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Bautar bayin ta turawa

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Bautar farar fata (har ma da fataucin bayi ko fataucin bayi) na nufin bautar da kowace ƙabilar Turai ta duniya a tsawon tarihin ɗan adam, walau waɗanda ba Turawa ba ne ko kuma na wasu Turawa. Bautar da aka yi a tsohuwar Roma ta kasance akai-akai akan matsayin mutum na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da alaƙar ƙasa, don haka ya haɗa da bayi na Turai. Haka nan ya zama ruwan dare mutanen Turawa suna bautar da fatauci a duniyar musulmi; Musamman matan Turawa, sun kasance suna neman ƙwaraƙwara a cikin sarakunan musulmi da yawa. Misalan irin wannan bautar da ake gudanarwa a daulolin Musulunci sun hada da cinikin bayi da ake yi a yankin sahara, da cinikin bayi na Barbary, da cinikin bayi na Ottoman, da cinikin bayi na tekun Black Sea da dai sauransu.[1]

An bautar da nau'ikan fararen fata da yawa. A cikin nahiyar Turai a karkashin feudalism, akwai nau'o'i daban-daban na matsayi da ake amfani da su ga mutane (irin su serf, bordar, villein, vagabond, da bawa) waɗanda aka yi musu ɓarna ko tilasta musu yin aiki ba tare da biya ba.

A lokacin cinikin bayi na Larabawa, Turawa na daga cikin wadanda Larabawa ke cinikinsu[2] Kalmar Saqaliba (Larabci: صقالبة) sau da yawa ana amfani da ita a cikin kafofin Larabci na tsakiyar lokaci don nufin musamman ga Slavs da Larabawa ke kasuwanci, amma kuma yana iya yin magana da yawa ga Tsakiya, Kudancin, da Gabashin Turai waɗanda Larabawa suka yi ciniki da su, da kuma dukan bayi na Turai a wasu yankunan da musulmi ke sarrafawa kamar Spain, ciki har da waɗanda aka sace daga hare-haren da aka yi a kan Masarautar Mutanen Espanya. A zamanin Khalifancin Fatimid (909-1171), yawancin bayi Turawa ne da aka kwaso daga gabar tekun Turai da kuma lokacin rikice-rikice.[3]Hakazalika, cinikin bayin daular Usmaniyya wanda ya hada da turawan da suka yi garkuwa da su sau da yawa ana kai hare-hare a yankunan [4]turawa ko kuma a dauke su a matsayin yara a matsayin harajin jini daga iyalan mutanen yankunan da aka ci yaki da su domin yi wa daular hidima ga ayyuka iri-iri.[5]A tsakiyar karni na 19, an yi amfani da kalmar 'fararen bauta' wajen kwatanta bayin Kirista da aka sayar da su zuwa cinikin bayi na Barbary a Arewacin Afirka.


Tarihi

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Charles Sumner ya yi amfani da kalmar “fararen bauta” a shekara ta 1847 don kwatanta bautar da Kiristoci ke yi a duk faɗin jihohin Barbary da kuma musamman a Algiers, babban birnin Ottoman Aljeriya.[[6] Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi nau'o'in bauta da yawa, ciki har da ƙwaraƙwaran Turawa (Cariye) waɗanda galibi ana samun su a cikin haramtattun Turkiyya[7]

Har ila yau, Clifford G. Roe ya yi amfani da kalmar tun farkon karni na ashirin don yaƙi da tilasta karuwanci da bautar jima'i na 'yan matan da suka yi aiki a gidajen karuwai na Chicago. Hakazalika, kasashen Turai sun rattaba hannu a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1904 kan yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan dakile safarar fararen hula da nufin yaki da sayar da matan da aka tilastawa yin karuwanci a kasashen nahiyar Turai.

