Bayani mai ban mamaki
 Bayani mai ban mamaki | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Garkuwa da Mutane, Rikicin jihar da Extraterritorial abduction (en)  |
| Fuskar | War on Terrorism (mul) |
| Significant person (en) | Bill Clinton da George W. Bush (mul) |
| Has characteristic (en) | Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, due process (en) , Gallazawa da euphemism (en) |
Bayyanawa ta musamman manufa ce mai suna mai suna na satar da gwamnati ke tallafawa a cikin ikon kasashen waje da kuma canja wuri zuwa jiha ta uku. Mafi sanannun amfani da fassarar ta musamman yana cikin shirin da Amurka ke jagoranta a lokacin yakin ta'addanci, wanda ya kauce wa dokokin asalin ƙasar game da tambayoyi, tsare-tsare, mikawa da / ko azabtarwa. Bayyanawa mai ban mamaki wani nau'i ne na satar waje, amma ba duk satar waje ba sun haɗa da canja wuri zuwa ƙasa ta uku.
An fara fassarar ta musamman a karkashin gwamnatin Shugaba Bill Clinton kuma ta ci gaba a karkashin gwamnatin Shugaban kasa George W. Bush, wanda ya sace daruruwan "Masu yaƙi ba bisa ka'ida ba" don tsare Amurka kuma ya kai su wuraren da Amurka ke sarrafawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin tambayoyi mai zurfi wanda ya haɗa da azabtarwa. An ci gaba da yin bayani na musamman a karkashin Gwamnatin Obama, tare da yin tambayoyi kuma daga baya aka kai su Amurka don shari'a. Wani rahoto na 2018 da Kwamitin leken asiri da tsaro na majalisar ya gano cewa Burtaniya, musamman MI5 da MI6, suna da hannu a yawancin abubuwan da Amurka ta yi, ta hanyar taimakawa wajen tallafa musu, ta hanyar samar da bayanan sirri, da kuma barin sace-sacen ya faru.
A watan Yulin 2014, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Poland saboda shiga cikin CIA ta musamman, ta umarci Poland da ta biya maidowa ga mutanen da aka sace, aka kai su wani shafin baƙar fata na CIA a Poland, kuma aka azabtar da su.[1] An haramta azabtarwa a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda kasashe 46, gami da Poland, suka yi alkawarin tabbatar da shi.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A shekara ta 2004, masu sukar sun yi zargin cewa an yi amfani da azabtarwa a kan batutuwa da ilimin ko yarda da Amurka, inda canja wurin mutum don manufar azabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.[2] Bugu da kari, wasu tsoffin fursunoni, kamar su ɗan ƙasar Australiya Mamdouh Habib, sun yi iƙirarin cewa an tura su zuwa wasu ƙasashe don yin tambayoyi a ƙarƙashin azabtarwa.[3] A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2005, Sakataren Gwamnati na lokacin Condoleezza Rice ya nace: [4]
Amurka ba ta kai kowa ba, kuma ba za ta kai kowa, zuwa ƙasa lokacin da muka yi imanin za a azabtar da shi ba. Inda ya dace, Amurka tana neman tabbacin cewa ba za a azabtar da mutanen da aka canja su ba.
Tsakanin shekara ta 2001 zuwa shekara ta 2005, jami'an CIA sun kama kimanin mutane ɗari da hamsin kuma sun kai su ko'ina cikin duniya.[5][6][7]
A karkashin Gwamnatin Bush, an ruwaito cewa mutanen da aka fassara sun sha wahala ta hanyar karɓar ƙasashe. 'Yan jarida, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da na tsarin mulki, da tsoffin fursunoni sun yi zargin cewa wannan ya faru ne tare da ilimin ko hadin gwiwar gwamnatocin Amurka da Ingila.
Irin waɗannan wahayi sun haifar da bincike da yawa na hukuma game da zargin tsare-tsare na sirri da kuma canja wurin ba bisa ka'ida ba tsakanin jihohi da suka shafi mambobin Majalisar Turai. Wani rahoto na watan Yunin 2006 ya kiyasta cewa CIA ta sace mutane 100 a ƙasar Tarayyar Turai tare da hadin gwiwar mambobin Majalisar Turai kuma an ba da su ga wasu ƙasashe, sau da yawa bayan sun wuce ta cibiyoyin tsare sirri ("black sites"), wasu suna cikin Turai. Dangane da Rahoton Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na Fabrairu 2007, CIA ta gudanar da jirage 1,245, da yawa daga cikinsu zuwa wuraren da ake zargi zasu iya fuskantar azabtarwa, a keta Mataki na 3 na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa. Yawancin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai sun amince da kammalawa na rahoton cewa kasashe membobin da yawa sun yarda da ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba daga CIA, suna sukar gwamnatocin Turai da Hukumomin leken asiri da yawa saboda rashin son yin aiki tare da binciken.
