Bautar da fararen fata
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human activity (en)  |
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| Cinikin jima'i | |
Bautar da fararen fata (ko kuma cinikin bayi ko fataucin bayi) na nufin bautar da kowace ƙabilar Turai ta duniya a tsawon tarihin ɗan adam, walau waɗanda ba Turawa ba ne ko kuma wasu Turawa suka yi. Bautar da aka yi a tsohuwar Roma ta kasance akai-akai akan matsayin mutum na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da alaƙar ƙasa, don haka ya haɗa da bayi na Turai. Haka kuma ya zama ruwan dare ga al'ummar musulmi su zama bayi da ake fataucinsu; Musamman matan Turawa, sun kasance suna neman ƙwaraƙwara a wurin sarakunan Musulmai da yawa. Misalai na irin wannan bautar da ake gudanarwa a daulolin Musulunci sun haɗa da cinikin bayi da ake yi a yankin sahara, da cinikin bayi na Barbary, da cinikin bayi na Ottoman, da cinikin bayi na tekun Black Sea, da sauransu.
An bautar da nau'ikan fararen fata da yawa. A Nahiyar Turai a ƙarƙashin feudalism, akwai nau'o'in matsayi daban-daban da ake amfani da su ga mutane (irin su serf, bordar, villein, vagabond, da kuma bayi) waɗanda aka yi wa lalata ko tilasta musu yin aiki ba tare da biya ba.
A lokacin cinikin bayi na Larabawa, Turawa na cikin waɗanda Larabawa ke ciniki. [1] Kalmar Saqaliba (Arabic: صقالبة) sau da yawa ana amfani da shi a cikin kafofin larabci na tsakiya don komawa musamman ga Slavs da Larabawa ke kasuwanci, amma kuma yana iya yin magana da yawa zuwa Tsakiya, Kudancin, da Gabashin Turai waɗanda Larabawa suka yi ciniki da su, da kuma dukan bayin Turai a wasu yankunan da musulmi ke sarrafawa kamar Spain, ciki har da waɗanda aka sace daga hare-haren da aka yi a kan masarautun Kirista na Spain.[2][3] A lokacin Halifancin Fatimid (909-1171), yawancin bayi Turawa ne da aka kwashe daga gabar tekun Turai da kuma lokacin rikice-rikice. [1] Hakazalika, cinikin bayin daular Usmaniyya da ya haɗa da turawan da suka yi garkuwa da su, galibi ana kai hare-hare a yankunan Turai ko kuma a ɗauke su a matsayin yara a matsayin harajin jini daga iyalan ‘yan ƙasashen da aka ci yaki da su domin yi wa daular hidima don ayyuka iri-iri.[4] A tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, an yi amfani da kalmar nan 'fararen bauta' don kwatanta bayi Kirista da aka sayar da su zuwa cinikin bayi na Barbary a Arewacin Afirka.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Charles Sumner ya yi amfani da kalmar "bautar fararen" a shekara ta 1847 don kwatanta bautar da Kiristoci ke yi a duk faɗin jihohin Barbary da kuma musamman a Algiers, babban birnin Ottoman Aljeriya.[5] Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi nau'o'in bautar da yawa, ciki har da ƙwaraƙwaran Turai (Cariye) da ake samu a cikin Harem na Turkiyya.[6]
Har ila yau , Clifford G. Roe ya yi amfani da kalmar tun farkon ƙarni na ashirin don yaƙi da tilasta karuwanci da bautar jima'i na 'yan matan da suka yi aiki a gidajen karuwai na Chicago. Hakazalika, ƙasashen Turai sun rattaba hannu a birnin Paris a shekara ta 1904 kan yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan dakile safarar fararen hula da nufin yaki da sayar da matan da aka tilastawa yin karuwanci a ƙasashen nahiyar Turai.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Akinbode, Ayomide (20 December 2021). "The Forgotten Arab Slave Trade of East Africa". The History Ville. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ↑ Mishin, Dmitrij (1998). The Saqaliba slaves in the Aghlabid state (PDF). Budapest: Central European University. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
- ↑ Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery saqaliba&f=false The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery: A-K; Vol. II, L-Z, by Junius P. Rodriguez
- ↑ Shaw, Stanford (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Volume I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-21280-4.
- ↑ Sumner, Charles (1847). White Slavery in The Barbary States. A Lecture Before The Boston Mercantile Library Association, Feb. 17, 1847. Boston: William D. Ticknor and Company. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-0922-8981-8.
I propose to consider the subject of White Slavery in Algiers, or perhaps is might be more appropriately called, White Slavery in the Barbary States. As Algiers was its chief seat, it seems to have acquired a current name for the place. This I shall not disturb; though I shall speak of white slavery, or the slavery of Christians, throughout the Barbary States.
- ↑ Sumner, Charles (1847). White Slavery in The Barbary States. A Lecture Before The Boston Mercantile Library Association, Feb. 17, 1847. Boston: William D. Ticknor and Company. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-0922-8981-8.
Among the concubines of a prince of Morocco were two slaves of the age of fifteen, one of English, and the other of French extraction. – Lampiere's Tour, p. 147. There is an account of "One Mrs. Shaw, an Irishwoman," in words hardly polite enough to be quoted. She was swept into the harem of Muley Shmael, who "forced her to turn moor";"but soon after, having taken a dislike to her, he gave her to a soldier". – Braithwaite's Morocco, p. 191.