Bayyana rubutun Masar na dā
 Bayyana rubutun Masar na dā | |
|---|---|
decipherment (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Significant person (en) |
Emmanuel de Rougé (en) |
| Contributor to the creative work or subject (en) |
Thomas Young (mul) |
| Lokacin farawa | 7 century |
| Lokacin gamawa | 1867 |
| Has cause (en) |
Dutsen Rosetta, Philae obelisk (en) , Instructions of Amenemhat (en) da Decree of Canopus (en) |
An fassara tsarin rubuce-rubuce da aka yi amfani da su a tsohuwar Misira a farkon karni na sha tara ta hanyar aikin malaman Turai da yawa, musamman Jean-François Champollion da Thomas Young. Tsohon siffofin rubuce-rubucen Masar, wanda ya haɗa da rubutun hieroglyphic, hieratic da demotic, ya daina fahimta a ƙarni na huɗu da na biyar AD, yayin da ake amfani da haruffa na Coptic a wurin su. Sanin ƙarni na baya game da tsofaffin rubutun ya dogara ne akan aikin marubutan Helenanci da Roman waɗanda fahimtarsu ba ta da kyau. Don haka an yi imani da cewa rubutun Masar sun kasance kawai, suna wakiltar ra'ayoyi maimakon sauti. Wasu yunkurin fassara da malaman Islama da na Turai suka yi a tsakiyar zamanai da farkon zamanin zamani sun yarda da rubutun na iya samun bangare na sauti, amma fahimtar rubutun hieroglyphs a matsayin kawai Ideographic ya hana kokarin fahimtar su har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha takwas.
Rubutun Masar da halaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ga mafi yawan tarihinta tsohuwar Misira tana da manyan tsarin rubutu guda biyu. Hieroglyphs, tsarin alamun hoto da aka yi amfani da su galibi don matani na al'ada, ya samo asali ne a wani lokaci a kusa da 3200 BC. Hieratic, tsarin cursive wanda aka samo daga hieroglyphs wanda aka yi amfani da shi galibi don rubutawa a kan papyrus, kusan tsoho ne. Da farko a karni na bakwai BC, rubutun na uku wanda aka samo daga hieratic, wanda aka sani a yau da demotic, ya fito. Ya bambanta sosai daga kakanninsa na hieroglyphic cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin alamun tana da wuyar ganewa. [Lura 1] Demotic ya zama tsarin da aka fi sani da shi don rubuta Harshen Masar, kuma daga baya an ƙuntata hieroglyphic da hieratic ga amfani da addini. A cikin karni na huɗu KZ, Daular Ptolemaic ta Girka ta mallaki Masar, kuma an yi amfani da Girka da demotic gefe-gefe a Misira a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ptolemaic sannan kuma na Daular Romawa. Hieroglyphs sun zama masu rikitarwa, waɗanda firistocin Masar suka fi amfani da su.[1]
Dukkanin rubutun uku sun ƙunshi cakuda Alamun sauti, wakiltar sauti a cikin harshen da ake magana, da alamun Ideographic, wakiltar ra'ayoyi. Alamun sauti sun haɗa da alamun uniliteral, biliteral da triliteral, suna tsaye bi da bi don sauti ɗaya, biyu ko uku. Alamun ideographic sun haɗa da logograms, wakiltar dukan Alamomi, da ƙayyadaddun, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ƙayyadewa ma'anar kalmar da aka rubuta tare da alamun sauti.[2]
Mutumin Turai na farko da ya fahimci ma'anar Coptic shi ne ɗan Jamus Jesuit kuma polymath, Athanasius Kircher, a tsakiyar karni na sha bakwai.[3] Bisa ga aikinsa a kan ilimin Larabci da ƙamus na Coptic wanda wani matafiyi na Italiya, Pietro Della Valle ya samu a Misira, Kircher ya samar da fassarori da ƙamus masu mahimmanci na harshen a cikin shekarun 1630 da 1640. Ya yi hasashen cewa Coptic ya samo asali ne daga harshen tsoffin Masarawa, kuma aikinsa a kan batun shine shiri don burinsa na ƙarshe, fassara rubutun hieroglyphic.[4]