A cikin kwanaki na rantsar da shi a shekara ta 2009, Barack Obama ya sanya hannu kan umarnin zartarwa da ke adawa da azabtarwa kuma ya kafa ƙungiyar aiki don samar da shawarwari game da matakai don hana azabtarwa.[8] Gwamnatinsa ta nisanta kanta daga wasu daga cikin dabarun yaki da ta'addanci amma ta ba da izinin ci gaba da yin mika wuya, ta ƙuntata jigilar wadanda ake zargi zuwa ƙasashe da ke da iko a kansu don manufar gurfanar da su bayan an karɓi tabbacin diflomasiyya "cewa ba za a bi da su ba tare da mutunci ba".[9]
Ma'anar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayar da hankali, a cikin doka, canja wurin mutane ne daga wannan iko zuwa wani, da kuma aikin mikawa, duka bayan shari'a da kuma bisa ga doka. "Baƙon fassarar," duk da haka, fassarar ce da ba ta da doka, watau a waje da doka (duba: satar mutane). Bayarwa tana nufin canja wurin; tsoratar da shi, tsare-tsare, tambayoyi, da duk wani aikin da ke faruwa kafin da kuma bayan motsi da musayar fursunoni ba su fada cikin tsananin ma'anar baƙon hukunci ba. A aikace, ana amfani da kalmar sosai don Bayyanawa irin waɗannan ayyukan, musamman damuwa ta farko. Wannan amfani na ƙarshe ya kai ga canja wurin wadanda ake zargi da ta'addanci ta Amurka zuwa ƙasashe da aka sani suna azabtar da fursunoni ko amfani da dabarun tambayoyi masu tsanani waɗanda zasu iya tashi zuwa matakin azabtarwa.
Gwamnatin Bush ta yarda da wannan aikin; tana mai cewa, a tsakanin sauran tanadi, sun nemi a yi amfani da azabtarwa. Koyaya, azabtarwa har yanzu na iya faruwa duk da waɗannan tanadi, kuma akwai takardu da yawa da ke zargin cewa ya faru a lokuta da yawa. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, mai kamawa na farko yana ba da damar yiwuwar azabtarwa ta hanyar sakin fursuna cikin kulawar al'ummomin da ke yin azabtarwa.
Bambanci na gaba na digiri shine na niyya, inda yawancin binciken shaida ke ci gaba. An yi zargin cewa an azabtar da wasu daga cikin wadanda aka tsare tare da ilimi, yarda, ko ma shiga hukumomin Amurka. Canja wurin kowa zuwa ko'ina don azabtarwa zai zama keta dokar Amurka. Lauyan New York Marc D. Falkoff ya bayyana cewa irin wannan shaidar, watau canja wurin don dalilai na azabtarwa, aiki ne na aiki. A cikin shigar da kotu, Falkoff ya bayyana wata sanarwa ta canja wurin fursunoni daga Guantanamo kamar yadda ya lura cewa ba za a iya dawo da bayanai ba, saboda ba za a yi amfani da azabtarwa ba, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa a tura fursunoni zuwa al'ummar da ke yin azabtarwa.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Lowe, Christian (17 February 2015). "European court rejects Polish appeal in CIA jail case". Reuters. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ↑ Grey, Stephen (17 May 2004). "America's gulag". New Statesman.
- ↑ Nigel, Brew (2007). "Australians in Guantanamo Bay. A Chronology of the detention of Mamdouh Habib and David Hicks". Chronologies ONline. Retrieved 19 December 2019.[dead link]
- ↑ "Remarks of Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice Upon Her Departure for Europe, 5 Dec 2005". U.S. State Department. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ↑ "Background Paper on CIA's Combined Use of Interrogation Techniques" (PDF). ACLU. 30 December 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ↑ Horton, Scott (28 August 2009). "New CIA Docs Detail Brutal 'Extraordinary Rendition' Process". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ↑ "Fact sheet: Extraordinary rendition" (in Turanci). American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
- ↑ "Ensuring Lawful Interrogations". White House. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
- ↑ "Renditions—and Secrecy Around Them—Continue". 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2011. Panetta's clarification of current US "Rendition policy".