Bettie du Toit
 Bettie du Toit | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Cikakken suna | Elizabeth Sophia Honman |
| Haihuwa |
Transvaal Province (en)  , 15 ga Yuli, 1910 |
| ƙasa | Afirka ta kudu |
| Mutuwa | Johannesburg, 31 ga Janairu, 2002 |
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna | Turanci |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
trade unionist (en) da political activist (en) |
Bettie du Toit OLS (wanda aka fi sani da Elizabeth Sophia Honman,[1] an haife ta a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1910, a Transvaal Province, Union of South Africa, kuma ta rasu a ranar 31 ga Janairu, 2002, a Johannesburg, South Africa) ta kasance ɗan ƙungiyar kwadago kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu adawa da tsarin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu.
Tarihin Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Du Toit a tsohon Lardin Transvaal a gona, inda take da yaya daya, ko da yake yaran biyu sun kasance marayu kusan shekaru uku [2] yayin da mahaifiyarsu ta rasu a shekara ta 1912 tana haihuwa, kuma mahaifinsu ya yi aiki tare da Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu a Faransa a lokacin yakin duniya na daya inda ya yi matukar kaduwa. Duk yaran biyu sun halarci Makarantar kwana ta St. Ursula's Convent a Krugersdorp daga 1915 zuwa 1919. [2] Bayan yaƙin, iyalin suka tafi su zauna tare da dangi da suke noma a Rhodesia .
Lokacin da Du Toit ke da shekaru goma sha takwas, ta ƙaura zuwa Johannesburg inda ta fara aiki tare da ƴan ƙungiyar kwadago Johanna Cornelius . [2] An sanya mata masana'antar masaka inda za ta tsara ma'aikata don yajin aiki. Wanda ya mallaki wannan masana'anta Bayahude ne kuma ya yaba wa Du Toit "na kyamar wariyar launin fata da kyamar Nazi ." [2] A lokacin yajin aikin ma'aikaci a ƙarshen 1920s, an kama ta kuma an ci tarar "fam ɗaya ko aikin kwanaki 10." [2] Wannan lamarin ya sa ta kara himma wajen kwato hakkin ma'aikata. A shekara ta 1936 ta shiga jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma ta tafi USSR don yin karatu, ta dawo a cikin Disamba 1937.
A lokacin, ta auri Jan van Rooyen kuma ta karɓi sunan Bettie du Toit. Auren bai daɗe ba yayin da aka sake su a 1939.
A shekara ta 1938, Du Toit ya tafi Cape Town da garin Huguenot don shirya masana'antun masaku guda uku waɗanda ke da mata farare da baƙar fata aiki tare. [3] A lokacin da ta yi a can, ta yi ƙoƙari ta kafa kwamitin ƙungiyar wanda ke da adadin wakilan farare da baƙar fata daidai. [3] Daga baya, lokacin da ta yi rawa tare da shugaban kungiyar baƙar fata a wurin raye-rayen tattara kuɗi, yawancin membobin ƙungiyar sun yi murabus. Ta yi nasarar sake gina ƙungiyar, amma ba ta taɓa yin ƙarfi ba bayan haka. [3]
A cikin 1942 ta yi aure a karo na biyu ga Guy Routh wanda shi ma dan gurguzu ne kuma wanda ya tashi da jiragen ruwa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Wannan aure kuma ya ƙare da saki a 1946. Ya ci gaba da zama wani muhimmin jigo wajen kafa kungiyar yaki da wariyar launin fata ta Burtaniya . A cikin 1947 ta yi aure a karo na uku da Yusuf Cachalia a Port Elizabeth, daya daga cikin wurare na karshe don ba da izinin "auren aure". Du Toit ya sadu da Nadine Gordimer a cikin 1950s kuma sun zama abokai. Du Toit kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fafutuka. Ta nuna rashin amincewa da Dokar Kula da Filayen Asiya kuma ta shiga cikin Gangamin Ƙarfafawa . [2] Ta shiga ranar 6 ga Disamba, 1952. [4] A ranar zanga-zangar a Johannesburg, 8 ga Disamba, Du Toit ya tabbatar da cewa an kama ta da wasu (wanda ke cikin burin). [4] Daga baya an ci tarar ta fam 50 ko kwana hamsin tare da aikin tilas kuma an daure ta tare da Freda Troup na tsawon kwanaki 25. [4]
Shigar da ta yi a wannan kamfen ya sa a shekara ta 1952 aka dakatar da ita har abada daga shiga ƙungiyoyin ma’aikata a ƙarƙashin dokar hana gurguzu . [2] Du Toit ya fara rubuta littafi game da kungiyoyin kwadago da hakkokin ma'aikata a cikin wani littafi mai suna Ukubamba Amadolo ( Go Slow ). [2] Ta kafa wata kungiya don inganta jin dadin jama'a a Soweto mai suna Kupugani. [2] Kupugani ya ba da abinci ga mutane a cikin baƙar fata ghettoes, kuma ya saba wa doka ta kasance a wurin. Takan yi tafiya zuwa Soweto, tana sanye da kayan kwalliya da daddare har sai da 'yan sanda suka gano ta. [2] A 1960, an kama ta. [5] A cikin tsoron kada a daure ta na dogon lokaci, ta tafi gudun hijira a 1963 zuwa Landan . [2]
Abokan Gordimer wadanda ' yan Indiya ne suka yi safarar ta daga kasar. Du Toit ta makale a Dar es Salaam, inda Gordimer ya ziyarce ta ya taimaka mata ta isa Ghana . A Ghana, Du Toit ya yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da Ƙungiyar Watsa Labarai ta Ghana, kuma ya ji daɗin yin iyo a cikin teku. [1] Ta kamu da cutar Stevens-Johnson daga gurbataccen ruwa kuma ba a kula da ita yadda ya kamata a asibiti. [1] Ta makance kuma Gordimer ya nemi a kawo ta Landan inda ta zauna tare da taimakon Freda Levson, wanda ya taimaka wajen boye Nelson Mandela . [1] Ta koya wa kanta Braille sannan kuma ta koya wa wasu mutane Braille. [2] A ƙarshe, a cikin 1993 ta sami damar komawa Afirka ta Kudu inda ta sake saduwa da ɗan’uwanta, wanda ta yi shekaru 50 ba ta gan shi ba. [1] Ta mutu a Johannesburg a shekara ta 2002. [2]
Abokinta, Gordimer, ya ba da rahoton Du Toit cewa "ya sadu da mutuwa ba tare da wani imani na addini na wata rayuwa ba, kamar yadda ta ɗauka, kuma ta rayu ga cikakken rashi da haɗari, rayuwar mai neman 'yanci." A cikin 2012, Du Toit an ba shi lambar yabo ta Luthuli a cikin Azurfa a ƙarƙashin sunan Elizabeth Sophia Honman.
Rayuwa ta sirri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 5 Gordimer, Nadine (19 May 2012). "The Life of a Revolutionary for Freedom". News 24. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Bettie du Toit". South African History Online. 29 June 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
- 1 2 3 Berger 1992.
- 1 2 3 Driver 1980.
- ↑ Wästberg, Per (26 April 2001). "Nadine Gordimer and the South African Experience". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
Mahaɗa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Berger, Iris (1992). Threads of Solidarity: Women in South African Industry, 1900-1980. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780852550779.
- Driver, C.J. (1980). Patrick Duncan: South African and Pan-African. James Currey. ISBN 0852557736.