Bautar da Bayi a Tunisia

Bautar da Bayi a Tunisia
aspect in a geographic region (en)
Bayanai
Bangare na	Cinikin bayi na Larabawa
Fuskar	Slavery
Ƙasa	Tunisiya

Bautar da Bayi da ake yi a Tunisiya wata alama ce ta musamman na cinikin bayi na Larabawa, wanda Ahmed I Bey ya soke a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu 1846. Tunisiya ta kasance a cikin matsayi mai kama da na Aljeriya, tare da matsayi na yanki wanda ya danganta ta da manyan hanyoyin shiga Sahara. Ta karɓi ayari daga Fezzan da Ghadamès, wanda ya ƙunshi kawai, a cikin ƙarni na sha takwas, na foda na zinariya da bayi, bisa ga shaidun zamani.

A farkon ƙarni na sha tara, bayi suna zuwa kowace shekara a adadi tsakanin 500 zuwa 1,200. Daga Tunisiya an ɗauke su zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Levant.

Asali

Hanyoyin kasuwancin Larabawa a tsakiyar zamanai

Bayin Tunisiya an samo su daga manyan yankuna biyu: Turai da wani yanki mai girma wanda ya tashi daga yammacin Afirka zuwa tafkin Chadi. Masarautar Bornu da yankin Fezzan ne suka samar da mafi yawan ayari. Mafi yawan bayin an mayar da su bauta a yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin ƙabilun da ke gaba da juna ko kuma a hare-haren sace-sacen mutane. Hanyoyin Caravan daga cibiyoyin Sahara da yawa sun ƙare a Tunis. Baya ga Ghadamès, wanda ya haɗa beylik da Fezzan, Morzouk da Masarautar Bornou, Timbuktu ya kasance yana tuntuɓar Beylik ta hanyar ayari ta hanyar M'zab da Djerid kuma ya sa ƙasar ta tuntuɓar ƙungiyoyin Afirka da al'ummomin wani yanki mai girma wanda ya shafi ƙasashen Bambara, birnin Djenne da yankuna da dama na tsakiyar Afirka. Sunayen bayi da ’yantattu da aka ruwaito a cikin takardun tarihi sun tabbatar da waɗannan mabambantan asali: ban da sunayen gama gari kamar Burnaoui, Ghdamsi da Ouargli, sunaye ne da ke nuna asali a wasu cibiyoyi na yammacin Afirka kamar Jennaoui da Tombouctaoui.

A nasu ɓangaren, an kame bayin Turawa ne a lokacin Raziya a gabar tekun ƙasashen Turai, galibinsu Italiya, Faransa, Spain da Portugal, da kuma kama jiragen ruwan Turai. An yi amfani da mazan wajen ayyuka daban-daban (direban bayi, ayyukan jama'a, sojoji, ma'aikatan gwamnati, da sauransu), yayin da mata ake amfani da su a matsayin ma'aikatan gida da kuma masu aikin haram. Ba kamar maza ba, ba kasafai ake samun 'yantar da mata ba, ko da yake mata sukan shiga Musulunci.

Lambobi

Ko da yake ba a samu bayanan ƙididdiga na ƙarni na goma sha takwas ba, wasu ƙidayar ƙidayar da aka yi a tsakiyar ƙarni na sha tara sun ba da damar ƙididdigewa game da adadin bayi a duk faɗin ƙasar. Lucette Valensi ta ba da kiyasin kusan bayi 7,000 ko zuriyar bayi a Tunisiya a cikin shekara ta 1861, ta yin amfani da rajistar da suka haɗa da jerin abubuwan da aka sarrafa. Duk da haka, irin wannan tsarin rikodin yawan baƙar fata ba su da tasiri don dalilai da yawa: kawar da bautar ya faru ne shekaru goma kafin a dauki bayanan farko na yawan jama'a don mejba (haraji da aka kafa a shekarar 1856), sabili da haka wani bangare mai kyau na waɗannan kungiyoyi, ya warwatse ta hanyoyi daban-daban na al'umma sun tsere daga tsarin sarrafawa. Yawaita haɗa hannu na baƙar fata a lokacin mutuwar basarake ko gimbiya yana bayyana wasu mahimman lambobi masu kamanta. A cikin shekarar 1823, an kashe bayi 177 a mutuwar gimbiya ko Yarima. Dangane da alkalumman da matafiya suka bayar, Ralph Austin ya kafa wasu matsakaita, wanda ya kai ga adadin bayi 100,000. A nasa ɓangaren, Louis Ferrière a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Thomas Reade, ƙaramin jakadan Burtaniya a Tunis, ya kiyasta cewa akwai bayi 167,000 da 'yantar da bayi a shekarar 1848. Game da bayi na Turai, yawan mata yana da wuya a tantance. Wasu masana tarihi, kamar Robert C. Davis, sun kiyasta adadin su a kusan 10%, amma waɗannan lambobi suna dogara ne akan fansar bayi; yana iya nuni da cewa ba a cika samun fansar mata ba. Wannan adadi na kashi 10 cikin 100 yana da shakku musamman tun lokacin da bayin da aka samu a yankin tekun Razzias sun fi yawa kuma a cikin waɗannan ɓangarorin mata sun zama matsakaicin biyar cikin kowane mutum takwas da aka kama.

Bugu da ƙari, rarraba bayi a cikin yankuna bai yi kama da juna ba. A kudu maso gabas, rabon ya yi yawa sosai (musamman a cikin oases). Wasu ƙauyuka sun ƙunshi mafi yawan bayi, kamar waɗanda ke kudancin Gabes. A Tunis, duk da ci gaba da wadata, ƙungiyar ta kasance 'yan tsirarun jama'a, waɗanda ba su wuce 'yan dubbai ba. Ta haka ne aka bazu yankunan bayi tsakanin Tunis, Sahel da kudu maso gabas.

A cewar Raëd Bader, bisa kididdigar cinikin da ake yi a tsakanin shekarun 1700 zuwa 1880, Tunisia ta karbi bayi 100,000, idan aka kwatanta da 65,000 kawai suka shiga Algeria, 400,000 a Libya, 515,000 a Morocco da 800,000 a Masar.