Bautar bayi a faransa
 Bautar bayi a faransa | |
|---|---|
aspect in a geographic region (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Fuskar | Slavery |
| Ƙasa | Faransa |
Bauta a Faransa, kuma ta tsawo, Daular Faransa, ta ƙunshi batutuwa daban-daban.
A lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar, bautar chattel ta zama doka a Faransa kanta. A farkon tsakiyar shekarun Merovingian, ana yin ciniki a cikin bayi daga Tsibirin Biritaniya zuwa Faransa. A tsakiyar zamanai na Faransanci, Faransa ta yi aiki a matsayin tasha ta tsakiya a cinikin bayin Maguzawa daga Arewa maso Gabashin Turai zuwa al-Andalus a Kudu maso Yamma, waɗanda aka yi jigilar su daga Prague zuwa Halifancin Cordoba ta Faransa.
An kawar da bautar Chattel a Faransa a cikin 1310s, musamman tare da wata doka a 1315. Yayin da bautar chattel ba a sake yin doka a Faransa kanta ba, daga baya an yarda da shi a cikin yankunan Faransanci daga karni na 17. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, bauta ta zama doka a cikin mazauna yayin da aka dakatar da ita a Faransa kanta. Wannan wani tsari ne na gama gari da ake amfani da shi a yawancin ƙasashen Turai a lokacin. A shekara ta 1793, an kawar da bauta a cikin yankunan Faransa. An sake dawo da bautar a cikin mazauna a cikin 1802, kuma a ƙarshe an soke shi a cikin 1848.
Bauta a Faransa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bauta a Merovingian Faransa Babban labarin: Bauta a Merovingian Faransa Duba kuma: Merovingian Faransa, Jerin sarakunan Faransa, da Jerin sarakunan Faransa A shekara ta 486, Clovis I, ɗan Childeric, ya yi nasara a kan Syagrius, shugaban sojojin Roma wanda ya yi takara da Merovingians don samun iko a arewacin Faransa. Kamar daular Romawa a gabansu, Merovingians sun yi amfani da bauta. [1] Bauta a Merovingian Faransa ya haɗa da sarakunan Faransa da yawa a cikin daular Merovingian waɗanda suka kasance bayi. An gano sarauniyar bayi biyar kawai a cikin Merovingian Faransa, kodayake akwai yuwuwar samun ƙarin: Ingund, Fredegund, Bilichild, Nanthold, da Balthold.[2] ,[3] [4] Bauta ta ci gaba a lokacin daular Carolingian.
cinikin bayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duba kuma: Tarihin bauta a duniyar musulmi, Saqaliba, da Kievan Rus cinikin bayi Tsakanin karni na 8 zuwa na 11, Faransa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin dan tsakiya a cinikin bayi na Prague tare da saqaliba bayi (Pagan Slavs) daga Arewa maso Gabashin Turai zuwa bautar a al-Andalus a kudu maso yammacin.
