran da suka shafi jima'i. Don haka, laifin har ila yau ya haɗa da auren dole, bautar gida ko wani aikin tilas wanda a ƙarshe ya ƙunshi yin jima'i. Sabanin laifin fyade, wanda laifi ne wanda aka kammala, bautar jima'i ya zama ci gaba da laifi. ... Siffofin bautar jima'i na iya, alal misali, zama ayyuka kamar tsare mata a "sansanin fyade" ko "tashoshin ta'aziyya", tilasta "aure" na wucin gadi ga sojoji da sauran ayyukan da suka shafi mu'amala da mata a matsayin chattel, kuma kamar haka, keta ka'idodin ƙa'idar da ke hana bautar.

Nau'o'in

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Cin zarafin jima'i na kasuwanci ga manya

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Cin zarafin jima'i na kasuwanci na manya (sau da yawa ana kiransa "cinikin jima'i") wani nau'in fataucin mutane ne wanda ya shafi daukar ma'aikata, sufuri, canja wurin, adanawa ko karɓar mutane, ta hanyar tilasta ko ta hanyar zamba don manufar cin zarafin jimaʼi. Cin zarafin jima'i na kasuwanci ba shine kawai nau'in fataucin mutane ba kuma kimantawa ya bambanta game da kashi na fataucin mutum wanda shine don manufar jigilar wani zuwa bautar jima'i.

Labaran BBC sun ambaci wani rahoto daga UNODC kamar yadda ya lissafa wuraren da aka fi sani da wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane a 2007 kamar Thailand, Japan, Isra'ila, Belgium, Netherlands, Jamus, Italiya, Turkiyya da Amurka. Rahoton ya lissafa Thailand, China, Nigeria, Albania, Bulgaria, Belarus, Moldova da Ukraine a matsayin manyan hanyoyin fataucin mutane.

A cikin shekara ta 2012, Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane miliyan 20.9 sun yi aiki tilas, kuma kashi 22% (miliyan 4.5) sun sha wahala daga cin zarafin jima'i, 300,000 daga cikinsu a cikin Tattalin Arziki mai tasowa da EU.[6]   ILO ta ruwaito a cikin 2016 cewa daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 25 da ke aiki tilas, miliyan 5 sun sha wahala daga cin zarafin jima'i.  Koyaya, saboda ɓoyewar fataucin jima'i, samun daidaitattun ƙididdigar ƙididdiga yana haifar da ƙalubale ga masu bincike.[7]

Cin zarafin yara na kasuwanci

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  Cin zarafin yara na kasuwanci (CSEC) ya haɗa da karuwanci na yara (ko fataucin jima'i na yara), yawon shakatawa na jima'i, Hotunan batsa na yara, ko wasu nau'ikan jima'i tare da yara. Shirin Lauyan Matasa na Duniya (YAPI) ya bayyana CSEC a matsayin nau'i na tilasta da tashin hankali ga yara da kuma nau'in Bautar zamani.[8]

Wata sanarwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da cin zarafin yara na kasuwanci, wanda aka gudanar a Stockholm a cikin 1996, ya bayyana CSEC a matsayin, "cin zarafin jima'i da babba da biyan kuɗi ko a cikin nau'i ga yaro ko ga mutum na uku ko mutane. " [1] Ana bi da yaro a matsayin abu na jima'i kuma a matsayin abu ne na kasuwanci. "

Karuwanci na yara

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Karuwanci na yara, ko fataucin jima'i na yara, wani nau'i ne na bautar jima'i.[1] Cin zarafin jima'i ne na kasuwanci na yara, inda yaro ke yin ayyukan karuwanci, yawanci don amfanin kudi na babba.

Karuwancin yara yawanci yana bayyana ta hanyar fataucin jima'i, inda aka sace yaro ko kuma yaudare shi ya shiga cikin cinikin jima'i. Karuwanci na yara galibi ana danganta shi da Hotunan batsa na yara, kuma galibi suna haɗuwa. Wasu mutane suna tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje don shiga Yawon shakatawa na jima'i na yara. Bincike ya nuna cewa akwai yiwuwar yara miliyan 10 da ke cikin karuwanci a duk duniya.[9] Wannan aikin ya fi yaduwa a Kudancin Amurka da Asiya, amma karuwanci na yara yana nan a duniya, a cikin ƙasashe marasa ci gaba da kuma masu tasowa.[10][11] Yawancin yaran da ke da hannu a karuwanci 'yan mata ne, duk da karuwar yawan yara maza a cikin sana'a.