Farar cinikin bayi

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Slavic bayi

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Manyan labarai: Hanyar ciniki ta Volga, Hanyar kasuwanci daga Varangians zuwa Girkawa, da cinikin bayi na Balkan [8] Rus ciniki bayi tare da Khazars: Ciniki a Gabas Slavic Camp ta Sergei Ivanov (1913) An kafa hanyar kasuwancin Volga ta hanyar Varangians (Vikings) waɗanda suka zauna a Arewa maso yammacin Rasha a farkon karni na 9. Kimanin kilomita 10 [9]mil 6) kudu da kogin Volkhov shiga cikin tafkin Ladoga, sun kafa wani yanki mai suna Ladoga (Old Norse: Aldeigjuborg).[10] ya haɗa Arewacin Turai da Arewa maso Yammacin Rasha tare da Tekun Caspian, ta kogin Volga. Rasha ta yi amfani da wannan hanya wajen yin kasuwanci da [11] kasashen musulmi da ke kudancin gabar tekun Kaspian, wani lokaci kuma suna shiga har zuwa Bagadaza. Hanyar ta yi aiki tare tare da hanyar kasuwancin Dnieper, wanda aka fi sani da hanyar kasuwanci daga Varangians zuwa Helenawa, kuma ta rasa mahimmancinta a cikin 11.[12] [13] [14] [15]

Crimean Khanate

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Manyan labarai: Tarihin bauta a Asiya da cinikin bayi na Crimea Duba kuma: hare-haren Crimean-Nogai zuwa kasashen Gabashin Slavic A lokacin Crimean Khanate, 'yan Crimea sun sha kai hare-hare akai-akai a cikin sarakunan Danubian, Poland-Lithuania, da Muscovy. Ga kowane fursuna, khan ya sami kayyadadden kaso (savğa) na kashi 10 ko kashi 20 cikin dari. Yakin da sojojin Crimea suka yi ya karkasa zuwa 'yan ta'adda, da ayyana ayyukan soji karkashin jagorancin Khans da kansu, da kuma hare-haren da kungiyoyin manyan mutane ke yi, wani lokacin ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda sun saba wa yarjejeniyoyin da khans suka kulla da sarakunan makwabta. Na dogon lokaci, har zuwa farkon karni na 18, khanate ya ci gaba da cinikin bayi tare da Daular Ottoman da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Caffa ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin sanannun kuma manyan tashoshin kasuwanci da kasuwannin bayi.[16] maharan Tatar na Crimea sun bautar tsakanin bayi miliyan 1 zuwa 2 daga Rasha da Poland-Lithuania a cikin lokacin 1500-1700.[17] [18] (birni a tsibirin Crimean) ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin sanannun kuma manyan tashoshin kasuwanci da kasuwannin bayi.[19] [20] A shekara ta 1769, wani babban hari na ƙarshe na Tatar ya haifar da kama bayi 20,000 na Rasha da Ruthenia.

Barbar cinikin bayi

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Manyan labarai: Barbary cinikin bayi da Barbary corsairs

Kogin Barbary

Sayen fursunonin Kiristoci da limaman cocin Katolika suka yi a jihohin Barbary Kasuwannin bayi sun bunƙasa a Tekun Barbary na Arewacin Afirka, a ƙasar Maroko ta zamani, Aljeriya, Tunisiya, da yammacin Libya, tsakanin ƙarni na 15 zuwa tsakiyar 19.[21] [22]

Waɗannan kasuwanni sun ci gaba yayin da jihohin ke ƙarƙashin ikon Ottoman, kodayake, a zahiri, galibi masu cin gashin kansu ne. Kasuwannin bayi na Arewacin Afrika na cinikin bayin Turawa wadanda ’yan fashin Barbary suka samu a hare-haren bayi a kan jiragen ruwa da kuma hare-hare a garuruwan da ke gabar teku daga Italiya zuwa Spain, Portugal, Faransa, Ingila, Netherlands, da kuma nisa da Satar Turkawa a Iceland. An kama maza, mata, da yara zuwa irin wannan mummunan yanayin da aka yi watsi da adadi mai yawa na garuruwan bakin teku.[23] Wasu masana tarihi irin su David Earle sun kalubalanci adadin Davis, wanda ya yi gargadin cewa hakikanin bayin Turawa ya ruguje ne saboda yadda 'yan sara-suka suka kama fararen fata wadanda ba Kiristanci ba daga gabashin Turai da kuma bakaken fata daga yammacin Afirka.[24] Littafi na biyu na Davis, Yaƙin Mai Tsarki da Bautar ɗan adam: Tatsũniyõyin bautar Kirista–Musulmi a Farko-Modern Bahar Rum, ya faɗaɗa mayar da hankali ga bauta mai alaka.[25]

Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura da cewa an sami sauye-sauye masu yawa daga shekara zuwa shekara, musamman a cikin karni na 18th da 19th, kuma an ba da gaskiyar cewa, kafin shekarun 1840, babu daidaitattun bayanai.

Irin waɗannan abubuwan, a cikin ƙarshen 1500s da farkon 1600s masu sa ido, sun kai kusan 35,000 bayi Kiristoci na Turai waɗanda aka gudanar a cikin wannan lokacin a gabar tekun Barbary, a cikin Tripoli da Tunis, amma galibi a Algiers. Yawancin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwa ne (musamman waɗanda suke Ingilishi), waɗanda aka ɗauke su da jiragensu, amma wasu masunta ne da ƙauyen bakin teku. Duk da haka, yawancin waɗannan fursunonin mutane ne daga ƙasashen da ke kusa da Afirka, musamman Spain da Italiya.[26]

Daga sansanonin da ke gabar tekun Barbary da ke arewacin Afirka, 'yan fashin tekun Barbary sun kai farmaki kan jiragen ruwa da ke bi ta tekun Mediterrenean da kuma yankunan arewaci da yammacin Afirka, suna kwashe kayansu tare da bautar da mutanen da suka kama. Daga akalla 1500, 'yan fashin sun kuma kai farmaki kan garuruwan Italiya, Spain, Faransa, Ingila, Netherlands da kuma Iceland, inda suka kama maza da mata da yara. A wasu lokatai, ƙauyuka irin su Baltimore, Ireland, an yi watsi da su bayan farmakin, an sake tsugunar da su bayan shekaru da yawa. Tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616, Ingila ita kadai ta sami asarar jiragen ruwa 466 na fatauci a hannun 'yan fashin Barbary.[[27] [28] Yayin da Barbary corsaers ke wawashe kayan jiragen da suka kama, babban burinsu shi ne kama mutane don sayarwa a matsayin bayi ko kuma don fansa. Wadanda suke da dangi ko abokai da za su iya fansar su an tsare su, amma ba a tilasta musu yin aiki ba; wanda ya fi shahara a cikinsu shi ne marubuci Miguel de Cervantes, wanda aka gudanar kusan shekaru biyar. An sayar da wasu zuwa nau'ikan bauta iri-iri. Ana iya amfani da mata masu ban sha'awa ko maza a matsayin bayin jima'i. An ‘yantar da fursunoni da suka musulunta gaba daya, tunda an hana bautar da musulmi; amma wannan yana nufin ba za su taɓa komawa ƙasarsu ta haihuwa ba.[29] Sarkin Moroko Moulay Ismail Ben Sharif ya mallaki rundunar sojojin da ke Salé-le-Vieux da Salé-le-Neuf (yanzu Rabat), waɗanda suka ba shi bayi Kirista da makamai ta hanyar farmakin da suka kai a Tekun Bahar Rum da kuma har zuwa Bahar Maliya. Turawa sun yi wa Moulay Ismail laqabi da 'sarki mai jini' saboda tsananin rashin tausayi da tauye hakkinsa na adalci a kan bayinsa Kirista. A kasarsa kuma ana kiransa da "Sarkin Jarumi".[30]

Alkaluman kwastam na karni na 16 da na 17 sun nuna cewa karin bayin da Istanbul ke shigo da su daga Tekun Bahar Rum ya kai kusan miliyan 2.5 daga 1450 zuwa 1700.[31] Kasuwannin sun ragu bayan asarar Yaƙin Barbary kuma sun ƙare a cikin 1830s, lokacin da Faransa ta mamaye yankin.

