Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)
 Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
| Bayanai | |||||
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
natural geographic object (en)  , Jikin Ruwa da E26 Physical Feature (mul) | ||||
| Bangare na |
aquifer (en) | ||||
| Ta biyo baya |
upper course (en) | ||||
| Kyauta ta samu |
biotope of the year (en) | ||||
| Karatun ta |
hydrogeology (en) | ||||
| Nada jerin |
list of springs (en) | ||||
| Wuri | |||||
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Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ita ce hanyar fita ta halitta inda ruwan kasa ke fitowa kuma yana gudana a fadin ƙasa a matsayin Ruwa na sama. Yana da wani bangare na hydrosphere, da kuma wani ɓangare na sake zagayowar ruwa. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa sun daɗe suna da mahimmanci ga mutane a matsayin tushen ruwa mai aminci musamman a yankunan da ba su da ruwa mai yawa.
Ana fitar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a saman ta hanyar karfi daban-daban na halitta, kamar nauyi da matsin lamba. Wani maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da aka samar ta hanyar fitowar ruwan ƙasa mai zafi an san shi da maɓuɓuɓɓuga mai zafi. Sakamakon ruwan bazara ya bambanta sosai daga yawan kwararar kusan sifili zuwa fiye da lita 14,000 a kowace dakika (490 ft / s) don manyan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa.[1]
Kafawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana samar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa lokacin da ruwan ƙasa ke gudana a saman. Wannan yawanci yana faruwa ne lokacin da teburin ruwa ya kai sama da matakin farfajiyar, ko kuma idan filin ya ragu sosai. Hakanan ana iya kafa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa sakamakon yanayin karst, aquifers ko aikin dutsen wuta. An kuma lura da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a ƙarƙashin teku, suna fitar da ruwan zafi, mai ƙarancin gishiri kai tsaye cikin teku.[2]
Ruwan ruwa da aka kafa sakamakon yanayin karst ya haifar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, inda ruwan ƙasa ke tafiya ta hanyar cibiyar sadarwa ta tsagewa da fissures - budewa daga sararin samaniya zuwa manyan koguna, daga baya ya fito a cikin bazara.
Tilasta maɓuɓɓugar zuwa farfajiyar na iya zama sakamakon wani ruwa mai iyaka wanda yankin caji na teburin ruwa ya kwanta a mafi girma fiye da na fitowar. Ruwan bazara da aka tilasta zuwa farfajiyar ta hanyar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa sune Rijiyoyin artesian. Wannan yana yiwuwa koda kuwa hanyar fita tana cikin nau'in kogo mai zurfin mita 91. A wannan yanayin ana amfani da kogon kamar bututu ta wurin mafi girman yankin caji na ruwa don fita ta hanyar ƙananan buɗewar tsawo.
Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa marasa fasaha na iya gudana daga tsawo mafi girma ta ƙasa zuwa ƙaramin tsawo kuma fita a cikin nau'in maɓuɓɓuga, ta amfani da ƙasa kamar bututun ruwa. Har ila yau wasu maɓuɓɓugar ruwa sune sakamakon matsin lamba daga tushen ƙasa a cikin ƙasa, a cikin nau'in aikin dutsen wuta ko Magma. Sakamakon zai iya zama ruwa a zafin jiki da matsin lamba, watau maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da geysers.
Ayyukan ruwan kasa suna ci gaba da narkar da dutse mai zurfi kamar dutse mai laushi da dolomite, suna haifar da manyan tsarin kogo.[3]
- Maɓuɓɓugar bakin ciki suna faruwa tare da bakin ciki, kamar ƙasan kwari alluvial, kwari, ko kwari da aka yi da kayan da ke da ƙarfi sosai.
- Maɓuɓɓugar hulɗa, waɗanda ke faruwa a gefen tudu ko dutse, ana kirkirar su ne lokacin da aka sanya ruwan ƙasa ta hanyar dutse ko ƙasa da aka sani da aquiclude ko aquifuge [4]
- Karyewa, ko haɗin gwiwa yana faruwa ne lokacin da ruwan ƙasa ke gudana tare da wani nau'i mai zurfi na dutse ya haɗu da tsagewa (karyewa) ko haɗin gwiwa a cikin dutse.[4]
- Ruwan ruwa na tubular yana faruwa ne lokacin da ruwan kasa ke gudana daga rami mai zagaye kamar waɗanda aka samu a cikin koguna (ruwanin ruwa na tubulars) ko maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da aka samu a kogon dutse.[5][6]
- Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na Artesian yawanci suna faruwa a mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin wani yanki. An halicci maɓuɓɓugar ruwa lokacin da matsin ruwa na ƙasa ya zama mafi girma fiye da matsin lamba daga yanayi. A wannan yanayin ana tura ruwa kai tsaye daga ƙasa.[7]
- Ramin Wonky sune wuraren fita na ruwa mai laushi don murjani da kuma murfin murfi, tsoffin tashoshin kogi masu cike da murfi.[8]
- karst maɓuɓɓugar ruwa suna faruwa ne a matsayin fitowar ruwan ƙasa wanda yake wani ɓangare na tsarin ruwa na karst.