'Yan sanda na tarayya na Indiya sun ce a shekara ta 2009 sun yi imanin cewa kimanin yara miliyan 1.2 a Indiya suna da hannu cikin karuwanci. Wata sanarwa ta CBI ta ce binciken da Ma'aikatar Mata da Ci gaban Yara ta tallafawa sun kiyasta kusan kashi 40% na karuwai na Indiya yara ne.[12]

Cibiyar Binciken Tsarin Lafiya ta Thailand ta ba da rahoton cewa yara a cikin karuwanci sun kai kashi 40% na karuwanci a Thailand.[13]

A wasu sassan duniya, hukumomi suna jurewa ko kuma sun yi watsi da karuwancin yara. Da yake nuna halin da ke faruwa a kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, wani alƙali daga Honduras ya ce, a kan yanayin rashin bayyana sunansa: "Idan wanda aka azabtar [yaro karuwanci] ya wuce 12, idan ya ki shigar da korafi kuma idan iyaye a bayyane suke samun riba daga kasuwancin ɗansu, muna kallon wata hanya".[14]

Dukkanin kasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi alkawarin hana karuwancin yara, ko dai a karkashin Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara ko Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Sayar da Yara, Karuwancin Yara da Batsa na Yara. An kirkiro kamfen da kungiyoyi daban-daban don kokarin dakatar da aikin.

Cin zarafin yara ta hanyar lalata don samun riba

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Cin zarafin yara ta hanyar lalata don samun riba (CSEC) ya haɗa da karuwancin yara (ko fataucin yara don lalata), yawon buɗe ido na lalata da yara, batsa da yara, ko wasu nau'ikan hulɗar jima'i da yara don samun riba. Shirin Kare Matasa na Duniya (YAPI) ya bayyana CSEC a matsayin nau'i na tilastawa da tashin hankali akan yara da kuma nau'i na zamani na bauta.[8][15]

Sanarwar Taro na Duniya Akan Cin Zarafin Yara ta Hanyar Lalata don Samun Riba, wanda aka gudanar a Stockholm a shekarar 1996, ta ayyana CSEC a matsayin, "cin zarafin jima'i da manya ke yi wa yara tare da biyan kuɗi ko wani abu ga yaron ko wani mutum ko mutane. Ana ɗaukar yaron a matsayin kayan jima'i da kuma kayan kasuwanci".[15]

Karuwancin yara

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Karuwancin yara, ko fataucin yara don lalata, nau'i ne na bautar jima'i.[16] Wannan yana nufin cin zarafin yara ta hanyar lalata don samun riba, inda yaro ke yin ayyukan karuwanci, galibi don amfanin kuɗi na manya.

Karuwancin yara galibi yana bayyana a cikin nau'i na fataucin jima'i, inda ake sace yara ko yaudararsu don shiga harkar jima'i, ko kuma jima'i don tsira, inda yaron ke shiga ayyukan jima'i don samun abubuwan bukata kamar abinci da mafaka. Karuwancin yara yana da alaƙa da batsa da yara, kuma sau da yawa suna haɗuwa. Wasu mutane suna tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje don shiga cikin yawon buɗe ido na lalata da yara. Bincike yana nuna cewa akwai yara har miliyan 10 da ke cikin karuwanci a duniya.[9] Wannan aikin ya fi yaduwa a Amurka ta Kudu da Asiya, amma karuwancin yara yana wanzuwa a duk duniya,[17] a ƙasashe masu tasowa da kuma masu ci gaba.[18] Yawancin yaran da ke cikin karuwanci mata ne, duk da cewa akwai ƙaruwa a yawan samari masu shiga harkar.

A shekarar 2009, 'yan sandan tarayya na Indiya sun ce sun yi imanin cewa kusan yara miliyan 1.2 a Indiya suna cikin karuwanci.[12] Sanarwar CBI ta ce bincike da nazarin da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata da Ci gaban Yara ta dauki nauyi sun kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 40% na karuwancin Indiya yara ne.[12]

Cibiyar Bincike kan Lafiya ta Thailand ta bayar da rahoton cewa yara a cikin karuwanci sun kai kashi 40% na karuwancin a Thailand.[13]

A wasu sassan duniya, ana yarda da karuwancin yara ko kuma ana yin watsi da shi daga hukumomi. Wani alkalin daga Honduras ya ce, a cikin yanayi da yawa: "Idan wanda aka ci zarafi [yaron da ke karuwanci] ya fi shekara 12, idan ya ƙi kai ƙara kuma iyayensa suna samun riba daga harkar yaron, muna yawan yin watsi da lamarin".[19]

Dukkan ƙasashen mambobin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya sun yi alkawarin hana karuwancin yara, ko dai ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Yara ko kuma Ƙarin Yarjejeniyar Kan Sayar da Yara, Karuwancin Yara da Batsa da Yara]]. An ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi da kamfen-kamfen daban-daban don ƙoƙarin dakatar da wannan aiki.