Kasuwancin bayi na Ottoman

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Manyan labarai: cinikin bayi na Ottoman da cinikin bayi na Crimea Bauta doka ce kuma wani muhimmin bangare na tattalin arzikin Daular Usmaniyya da al'ummarta,[32] Babban tushen bayin farar fata shine yakin Ottoman zuwa Turai da shirya balaguron bauta a Gabashin Turai, Kudancin Turai, Balkans, Circassia da Jojiya a cikin Caucasus. An bayar da rahoton cewa, farashin sayar da bayi ya fadi bayan wani gagarumin aikin soji[33]. An haramta bautar da Turawa a farkon karni na 19, yayin da aka halatta bautar wasu kungiyoyi[34] ].

Ko da bayan matakan da yawa na hana bautar a ƙarshen karni na 19, al'adar ta ci gaba da raguwa sosai har zuwa farkon karni na 20. Har zuwa 1908, har yanzu ana sayar da bayi mata a daular Usmaniyya.[35] Bautar jima'i wani yanki ne na tsakiya na tsarin bautar Ottoman a tsawon tarihin cibiyar.[36] [37]

Nafisa al-Bayda, ma'ana "Nafisa Farin fata", mace ce 'yar Circassian ko Jojiya wacce aka bautar kuma ta zama "mace mafi shaharar Mamluk a Masar a karni na 18", kasancewarta matar shugabannin Mamluk na Masar Ali Bey al-Kabir da Murad Bey[38]

Mutanen Espanya bayi a Araucanía

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Duba kuma: Bautar Mapuches da Auren Mata fiye da daya a cikin al'adun Mapuche A cikin yakin Arauco (1550-1662)[39] rikici mai tsawo tsakanin Mutanen Espanya da Mapuches a Chile, bangarorin biyu sun tsunduma cikin bautar jama'ar abokan gaba, tare da sauran laifuka.[40] [41] Kamar yadda Mutanen Espanya suka kama mutanen Mapuche, suma Mapuches sun kama Mutanen Espanya, galibi mata, kuma suna cinikin mallakarsu a tsakaninsu.[42] Hakika, tare da lalata biranen Bakwai (1599-1604) Mapuches sun ruwaito cewa sun yi garkuwa da matan Spain 500, suna rike da su a matsayin bayi.[43] [44] [45]

Bautar Turai

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Duba kuma: Bauta a Ireland, Bauta a Biritaniya, Bauta a Spain, da Bauta a Rasha

Taimako daga Smyrna (Izmir na yanzu, Turkiyya) yana kwatanta wani sojan Roma da ke jagorantar fursunoni a cikin sarƙoƙi. Bauta a zamanin d Roma Babban labarin: Bauta a zamanin d Roma Ƙarin bayani: Bauta a Daular Byzantine A cikin Jamhuriyar Romawa da kuma daga baya Roman Empire, bayi suna lissafin mafi yawan hanyoyin samar da masana'antu a cikin kasuwancin Roman.[citation need] An zana bayi daga ko'ina cikin Turai da Bahar Rum, ciki har da Gaul, Hispania, Arewacin Afirka, Siriya, Jamusanci, Britannia, Balkans, da Girka. Gabaɗaya, bayi a Italiya ’yan asalin ƙasar Italiya ne, [[46] tare da ƴan tsirarun baƙi (ciki har da bayi da ’yantattu) waɗanda aka haifa a wajen Italiya an kiyasta kashi 5% na jimlar a babban birnin ƙasar, inda adadinsu ya fi girma, a kololuwar sa.[47]

