Bilge pollution
 Bilge pollution | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
water pollution (en)  |
| Associated hazard (en) |
carcinogen (en) |
| Regulated by (en) | Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka da International Maritime Organization |
| Has cause (en) |
bilge (en) |
gurɓataccen ruwa wani nau'in gurɓataccen ruwan ne wanda ke faruwa lokacin da aka fitar da ruwa a cikin jirgin cikin teku.[1][2][3] A cikin binciken da aka buga a cikin 2019, an kiyasta cewa har zuwa shari'o'i 3000 na zubar da lissafi suna faruwa a Turai a kowace shekara.[1] Dangane da wani kimantawa, kimanin galan miliyan 52.8 na gurɓataccen abu ana fitar da shi cikin teku a kowace shekara.[4]
Magani da ruwa mai laushi, wanda aka cire duk gurɓataccen abu, shine hanyar da aka fi so don magance gurɓatawar ruwa.[1] Saboda karuwar farashin aiki, kamfanoni galibi suna zubar da sharar gida kai tsaye cikin teku ba tare da sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata ba.[1] Saboda kasancewar sunadarai masu cutar kansa, ana ɗaukar sharar ruwa a matsayin barazana ga Rayuwar ruwa da Lafiyar ɗan adam.[5]
Matsayin ruwa na bilge
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Za'a iya hana gurɓataccen ruwa idan an zubar da ruwa mai gurɓata, wanda shine tarin ruwa mai gurbataccen ruwa a cikin jirgin ruwa, an kula da shi kafin a fitar da shi daga jirgin da aka ambata.
Maganin ruwa a Amurka ana sarrafa shi sosai ta hanyar Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa (CWA), wanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) da kuma Amurka Coast Guard suka aiwatar da shi.[6] Sashe na 301 (a) na CWA ya haramta fitar da duk wani gurbataccen abu daga jirgin ruwa, sai dai idan fitarwa ta bi ka'idojin da aka bayar a wasu sassan CWA.[6] An bayyana gurɓataccen kuɗin a matsayin nau'in "sakewa da ya dace da aikin yau da kullun na jirgin ruwa" a cikin sashi na 1322 na CWA. EPA ta kafa ka'idoji don adadin gurɓataccen abu daban-daban wanda ruwa zai iya ƙunshe da shi kafin a fitar da shi cikin manyan ruwa. Idan ruwan da ke cikin tikiti bai dace da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba a lokacin da aka saki ruwan da ke kan tikiti, to mutane da / ko kamfanoni da ke cikin gurɓatawar na iya fuskantar tarar[7]
Matsayin ruwa na kasa da kasa ya kasance tun lokacin taron MARPOL 73/78, wanda Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Ruwa ta Duniya ta tallafawa.[8] An kafa ka'idojin yanzu a cikin 1996 ta Dokar 16 ta MARPOL Annex I, wanda ke buƙatar jiragen ruwa masu nauyin fiye da tan 400 don a haɗa su da Mai raba ruwa mai, kuma ya kafa cewa ruwan da aka saki cikin ruwa na duniya dole ne ya sami abun ciki na mai ƙasa da kashi 15 a kowace miliyan (ppm).[8]
Abubuwan da suka faru na gurɓatacciyar hanya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dalilin da ya fi dacewa da jiragen ruwa ke shiga cikin gurɓataccen kuɗin shine don kauce wa sayen kayan aikin magani ko biyan kuɗi don zubar da ruwa a wuraren da aka tsara, wanda zai iya zama mai tsada sosai.Abubuwan da suka faru na gurɓataccen ruwa suna faruwa akai-akai, wanda ke haifar da gurɓatawar mai a cikin ruwa don tarawa a tsawon lokaci, yana haifar da lahani ga yanayin halittu na ruwa.[9] Koyaya, masu aikata gurɓataccen kuɗin, wanda zai iya haɗawa da kiyaye bayanan da ba cikakke ba ko waɗanda aka ƙirƙira game da fitar da kuɗin, na iya haifar da tarar kuɗi mai yawa.[10] Akwai asusun da ba su da yawa game da gurɓataccen kuɗin da ke kewaye da Indonesia, wanda zai iya shafar tattalin arzikin kamun kifi a can.[9] A cikin 2022, kamfanin New Trade Ship Management SA da babban injiniyanta Dennis Plasabas sun yi ikirarin aikata laifi don kiyaye bayanan karya da ba cikakke ba na fitar da kuɗin daga jirgin Longshore.[11] A cikin 2023, Zeaborn Ship Management daga Singapore an caje shi da "dump[ing] sama da lita 7,500 na ruwa mai mai mai daga Star Maia zuwa cikin teku ba tare da fara sarrafa ruwan mai mai mai ba ta hanyar kayan aikin rigakafin gurɓata da ake buƙata" kuma an ci tarar dala miliyan 2.[10] A cikin 2024, wani kamfani da ke zaune a Mexico, Gremex Shipping, an ci tarar dala miliyan 1.75 saboda fitar da ruwan da ba a kula da shi ba a cikin teku da kuma karya bayanan game da waɗannan ayyukan.[12] Koyaya, yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na gurɓataccen ruwa suna faruwa fiye da waɗanda aka gano ko aka hukunta, suna haɓaka gurɓatawar teku da lahani ga yanayin halittu na ruwa.[9]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 Paddison, Laura; Silva, Beatriz Ramalho da; Bernhard, Max; Muller, Max (March 22, 2022). "Revealed: ships may dump oil up to 3,000 times a year in Europe's waters". The Guardian. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "auto" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Bilge dumping: Illegal pollution you've never heard of – DW – 04/28/2022". dw.com.
- ↑ "Investigation: How toxic oil pollution at sea goes unpunished". frontline.thehindu.com. March 22, 2022.
- ↑ "Ships are dumping bilge water into European waters up to 3,000 times a year, much more than what's reported". cnbctv18.com. April 2, 2022.
- ↑ Özkaynak, Ömer Harun; İçemer, Gönül Tuğrul (December 28, 2021). "Determining the bilge water waste risk and management in the Gulf of Antalya by the Monte Carlo method". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995). 71 (12): 1545–1554. Bibcode:2021JAWMA..71.1545O. doi:10.1080/10962247.2021.1972055. PMID 34432604 Check
|pmid=value (help). S2CID 237305493 Check|s2cid=value (help). - 1 2 US EPA, OW (2015-09-15). "Vessel Sewage Discharges: Statutes, Regulations, and Related Laws and Treaties". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-26.
- ↑ US EPA, OW (2015-09-15). "Vessel Sewage Discharges: Statutes, Regulations, and Related Laws and Treaties". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-26.
- 1 2 "MARPOL Annex I – Prevention of Pollution by Oil". www.imo.org. Retrieved 2025-03-25.
- 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:2 - 1 2 "Office of Public Affairs | Ocean Vessel Operator Pleads Guilty, Agrees to Pay $2 Million for Marine Environmental Crimes | United States Department of Justice". www.justice.gov (in Turanci). 2023-08-22. Retrieved 2025-03-26.
- ↑ "Office of Public Affairs | Vessel Operator and Chief Engineer Convicted for Oily Bilge Water Discharge Offense | United States Department of Justice". www.justice.gov (in Turanci). 2022-08-09. Retrieved 2025-03-26.
- ↑ Ports, Ships & (2024-11-04). "Mexico-Based Gremex Shipping Fined $1.75 Million in U.S. Marine Pollution Case". Ships & Ports (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-03-26.