Yawon buɗe ido na lalata da yara

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Yawon buɗe ido na lalata da yara nau'i ne na fataucin yara don lalata, kuma galibi yana mai da hankali kan saye da sayar da yara cikin bautar jima'i.[20][21] Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da babba ya yi tafiya zuwa wata ƙasa don yin lalata da yara ta hanyar kasuwanci.[22] Yawon buɗe ido na lalata da yara yana haifar da sakamako na hankali da na jiki ga yaran da aka ci zarafinsu, wanda zai iya haɗawa da "cututtuka (ciki har da HIV/AIDS), shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, ciki, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ƙiyayya daga al'umma, da kuma yiwuwar mutuwa", a cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Amurka.[22]

Yawon buɗe ido na lalata da yara yana da alaƙa da talauci, rikice-rikicen makamai, saurin ci gaban masana'antu, da kuma ƙaruwa mai yawa na yawan jama'a.

Fataucin Cybersex

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Ƴan mata da yara, musamman mata da yara, su ne mafi yawancin waɗanda ake yi wa fataucin cybersex, inda ake tilasta musu zama bayi na jima'i[23][24]. Ana kai su ta hanyar fatauci, sannan a tilasta musu yin ayyukan jima’i a cikin live streaming[25] inda ake tilasta su yin jima'i ko kuma fyade a gaban kyamarar yanar gizo[26][27].

A wasu lokuta ana sa su kallon waɗanda ke biya don kallon su a gaban allo, sannan su bi umarnin su[28]. Wannan nau'in fatauci ya bambanta da sauran laifukan jima'i[29].

Ana kai waɗanda aka fataucen zuwa wuraren da ake kira 'cybersex dens', wato wuraren da aka tanadar da kyamarori da kuma na'urorin da ke haɗe da intanet domin yin live streaming[30][31]. A can ake tilasta wa waɗanda aka fataucen su aikata ayyukan jima’i da kansu ko tare da wasu[32][33] a cikin bautar jima'i ko kuma a fyade su a gaban na'urorin live streaming.

Sau da yawa, ana biya ne don kallon waɗannan abubuwan da ake tilasta wa waɗanda aka fataucen. Wannan na faruwa ne a matsayin wata hanyar karuwanci da tilasta ta intanet[34][35][36]