Damnati a cikin metallum ("waɗanda aka yanke wa mine") sun kasance masu laifi waɗanda suka rasa 'yancinsu a matsayin 'yan ƙasa (libertas), sun batar da dukiyoyinsu (bona) ga jihar, kuma sun zama servi poenae, bayi a matsayin hukunci na shari'a. Matsayinsu na shari’a ya bambanta da na sauran bayi; ba za su iya sayen ’yancinsu ba, a sayar da su, ko a ‘yanta su. An yi tsammanin za su rayu kuma su mutu a cikin ma'adinai.[48]Bayi na sarki da ’yantattu (familia Caesaris) sun yi aiki a cikin gudanarwa da gudanarwa na [49] A cikin Jamhuriyyar Marigayi, kusan rabin ’yan gudun hijirar da suka yi yaƙi a fage na Romawa bayi ne, ko da yake mafi yawan ƙwararrun ƴan agaji ne.[50]

Bayin da aka shigo da su Italiya ’yan asalin Turai ne, kuma kaɗan daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga wajen Turai. An tabbatar da haka ta hanyar nazarin kwarangwal 166 daga makabartu na zamanin sarakuna uku a kusa da Roma (inda yawancin bayi ke zaune), wanda ya nuna cewa mutum daya ne kawai ya fito daga wajen Turai (Arewacin Afirka), kuma wani biyu ya yi, amma sakamakon bai cika ba. A cikin sauran tsibirin Italiya, kaso na bayin da ba Turawa ba ya yi ƙasa da haka.[51] [52]

Bauta a karkashin mulkin Musulunci

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Tarihin Daular Usmaniyya Tsarin zamantakewa Kotun da a Wuta ta 1660 Tashin kishin kasa Tanzimat Ottomanism Darasi AskeriAyanGiaourRayahVlachs vte Manyan labarai: Tarihin bauta a duniyar musulmi, tarihin ƙwaraƙwara a duniyar musulmi, cinikin bayi na Larabawa, Bautar daular Usmaniyya, da Saqaliba. Haraji “pencik” ko “penç-yek”, ma’ana “ɗaya ta biyar” haraji ne da aka gina a kan ayar Alƙur’ani; wanda kashi biyar na ganima na Allah ne, na Muhammadu da alayensa, da marayu, da mabuqata da matafiya. Wannan daga ƙarshe ya haɗa da bayi, kuma an ba da fursunonin yaƙi ga sojoji da hafsoshi don su taimaka wajen ƙarfafa su cikin yake-yake[53]

Kiristoci da Yahudawa, waɗanda aka fi sani da Mutanen Littafi a Musulunci, an ɗauke su dhimmis a yankuna a ƙarƙashin mulkin Musulmi, matsayi na ƴan ƙasa na biyu waɗanda aka ba su iyakacin yanci, kariya ta shari'a, amincin mutum, kuma an ba su izinin "yin addininsu, ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗan, kuma su ji daɗin ma'auni na cin gashin kai na al'umma" don biyan harajin jizya da kharaj. Idan dhimmi ya karya yarjejeniyarsa kuma ya bar yankin musulmi zuwa kasar makiya, to ya zama wajibi a bautar da shi – sai dai idan dhimmi ya bar yankin musulmi saboda ya fuskanci zalunci a can.[54]

Dhimmis sun kasance masu kariya waɗanda ba za a iya bautar da su ba sai sun keta ka'idojin kariya. Irin wannan cin zarafi yawanci sun haɗa da tawaye ko cin amana; a cewar wasu hukumomi hakan na iya hada da rashin biyan harajin da ya kamata[55] [56] 50]. Rashin biyan haraji kuma zai iya haifar da dauri.[57] [58] [59] Devshirme wani harajin jini ne da aka sanya shi a cikin ƙasashen Balkan da Anatoliya,[60] inda daular Usmaniyya ta aika da sojoji don tattara yara maza na Kirista da ke tsakanin shekaru 8 zuwa 18, waɗanda aka ɗauke su daga danginsu kuma aka rene su don bauta wa daular[61] Murad I ne ya sanya harajin a tsakiyar shekarun 1300 kuma ya kasance har zuwa mulkin Ahmet III a farkon shekarun 1700. Daga tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen 14th, zuwa farkon ƙarni na 18, tsarin devşirme–janissary ya bautar da kiyasin samari 500,000 zuwa miliyan ɗaya waɗanda ba musulmi[62] [63]to [64]