- Ana dumama maɓuɓɓugar zafi ta hanyar aikin geothermal; suna da zafin jiki na ruwa wanda ya fi matsakaicin zafin iska na yankin da ke kewaye. Geysers wani nau'in maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ne mai zafi inda ake kirkirar tururi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta hanyar ruwan da ya fi zafi wanda ke haifar da fashewar ruwa mai zafi da tururi.
- Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, irin su Soda Springs Geyser, maɓuɓɓuka ne waɗanda ke fitar da ruwa mai ruwa mai ruwa, saboda narkewar carbon dioxide a cikin ruwa. Wani lokaci ana kiransu maɓuɓɓugar tafasa ko maɓuɓuɓɓugan kumfa.[9]
- "Gushette maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tana zubowa daga fuskokin dutse".[10]
- Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na Helocrene suna da yawa waɗanda ke riƙe da marshlands tare da ruwa mai zurfi.[10]
Gudun ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin fitowar bazara, ko sake farfadowa, an ƙayyade shi ta hanyar kwandon caji na bazara. Abubuwan da ke shafar caji sun haɗa da girman yankin da aka kama ruwan kasa, adadin hazo, girman wuraren kamawa, da girman tashar bazara. Ruwa na iya shiga cikin tsarin karkashin kasa daga tushe da yawa ciki har da ƙasa mai shiga, sinkholes, da raƙuman ruwa. A wasu lokuta duk koguna suna ɓacewa yayin da ruwa ke nutsewa cikin ƙasa ta hanyar rafin. Grand Gulf State Park a Missouri misali ne na dukan rafi da ya ɓace cikin tsarin ruwa na ƙasa. Ruwa ya fito da nisan kilomita 9 (14 , yana samar da wasu daga cikin fitar da Mammoth Spring a Arkansas. Ayyukan ɗan adam na iya shafar fitar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa - janyewar ruwan ƙasa yana rage matsin ruwa a cikin ruwa, yana rage ƙarar kwarara.[11]
Rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ruwan ruwa sun fada cikin rarrabuwa guda uku: mai ɗorewa (ruwan ruwa da ke gudana koyaushe a cikin shekara); mai saurin lokaci (ruwan sama na wucin gadi waɗanda ke aiki bayan ruwan sama, ko a lokacin wasu canje-canje na yanayi); da kuma lokaci-lokaci (kamar yadda yake a cikin geysers da ke fitowa da fashewa a lokaci-lokacin yau da kullun ko ba daidai ba). [5]
Sau da yawa ana rarraba maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ƙarar ruwan da suke fitarwa. Manyan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa ana kiransu “mafi girma na farko”, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa waɗanda ke fitar da ruwa a ƙimar akalla lita 2800 ko 100 cubic feet (2.8 m3) na ruwa a sakan daya. Wasu wurare sun ƙunshi maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu girma na farko, kamar Florida inda akwai aƙalla 27 da aka sani suna da girman; Missouri da Arkansas Ozarks, wanda ya ƙunshi 10 [11] wanda aka sani da girman farko; da ƙari 11 [12] a yankin Dubban Springs kusa da Kogin Snake a Idaho . Ma'auni na kwararar bazara shine kamar haka
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Te Waikoropupū Springs". New Zealand Department of Conservation. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
- ↑ "Springs and the Water Cycle". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ↑ "Springs - The Water Cycle, from USGS Water-Science School". ga.water.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:0 - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bryan, Kirk (November 1919). "Classification of Springs". The Journal of Geology. 27 (7): 522–561. Bibcode:1919JG.....27..522B. doi:10.1086/622677. JSTOR 30058415. S2CID 129936821. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedDictionary of Hydrogeology - ↑ Westbrook, Cherie J. (2017). "Heads Above Water: The Inside Story of the Edwards Aquifer Recovery Implementation Program by Robert L. Gulley". Great Plains Research. 27 (2): 143. doi:10.1353/gpr.2017.0022. ISSN 2334-2463. S2CID 133972692.
- ↑ Horstman, Mark (18 May 2006). "Wonky Holes". Catalyst transcript. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
- ↑ Cinta Pinzaru, Simona; Ardeleanu, Mircea; Brezestean, Ioana; Nekvapil, Fran; Venter, Monica M. (2019). "Biogeochemical specificity of adjacent natural carbonated spring waters from Swiss Alps promptly revealed by SERS and Raman technology". Analytical Methods; Royal Society of Chemistry. 11 (6). Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Springs of New Jersey" (PDF).
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "USGS Surface-Water Data for Missouri". waterdata.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2011.
- ↑ "Thousand Springs Research Project". 9 May 2006. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 – via University of Idaho.