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Jones
  2. ↑ Bilyeu, Amy Small (1999-01-02). "Trokosi - The Practice of Sexual Slavery in Ghana: Religious and Cultural Freedom vs. Human Rights". Indiana International & Comparative Law Review (in Turanci). 9 (2): 457–504. doi:10.18060/17469. ISSN 2169-3226.
  3. ↑ Kuznesof, Elizabeth Anne (1993). Marcílio, Maria Luiza; Souza, Laura de Mello e; Nazzari, Muriel; Samara, Eni de Mesquita; Silva, Maria Beatriz Nizza da; Dias, Maria Odila Leite da Silva; Vainfas, Ronaldo (eds.). "Sexuality, Gender and the Family in Colonial Brazil". Luso-Brazilian Review. 30 (1): 119–132. ISSN 0024-7413.
  4. ↑ "Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action". OHCHR (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-03-20.
  5. ↑ Acuña, Tathiana Flores (January 2004). "The Rome Statute's Sexual Related Crimes: an Appraisal under the Light of International Humanitarian Law" (PDF). Revista Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. 1 (39): 29–30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  6. ↑ "ILO 2012 Global estimate of forced labour – Executive summary" (PDF). International Labour Organization. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
  7. ↑ Tiefenbrun, Susan (2002). "The Saga of Susannah A U.S. Remedy for Sex Trafficking in Women: The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000". Utah Law Review. 107.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) and Child Trafficking". Youth Advocate Program International. 2013-12-16. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "yapi.org" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Willis, Brian M.; Levy, Barry S. (April 20, 2002). "Child prostitution: global health burden, research needs, and interventions". Lancet. 359 (9315): 1417–22. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08355-1. PMID 11978356. S2CID 10141488. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Willis" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ Lim 1998.
  11. ↑ Jaffe & Rosen 1997.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Hukuma: Fiye da yara miliyan 1 suna karuwanci a Indiya". CNN. 11 Mayu 2009. Archived from the original on 29 Maris 2010. Retrieved 6 Afrilu 2010. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date=, and |archive-date= (help)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Trafficking in Minors for Commercial Sexual Exploitation - Thailand" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2005. Retrieved 2012-06-26. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unicri.it" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ "Child prostitution: the ugliest part of tourism". Thepanamanews.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Clift, Stephen; Carter, Simon (2000). Yawon Buɗe Ido da Jima'i. Cengage Learning EMEA. pp. 75–78. ISBN 978-1-85567-636-7.
  16. ↑ Flowers, R. Barri (2011). Karuwanci a Zamanin Dijital: Sayar da Jima'i daga Otal zuwa Titin. ABC-CLIO. p. 34. ISBN 978-0313384615. Check date values in: |access-date= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  17. ↑ Lim 1998, p. 171.
  18. ↑ Jaffe & Rosen 1997, p. 10.
  19. ↑ "Karuwancin yara: mummunan ɓangaren yawon buɗe ido". Thepanamanews.com. Archived from the original on 25 Yuni 2012. Retrieved 8 Yuli 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= and |archive-date= (help)
  20. ↑ Christiane Sanderson (2004). Jan Hankalin Yara: Ba wa Iyaye da Malamai Ƙarfi don Kare Yara daga Cin Zarafin Jima'i. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 53. ISBN 978-1846420603. Check date values in: |access-date= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  21. ↑ Territo, Leonard; Kirkham, George (2010). Fataucin Jima'i na Mata da Yara a Duniya: Fahimtar Annobar Duniya. Looseleaf Law Publications. p. 435. ISBN 978-1932777864. Check date values in: |access-date= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Gaskiyar Game da Yawon Buɗe Ido na Lalata da Yara". Takaitaccen Bayani. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Amurka, Ofishin Kula da Fataucin Mutane. 29 Fabrairu 2008. Retrieved 13 Janairu 2019. Check date values in: |access-date= and |date= (help)
  23. ↑ "Matan Koriya ta Arewa na 'tilasta su zama bayi na jima'i' a China - rahoto". BBC Hausa. 20 Mayu 2019. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ↑ Smith, Nicola; Farmer, Ben (20 Mayu 2019). "An danneta, an bautar da ita: Matan da aka kai daga Koriya ta Arewa zuwa cinikayyar jima'i a China". The Telegraph. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ↑ Brown, Rick; Napier, Sarah; Smith, Russell G (2020), Australians who view live streaming of child sexual abuse: An analysis of financial transactions, Australian Institute of Criminology, ISBN 9781925304336 shafi 1–4.
  26. ↑ Sang-Hun, Choe (13 Satumba 2019). "Bayan sun tsere daga Koriya ta Arewa, mata sun fada tarkon bautar cybersex a China". The New York Times. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ↑ Carback, Joshua T. (2018). "Cybersex Trafficking: Toward a More Effective Prosecutorial Response". Criminal Law Bulletin. 54 (1): 64–183. shafi 64.
  28. ↑ "Fataucin cybersex: Annoba ta ƙarni na 21". CNN. 18 Yuli 2013. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ↑ Carback, Joshua T. (2018). "Cybersex Trafficking: Toward a More Effective Prosecutorial Response". Criminal Law Bulletin. 54 (1): 64–183.
  30. ↑ "Sanata ya yi gargaɗi game da yiyuwar karuwar fataucin yara ta cybersex". The Philippine Star. 13 Afrilu 2020. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  31. ↑ "Fataucin Cybersex". IJM. 2020.
  32. ↑ "Matan Koriya ta Arewa na 'tilasta su zama bayi na jima'i' a China – rahoto". BBC News. 20 Mayu 2019. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  33. ↑ Brown, Andy (7 Yuni 2016). "Tsare yara daga cin zarafi: Yaƙi da cin zarafin yara ta intanet a Philippines". UNICEF Blogs. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ↑ "Cin zarafin yara ta hanyar jima'i". Europol. 2020.
  35. ↑ "Matan Koriya ta Arewa na 'tilasta su zama bayi na jima'i' a China – rahoto". BBC News. 20 Mayu 2019. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ↑ Greiman, Virginia & Bain, Christina (2013). "Fitowar Ayyukan Intanet a Matsayin Kofa zuwa Fataucin Mutane". Journal of Information Warfare. 12 (2): 41–49. shafi 43.
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