Bautar da aka sa a ciki

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Manyan labarai: Bautar da ba a ba da izini ba da kuma bayin Irish Ƙarin bayani: Tatsuniyar bayin Irish A cikin ƙarni na 17 zuwa na 18, yawancin fararen fata a Biritaniya, Ireland da ƙasashen turawa a Arewacin Amirka sun kasance bayin da aka ba su. Sterling Farfesa na Tarihi a Jami'ar Yale David Brion Davis ya rubuta cewa: [65]

Daga Barbados zuwa Virginia, masu mulkin mallaka sun daɗe suna fifita bayin Ingilishi ko na Irish a matsayin babban tushen aikin fage; a cikin mafi yawan ƙarni na sha bakwai sun nuna ƴan ƙima game da rage ƴan ƙasarsu da ba su da wadata zuwa wani matsayi kaɗan da ya bambanta da bayi na chattel - wani ƙasƙanci da ake aiwatarwa ta hanya mai wuce gona da iri game da manoma a zamanin Rasha. Yawaitu da wahalar da bayi farar fata, ƴan sarikai da bayin da aka ba su shiga a farkon zamani na nuna cewa babu wani abu da zai iya yiwuwa game da iyakance bautar shuka ga mutanen asalin Afirka.

Tsakanin kashi 50 zuwa 67 cikin 100 na bakin haure fararen fata zuwa yankunan Amurka, tun daga shekarun 1630 da juyin juya halin Amurka, sun yi tafiya ne a karkashin indenment.[66] Mata da yawa da aka kawo mulkin mallaka ne, wasu an yi watsi da su ko kuma ’yan mata da aka haifa ba tare da aure ba, wasu kuma karuwai ko masu laifi. An ba da rahoton cewa, wani kaftin ɗin jirgin ya bayyana su a matsayin "mugaye kuma masu tawali'u". An yi jigilar da yawa ba tare da so ba kuma don riba zuwa Virginia da Maryland. Faransawa sun kwashe mata daga gidan yarin Salpêtrière don marasa gida, mahaukata da masu laifi zuwa New Orleans.[67]

Matan da ake tsare da su a Salpêtrière an ɗaure su da sarƙoƙi, bulala kuma suna rayuwa a cikin yanayi mara kyau da rashin tsabta. Fursunonin mata, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suna fama da ciwon gabbai, an tilasta musu halartar ikirari sau uku a kowace rana inda za a yi musu bulala idan ba a yarda da halayensu da halayensu ba[68] Baya ga Salpêtrière, Faransawa na jigilar mata daga sauran gidajen sadaka da asibitoci ciki har da Bicêtre, Hopital général de Paris da Pitié.[69]

