Bear da Mai Aljanna

Bear da Mai Aljanna
fable (en)
Bayanai
Derivative work (en)	The Bear and the Gardener (en) da The Gardener and the Bear (en)

Bear da Lambu tatsuniya ce da ta samo asali a cikin tsohon rubutun Indiya Panchatantra wanda ya yi gargaɗi game da yin abota na wauta. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan adabi da na baka, a duk faɗin duniya kuma an ƙirƙira abubuwan al'ummarta kamar nau'in Aarne-Thompson -Uther 1586. An ɗauki sigar La Fontaine azaman mai nuna darussan falsafa iri-iri.

Tatsuniya

An gabatar da labarin ga masu karatu na yamma a cikin La Fontaine's Fables (VIII.10). Ko da yake L'Ours et l'amateur des jardins wani lokaci ana fassara shi da "Beer da mai lambu mai son", ma'anar gaskiya ita ce 'mai son lambu'. Yana da alaƙa da yadda wani mai lambu shi kaɗai ya gamu da beyar kaɗaici kuma suka yanke shawarar zama abokan zama. Daya daga cikin aikin beyar shi ne ya kiyaye ƙudaje daga abokinsa idan ya yi barci. Ba zai iya korar ƙuda mai tsayi ba, beyar ta kama wani dutse mai shimfiɗa don murkushe shi kuma ya kashe mai lambun. Ana ɗaukar La Fontaine a matsayin yana kwatanta ƙa'idar Stoic cewa yakamata a sami ma'auni a cikin komai, gami da yin abokai. Dangane da falsafar aiki, labarin ya kuma kwatanta muhimmin bambanci da beyar ya kasa gane tsakanin mai kyau nan da nan, a cikin wannan yanayin kiyaye kwari daga aboki, da kyakkyawan kyakkyawan kare lafiyarsa.

A lambun bear

Layuka da dama da ke faruwa a cikin waƙar an ɗauke su azaman ɗabi'a. A tsakiyar hanya akwai maganar 'A ra'ayina doka ce ta zinariya/Gwamna zama kadaitaka fiye da zama tare da wawa', wanda sauran labarin ya bayyana. Taƙaice a ƙarshe yana ɗauke da sharhin da marubutan gabas suka bayar cewa ya fi kyau a sami makiyi mai hikima fiye da aboki wawa.

Labarin ya sami kuɗi a Ingila daga karni na 18 ta hanyar fassarar ko kwaikwayon La Fontaine. Ɗaya daga cikin bayyanarsa na farko shine a cikin Robert Dodsley 's Select tatsuniyoyi na Esop da sauran masu ban sha'awa (1764), inda aka ba shi lakabi "The Hermit and the Bear" kuma an ba shi da halin kirki "Kwarcin abokan da ba su da hankali sau da yawa yana da zafi kamar fushin abokan gaba". A cikin wannan juzu'in, ma'auratan sun yi wa bear kyakkyawan yanayi; daga baya har yanzu an gano wannan tare da ɗaukar ƙaya daga tafin hannunta, yana zana labarin Androcles da Lion. Yin hidimar macijin daga baya saboda godiya, bear ɗin kawai ya buge shi a fuska lokacin da yake tuka kuda, sai su biyun suka rabu. Wannan sigar mafi sauƙi ce aka ɗauka a farkon ƙarni na 19 bugu na waƙoƙin yara. Daga cikin su akwai Tatsuniya na Mary Anne Davis a cikin Aya: ta Aesop, La Fontaine, da sauransu, wanda aka fara bugawa game da 1818, da Jefferys Taylor's Aesop a cikin Rhyme (1820). Daga baya a cikin karni an manta da asalin labarin a Ingila kuma an dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin Tatsuniya na Aesop .

Bambance-bambance

A 1663 ɗan Indiya na labari daga Mas̱navī na Rumi. (Walters Art Museum)

La Fontaine ya sami tatsuniyarsa a cikin fassarar labaran Bidpai, wanda a cikinsa haruffan beyar ne kuma mai lambu. Wani bambance-bambance ya bayyana a cikin waƙar Rumi na ƙarni na 13, Masnavi, wanda ke ba da labarin wani mutumin kirki wanda ya ceci beyar daga maciji. Sai dabbar ta sadaukar da kanta ga hidimar mai ceton ta kuma ta kashe shi ta hanyar da ta dace.