A yammacin Turai, wata babbar hanyar cinikin bayi ta taso ne daga Prague da ke tsakiyar Turai ta hanyar Faransa zuwa Moorish al-Andalus, wadda ta kasance makoma ga bayi da kuma cibiyar cinikin bayi ga sauran musulmin duniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Prague a cikin Duchy na Bohemia, wanda kwanan nan ya kasance jihar Kiristanci a farkon karni na 10, ya zama babbar cibiyar cinikin bayi na Turai a tsakanin karni na 9 zuwa na 11. An ba da sunan kuɗin shiga daga cinikin bayi na Prague a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tushen tattalin arzikin ƙasar Bohemian, yana ba da kuɗin tallafin sojojin da suka wajaba don kafa ƙasa ta tsakiya, wanda ba sabon abu ba ne ga sabuwar ƙasar Kirista a Gabashin Turai[5]
Duchy na Bohemia jiha ce a cikin yankin kan iyaka na addini, tana iyaka da kasashen Maguzawa Slavic zuwa arewa, gabas da kudu maso gabas. A tsakiyar zamanai, addini shine ke tantance wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin halaltacciyar manufa don bauta. Kiristoci sun hana Kirista bautar da sauran Kiristoci, kuma Musulmi sun hana Musulmi bautar da sauran Musulmi; duk da haka, dukkansu sun amince da bautar Maguzawa, wanda ta haka ne ya zama wata manufa mai riba ga masu fataucin bayi[6]
Ƙabilun Slavic na Maguzawa na Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai an yi niyya don bauta ta hanyar ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a cikin balaguron soji da kai hare-hare tare da ƙasashensu.[7] A lokacin yakin soja na Charlemagne da magajinsa a karni na 9, Kiristocin Franks sun kama su kuma sun sayar da Pagan Slavs a kan kogin Danube-Elbe. A tsakiyar karni na 10, Prague ya zama babbar cibiyar cinikin bayi a cikin Maguzawan Slavic zuwa al-Andalus ta hanyar Faransa.[8]
Soke bautar da bauta a Faransa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duba kuma: Serfdom a Faransa da Abolitionism A cikin 1198, John na Matha ya kafa Trinitarian da nufin fansar Kiristocin da Musulmai suka yi garkuwa da su a lokacin yakin Salibiyya. Sarki Louis na IX ya shigar da wani gida na odar su a gidan sa na Fontainebleau.[9] Ya zaɓi ’yan Uku-Uku-Uku-daya a matsayin limamansa, kuma yana tare da su a yaƙin yaƙinsa. [10] [11] A shekara ta 1315, Sarki Louis X ya zartar da wata doka da ta soke bautar da kuma shelar cewa "Faransa tana nufin 'yanci". Dokar ta tanadi cewa duk wani bawa da ya taka kafarsa a kasar Faransa a 'yantar da shi[12] Duk da haka wasu ƙayyadaddun shari'o'in bautar sun ci gaba har zuwa karni na 17 a wasu tashar jiragen ruwa na Rum na Faransa a Provence, kuma bautar ta zama ruwan dare a yawancin yankunan Faransanci na ketare har zuwa karni na 18 da kuma sake zuwa rabin farko na karni na 19.[13]
Yawancin abubuwan da ake amfani da su na serfdom kuma an kawar da su tsakanin 1315 da 1318.[14] Louis X ya mutu shekaru biyu bayan waɗannan abubuwan.
A cikin 1318, Sarki Philip V ya soke aikin saɓo a yankinsa.[15] [16]
Bautãwa a cikin yankunan Faransa Duba kuma: Daular mulkin mallaka na Faransa da Jerin abubuwan mallakar Faransa da mamaya Daular mulkin mallaka ta Faransa ta yi bauta a yankunanta. Bauta yana da mahimmanci don fitar da albarkatun ƙasa da arha da haɓaka manyan noman noma. A tsakiyar karni na 16, ’yan fataucin Turawa sun yi safarar mutane bayi daga Afirka zuwa Caribbean. Haka kuma New Faransa, Louisiana, ko Faransawa mazauna Afirka ba su da kariya.[17]
Bauta a sabuwar Faransa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban labarin: Bauta a Sabuwar Faransa Ƙasar Faransa ta Arewacin Amirka ta New Faransa ta yi bauta (wanda ya shafi wani yanki na Kanada na zamani). A shekara ta 1750, kashi biyu bisa uku na mutanen da aka bautar a New Faransa ’yan asali ne, amma a shekara ta 1834, yawancin bayin baƙar fata ne.[18] [19] [20]
cinikin bayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban labarin: cinikin bayi na Atlantic Birnin Nantes ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cinikin bayi.