Yaƙin duniya na yaƙi da bautar farar fata a kusa da 1900

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A cikin kasashen Ingilishi a cikin karni na 19 da farkon karni na 20, an yi amfani da kalmar "fararen bauta" don yin nuni ga bautar da fararen fata ta hanyar jima'i. [70]Yana da alaƙa musamman da asusun matan da aka bautar a cikin harms na Gabas ta Tsakiya, irin su abin da ake kira [71] beauties, [72] [73] [74] wanda ya kasance cinikin bayi wanda har yanzu yana gudana a farkon karni na 20.[75] A hankali aka fara amfani da wannan magana a matsayin lamuni ga karuwanci[76] Maganar ta zama ruwan dare musamman a fagen cin zarafin kananan yara, tare da nuna cewa yara da mata a cikin irin wannan yanayi ba su da 'yancin yanke shawarar kansu. [77] [78] [79] Sana'ar bayi a cikin 'yan mata farar fata da aka yi niyya ga haram a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya na Ottoman ya ja hankalin kasashen yamma. Kokarin murkushe wannan al'ada, an ba da wani kamfani na Ottoman da ke soke kasuwancin Circassians da Jojiya a cikin Oktoba 1854.[80] dokar ba ta kawar da bautar ba, sai dai shigo da sabbin bayi. Koyaya, a cikin Maris 1858, Gwamnan Ottoman na Trapezunt ya sanar da Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya cewa haramcin 1854 ya kasance haramtacciyar yaƙi na wucin gadi saboda matsin lamba na ƙasashen waje, kuma an ba shi umarni don ba da izinin jiragen ruwa a kan hanyar Bahar Black a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Constantinople, kuma a cikin Disamba an gabatar da ka'idodin haraji na yau da kullun, sake halatta cinikin bayi na Circassian7. Abin da ake kira cinikin bayi na Circassian zai ci gaba har zuwa karni na 20. Kasuwancin bawan jima'i a cikin 'yan mata farar fata don bautar jima'i ('yan mata) bai daina ba, kuma marubucin balaguro na Burtaniya John Murray ya bayyana rukunin 'yan mata farar fata a Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin 1870s:[81] [82] [83]

Dokar Traffic na White Slave na 1910

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Babban labarin: Dokar Mann A shekara ta 1910, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da dokar zirga-zirgar fararen hula (wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Mann), wanda ya sa ya zama babban laifi don jigilar mata zuwa iyakokin jihohi don manufar "karuwanci ko lalata, ko kuma don wata manufa ta lalata". An yi amfani da dokar ga laifuffuka iri-iri, da yawa waɗanda aka yarda da su a yanayi.[84] ][85]

Farar bautar da kabilanci/jinsi a Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yayin da mata ke fama da fataucinsu a Amurka, kokewar da jama'a suka yi game da bautar farar fata ya fi mayar da martani ga damuwar kabilanci game da cudanya da juna.,[86] Masu gabatar da kara na gida a New York su ne na farko da suka fara hukunta wanda ake tuhuma da laifin "fararen bauta" ta hanyar amfani da dokar Mann[,[87] cikin mutane v. Moore, alkalai masu farar fata sun yanke wa Bella Moore, wata mace mai gauraya daga New York hukunci, saboda "karuwanci na tilas" na mata biyu farar fata, Alice Milton da Belle Woods.[88] [89] wani sanannen shari'ar kotu ya shafi Jack Johnson. Ta hanyar amfani da dokar Mann, masu gabatar da kara na tarayya sun yanke wa Johnson hukuncin safarar budurwarsa farar fata ta layin jihar.[90] A cikin rabin farko na karni na 20, hukumomi sun yi wa matan da suka kasance matalauta da / ko tsirarun kabilanci / kabilanci hukunci ta hanyar amfani da Dokar Mann.[91] [92] [93] Kudirin Gyaran Dokar Laifuffuka (Farar Bawan Traffic). An yi ƙoƙari don gabatar da irin wannan doka a cikin Birtaniya tsakanin 1910 da 1913 a matsayin Dokar Gyara Dokar Laifukan 1912. Arthur Lee zai bayyana a cikin House of Commons: "United Kingdom, kuma musamman Ingila, yana ƙara zama gidan sharewa da ajiya da kuma aikawa da cibiyar zirga-zirgar farar fata, da kuma hedkwatar wakilai na kasashen waje da ke shiga cikin mafi tsada na Amurka [94] da aka bayyana a cikin mafi tsadar lokaci na Amurka. alkibla ga 'yan matan da aka yi safararsu. The Spectator yayi sharhi cewa "wani memba ne (wanda ake magana da Frederick Handel Booth) ko kuma membobin da, saboda dalilai daban-daban sun yi la'akari da cewa ba ma'auni ba ne wanda ya kamata a sanya shi a kan littafin doka" saboda zai shafi 'yancin ɗan adam.[95]

=Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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  2. ↑ "The Forgotten Arab Slave Trade of East Africa"
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