Labarin daga ƙarshe ya samo asali ne daga Indiya, inda akwai tsofaffin juzu'i guda biyu masu halaye daban-daban. Daya daga Panchatantra ya ƙunshi dabbar biri na wani sarki wanda ya bugi ƙwanƙolin da takobi ya yi sanadin mutuwar ubangidansa. A cikin Masaka Jataka daga nassosin addinin Buddah, ɗan wawan kafinta ne wanda ya bugi kuda a kan mahaifinsa da gatari. A cikin na farko an ba da halin kirki a matsayin 'Kada ku zabi wawa a matsayin aboki', yayin da a karshen shi ne cewa 'aboki mai hankali ya fi aboki ba tare da shi ba', wanda shine tunanin da La Fontaine ya rufe tatsuniya.

Har yanzu akwai ƙarin bambance-bambance a cikin al'adar baka. Wata majiyar Pakistan ta damu da "Mazajen Masu Hikima Bakwai na Buneyr", waɗanda suka raba aƙalla cin zarafi ɗaya tare da masu hikima na Gotham ; da aka shigo da shi cikinta shi ne abin da ya haifar da rauni ta hanyar kokarin korar kudaje, a wannan yanayin daga wata tsohuwa wadda daya daga cikinsu ta buga da dutsen da ya yi. A Turai labarin wawa ne da ya karya hancin alƙali tare da ƙwanƙwasa don ɗaukar fansa a kan tashi. A Italiya an ba da wannan labarin Giufà, a Austria na Wawa Hans. Irin wannan lamari kuma yana faruwa a farkon labarin Giovanni Francesco Straparola na Fortuno a cikin Facetious Nights (13.4), wanda aka rubuta game da 1550. Wannan tarin musamman ya ƙunshi misali na farko na wasu tatsuniyoyi na Turai da yawa, ban da wannan.

Zane-zane da kwafi

Saboda wanzuwar tatsuniya a tushen Gabas, ya kasance abin shahara musamman a cikin kananan yara na Musulmi daga Gabas. Yawancin lokaci suna kwatanta beyar tare da dutsen da aka ɗaga a tafin hannunta, kamar yadda a cikin kwafin littafin Masnavi da aka rubuta daga 1663 a cikin Gidan kayan tarihi na Walters (duba sama), da wani kwatanci daga Farisa tun daga baya kadan. Wani launi na ruwa a cikin salon Lucknow, wanda Sital Das ya zana a kusa da 1780 kuma yanzu a cikin ɗakin karatu na Birtaniya, ya nuna beyar yana tunanin mai lambu bayan ya kashe shi. Har ila yau, wani ƙaramin ɗan Indiya na tatsuniya yana cikin waɗanda aka ba da izini daga masanin Punjabi Imam Bakhsh Lahori a cikin 1837 ta wani ɗan Faransa mai sha'awar tatsuniyoyi. Yanzu a cikin Musée Jean de la Fontaine, yana nuna beyar a cikin lambun ado.

Yawancin masu fasaha na yammacin Turai sun kwatanta tatsuniya na La Fontaine na "The Bear and the Gardener", ciki har da irin su Jean-Baptiste Oudry da Gustave Doré waɗanda ke da alhakin dukan bugu na aikin La Fontaine. A gefe guda kuma, zanen mai na Jean-Charles Cazin na 1892 na L'ours et l'amateur des jardins yana ba da beyar gaba ɗaya. Wuri ne mai tsafta wanda ke nuna gonar kudanci tare da tsohon mai lambu yana barci a gaba. Edmond-Jules Pennequin ne ya yi irin wannan a cikin 1901. Sauran jerin da suka haɗa da tatsuniya sune sabbin launukan ruwa waɗanda Gustave Moreau ya zana a 1886 da etchings masu launi na Marc Chagall (1951) wanda L'ours et l'amateur des jardins shine lamba 83. A ƙarshe Yves Alix (1890 – 1969) ya samar da lithograph na tatsuniya don bugu na de luxe na 20 Fables (1966) wanda ya haɗa da aikin yawancin masu fasahar zamani. A cikin karni na 19, mai zane Ernest Griset ya kasance daya daga cikin masu zane-zane da yawa da suka kwatanta tatsuniyoyi na La Fontaine, kuma shi ne tsarinsa na wannan tatsuniya wanda ya bayyana a cikin 1977 Burundi saitin tambarin aikawasiku tare da jigon labarun yara, amma a ƙarƙashin taken L'Ermite et l'Ours .

Maganganu

Tatsuniya ta ba wa harshen Faransanci kalmar le pavé de l'ours (dutse na beyar) da Jamusanci Bärendienst (sabis na beyar), duka ana amfani da su don yin wani ko wani abu mara kyau ko kuma mummunan juyawa kuma wani lokacin ga duk wani aikin da ba a yi la'akari da shi ba tare da sakamako mara kyau. Kalmar Danish da Norwegian bjørnetjeneste (sabis na bear) yana da ma'ana iri ɗaya kuma kalmar ma ta bayyana a cikin wasu harsunan Turai.