Code Noir
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban labarin: Code Noir A cikin 1685, Sarki Louis XIV ya zartar da dokar da aka sani da Code Noir (lafazin Faransanci: [kɔd nwaʁ], Black Code). Ƙididdiga ta bayyana yanayin bauta a cikin daular Faransa ta mulkin mallaka.[21]
Farkon kawar da bautar a cikin yankunan Faransa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An kafa Ƙungiyar Abokan Baƙar fata a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1788, kuma ta kasance mai aiki har zuwa 1793, a lokacin tsakiyar juyin juya halin Faransa. Jacques Pierre Brissot ne ya jagorance shi, wanda akai-akai ya sami shawara daga dan Birtaniya Thomas Clarkson, wanda ya jagoranci yunkurin abolitionist a Birtaniya. A farkon 1789, Society yana da mambobi 141.[[22]
A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1794 ne karo na biyu na soke bautar da aka yi a duk yankuna da dukiyoyin Faransa, a lokacin babban taron Majalisar Zaɓaɓɓen Majalisar Dattijai ta Farko (1792-1804), a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Maximilien Robespierre, ta soke bautar da doka a Faransa da yankunanta. Sake gabatar da bautar a cikin ƙasashen Faransa a cikin 1802 Napoleon ya sake shigar da bauta a yankunan da ake noman rake ta hanyar Dokar 20 ga Mayu 1802. Bauta zai zama doka a yankunan Faransa har zuwa 1847.
Ƙarshen bauta na biyu a cikin ƙasashen Faransa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban labarin: Ƙarshen bauta a Faransa A 1815, Majalisar Vienna ta bayyana adawa da cinikin bayi. A shekara ta 1818, an hana cinikin bayi a Faransa. A ranar 18-19 ga Yuli, 1845, an zartar da Dokokin Mackau, wanda ya share hanyar kawar da bauta a Faransa.,[23]
A ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1848, an yi shelar kawar da bauta a cikin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa. An zartar da ingantaccen sokewar tare da Dokar soke Bautar 27 ga Afrilu 1848 [fr]. [24] Tsibirin Martinique shi ne na farko da Faransa ta yi wa mulkin mallaka a ketare inda a zahiri dokar ta fara aiki, a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1848. [25]
An kafa Gabon ne a matsayin matsuguni ga ’yantattun bayi.[26]
Ba a sanya ƙaƙƙarfar sokewar a wurin ba. Yawancin yankuna na Faransa sun ci gaba da yin bauta har zuwa 1904 kamar yadda yake a Senegal ko 1894 a Sudan.[27]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ World History Encyclopedia [21 volumes]: [21 volumes] Alfred J. Andrea Ph.D. p. 199
- ↑ Jo Ann McNamara, John E. Halborg, and E. Gordon Whatley, eds., Sainted Women of the Dark Ages, (Durham
- ↑ Whatley, eds., Sainted Women of the Dark Ages, (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1992), p.264
- ↑ Slavery in Merovingian France
- ↑ World History Encyclopedia [21 volumes]: [21 volumes] Alfred J. Andrea Ph.D. p.
- ↑ World History Encyclopedia [21 volumes]: [21 volumes] Alfred J. Andrea Ph.D. p. 199
- ↑ Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. p. 242
- ↑ Korpela, J. (2018). Slaves from the North: Finns and Karelians in the East European Slave Trade, 900–1600. Nederländerna: Brill. p. 242
- ↑ Saint Louis et l'Abbaye des Trinitaires
- ↑ Abrahams, Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, pp. 99-101.
- ↑ Jean de Joinville Memoirs of
- ↑ The French Atlantic triangle: literature and culture of the slave trade
- ↑ The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe
- ↑ "Disappearance of Serfdom. France. England. Italy. Germany. Spain"
- ↑ "23 janvier 1318 : le roi Philippe V affranchit les serfs de ses domaines"
- ↑ Copied from the article End of slavery in
- ↑ Copied from the article Compagnie du
- ↑ "Enslavement of Indigenous People in Canada"
- ↑ Copied from the article Slavery in New
- ↑ Copied from the article Compagnie du
- ↑ Copied from the article Code Noir
- ↑ .Society of the Friends of the Blacks
- ↑ "France recognizes modern slavery as crime"
- ↑ https://www.projectmanifest.eu/the-march-of-23-may-1998-paris-france-en-fr/
- ↑ https://www.projectmanifest.eu/the-march-of-23-may-1998-paris-france-en-fr
- ↑ Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
- ↑ "L'abolition de l'esclavage au Sénégal : L'attitude de l'administration française (1848-1905)"