Beads na kasuwanci

Ƙwayoyin ciniki ƙuƙumi ne waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman hanyar sayayya a tsakanin al'ummomi. Ana la'akari da su a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin farkon nau'ikan kasuwanci tsakanin membobin jinsin ɗan adam. Har ila yau, an yi hasashen cewa, cinikin ƙwanƙwasa na ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da suka sa mutane suka haɓaka harshe. ^[1]

Bawan beads

A cikin nahiyar Arewacin Amurka na karni na goma sha shida, beads na kasuwanci (wani lokaci ana kiran su aggry da beads bawa ) ƙullun gilashin ado ne da aka yi amfani da su azaman alamar kuɗi don musayar kaya, ayyuka da bayi (don haka sunan). An haɗa bead ɗin a cikin kayan adon ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka ta amfani da dabaru daban-daban na kayan ado . Turawa na farko sun kuma yi amfani da bead ɗin ciniki don siyan albarkatun Afirka, ^[2] gami da bayi a cikin cinikin bayi na Afirka. Aggry beads wani nau'i ne na ado na gilashin gilashi daga Ghana . Aikin ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na ashirin.

Tarihi

An yi shi don sauƙaƙe tafiyar masu bincike na Turai sannan kuma 'yan kasuwa galibi a faɗin nahiyar Afirka, an yi ƙullun a duk faɗin Turai duk da cewa Venetian sun mamaye samarwa. Masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun rubuta a cikin 2022 cewa beads da aka kera a Turai sun ci gaba da bin binciken Afirka ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin 'yan asali zuwa cikin ciki kwanan nan a ƙarshen karni na sha tara.

Ana kuma samun beads na kasuwanci a cikin Amurka da Kanada, da kuma cikin Latin Amurka. Zane-zanen bead sun bambanta. ^[2] Indiyawan Arewacin Amurka sun nemi beads na musamman launi, girma, da tsari. ^[3] Yawan gano kayan tarihi na kowane nau'i yana nuna shaharar su. An fi son manyan beads shuɗi a farkon cinikin duk da cewa cikakkun bayanai na lokacin da kasuwancin Turai da Indiyawan Amurkawa suka fara ya kasance ba su da tabbas.

An ba da rahoton a cikin Fabrairu 2022 cewa an sami beads na cinikin gilashin Venetian a wuraren Eskimo na tarihi guda uku a Alaska, gami da Punyik Point. Ba kowa a yau, kuma yana da nisan mil daga Rarraba Nahiyar a cikin Brooks Range, yankin yana kan tsoffin hanyoyin kasuwanci daga Tekun Bering zuwa Tekun Arctic . Daga halittarsu a Venice, Italiya, masu bincike yi imani da yiwuwar hanyar wadannan kayayyakin gargajiya tafiya ne a fadin Turai, sa'an nan Eurasia da kuma a karshe a kan Bering Strait, yin wannan binciken "farkon rubuce-rubucen da kasancewar indubitable kayan Turai a prehicicicicicicicis a yammacin kogin sakamakon safarar wuce gona da iri a fadin nahiyar Eurasian ." Bayan da aka gano kayan haɗin gwiwar rediyon a kusa da beads, masu binciken ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun kiyasta zuwan su nahiyar zuwa wani lokaci tsakanin 1440 zuwa 1480, sun riga sun riga sun faɗi Christopher Columbus . An ƙalubalanci ƙalubalen ƙalubalen da wasu masu bincike suka nuna cewa ba a yi irin waɗannan beads a Venice ba har zuwa tsakiyar karni na sha shida kuma cewa farkon farkon karni na goma sha bakwai na Faransanci yana yiwuwa. ^[4]

Samar da ƙullun bayi (ciniki) ya zama sananne sosai cewa a zahiri an yi amfani da ton na waɗannan ƙullun don wannan dalili. An yi amfani da beads azaman ballast a cikin jiragen ruwa na bawa/na kasuwanci don tafiya mai fita. An yi musayar ƙullun da sauran kayayyakin kasuwanci da kayan ɗan adam da na hauren giwa, da zinariya, da sauran kayayyakin da ake so a Turai da ma duniya baki ɗaya. Beads ɗin da aka yi ciniki ba na ƙirar ƙira ba ne, amma an samar da su bisa ga buƙata. ^[2] Millefiori (fulawa dubu) beads daga Venice, Italiya sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙwanƙolin da aka fi yin ciniki, kuma ana kiran su da "kwayoyin kasuwanci na Afirka." An samar da su ta hanyar ƙirƙirar furanni ko ratsi daga raƙuman gilasai, waɗanda aka yanke su kuma an ƙera su zuwa ainihin launi mai ƙarfi. ^[2] Ana tsammanin beads irin su kiffa beads na Mauritania sun samo asali ne daga matan da suka ƙirƙiro ƙullun gilashin foda don kwaikwayi kamanni na millefiori beads.

Nasarar wannan nau'i na kuɗi ana iya danganta shi da aikin da ake buƙata don samar da su a cikin gida (watau ƙarancin) da kuma araha a sararin samaniya. Sauƙin samar da waɗannan beads ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da masu fasahar Turai ke amfani da su ya ba da damar cin zarafi ta hanyar kai hari kan wannan tsarin kuɗi na Afirka ta Yamma. Gilashin ba a saba gani ba a Afirka. 'Yan Afirka sukan yi amfani da beads don kuɗi [3] da kuma ajiyar dukiya, kuma ana iya ƙayyade matsayin zamantakewa ta hanyar inganci, yawa da kuma salon kayan ado da ake sawa. Wannan ya haifar da buƙatu mai yawa na bead na kasuwanci a Afirka.

Magana

↑ Pagel, Mark (24 June 2015). "Why We Speak". The Atlantic. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 "Trade Beads". Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2017. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "vaam" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named aofi
↑ Blair, Elliot H. (July 2021). "Reconsidering the Precolumbian Presence of Venetian Glass Beads in Alaska". American Antiquity (in Turanci). 86 (3): 638–642. doi:10.1017/aaq.2021.38. ISSN 0002-7316. S2CID 236162517 Check |s2cid= value (help). Retrieved 19 January 2022.

[1] Pagel, Mark (24 June 2015). "Why We Speak". The Atlantic. Retrieved 11 September 2015.

[vaam-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 "Trade Beads". Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2017. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "vaam" defined multiple times with different content

[aofi-3] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named aofi

[4] Blair, Elliot H. (July 2021). "Reconsidering the Precolumbian Presence of Venetian Glass Beads in Alaska". American Antiquity (in Turanci). 86 (3): 638–642. doi:10.1017/aaq.2021.38. ISSN 0002-7316. S2CID 236162517 Check |s2cid= value (help). Retrieved 19 January 2022.

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