Bioko drill
| Bioko drill | |
|---|---|
| Conservation status | |
|
Invalid status IUCN3.1 :
| |
| Scientific classification | |
| Class | Mammalia (mul)  |
| Order | Primates (mul) |
| Dangi | Cercopithecidae (mul) |
| Genus | Mandrillus (mul) |
| Jinsi | Mandrillus leucophaeus (mul)
|
subspecies (en)  | Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis Zukowsky, 1922
|
Bioko drill wacce aka sani a Yaren yammacin (Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis) wani nau'i ne na drill, biri na Tsohon Duniya. Yana da iyaka a yankin dake Tsibirin Bioko, Equatorial Guinea, [1] wanda ke kusa da gabar yammacin Afirka. [2] Jirgin yana daya daga cikin manyan nau'ikan birai, kuma an dauke shi cikin haɗari.[2] An raba burin Bioko daga takwaransa na ƙasa, saboda hauhawar matakin teku bayan ƙarshen zamanin kankara na ƙarshe, kusan shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata.[1] Babban birnin Equatorial Guinea, Malabo, [1] yana kan tsibirin Bioko . Kasuwar Malabo ita ce babbar hanyar siyar da nama a tsibirin Bioko . [3] Jirgin yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adun al'adun cin nama, kuma ana ɗaukarsa mai ɗanɗano, kuma a wasu yankuna, kayan abinci ne.[4] Kasuwancin farauta a tsibirin Bioko ya sa wannan aikin ba zai yiwu ba.[3] An haramta farautar Bioko a mafi yawan yankuna na Tsibirin Bioko, saboda galibi suna zaune a wuraren da aka kiyaye a tsibirin. Koyaya, an ɗauki haramcin ba shi da tasiri; farauta ta kasance babbar barazana ga yawan mutanen da ke cikin hakowa. [1] [5]
Bayyanawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jirgin Bioko yana da irin wannan kamannin da ya dace da na ƙasar, tare da rigar kore-launin da fararen gashi a ƙarƙashin ciki.[2] An rarrabe shi da kambi mai launin rawaya na gashi tare da baƙar fata wanda ke layi a fuskar drill, yayin da drills na ƙasa suna da kambi wanda galibi fari ne.[2] Wadannan motsa jiki suna da matukar jima'i tare da maza da yawa, suna da nauyin kilo 20 a matsakaici a lokacin da suka girma, yayin da mata yawanci suna kaiwa 8.5 kg.[5] Koyaya tsawon babba cikakke, ban da wutsiya, yayi kama da juna tsakanin maza da mata, tare da maza da ke kaiwa matsakaicin 67 cm da mata da matsakaicin 54 cm.[5] Maza suna da fuska mai baƙar fata mai haske tare da siffofi masu kaifi, da kuma murfin baki mai tsawo.[6] Ana ci gaba da rarrabe su da gashi mai launin shudi, shudi da ja a kan gashin su da fararen gashi a kan gemu.[6]
Halin da ake ciki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A yankunan da ke ƙasa, an san drills na Bioko don yin tarayya a yankunan da aka sani suna da tushen abinci don cin abinci tare, suna komawa wuraren da aka fi so.[7] Dabbobi ne masu yawan jama'a waɗanda ke zaune a cikin rukuni na kusan 20, ko ma har zuwa mutane 30, galibi sun haɗa da manya da matasa mata. [4][6] Har ila yau suna da murya sosai kuma suna da sauƙin bin diddigin ta hanyar kiran su. [4][8] Har ila yau, za a iya amsawa ga damuwa daga duikers.[4] Yayinda suke ciyar da mafi yawan lokutan su a cikin gandun daji da rana, suna yawan barci a cikin bishiyoyi.[6]
Halin neman abinci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bioko drill shine ainihin biri na ƙasa, kuma zai nemi abinci a cikin rukuni na sa'o'i da yawa a rana a kan gandun daji, [8] kodayake za su hau itatuwa da sauri lokacin da karnuka masu farauta suka yi barazana. [4] An kuma lura da su don shiga cikin halayyar ciyarwa mai basira, kamar karya millipedes a rabi don tsotse ciki, cire tsokoki don cinye mafi kyawun ciki, da neman tsokoki ga tsutsotsi.[8] An kuma san drill ɗin Bioko a matsayin mai watsa iri na farko, yana ba da gudummawa ga watsa bishiyoyi ta hanyar amfani da tsaba da 'ya'yan itace.[7] Tasirin su ya faru ne saboda yanayin ƙasarsu, yayin da suke cinye 'ya'yan itace da suka fi girma, sabili da haka sun fi girma, wanda aka warwatsa tsaba tare da al'amarin su.[9] An yi amfani da farautar Bioko drill tare da asarar itatuwan katako da tsiro.[7] Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya ga motsa jiki yana motsawa daga cin 'ya'yan itace zuwa cinye kayan ganye saboda matsin farauta.[7] Wannan ya haifar da motsa jiki don neman abinci na dogon lokaci kuma yanzu suna neman abinci na tsawon lokaci fiye da kowane dabba a tsibirin.[7]
Muhalli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yankin da mazaunin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin lokaci ana rarraba halittun da ke Tsibirin Bioko zuwa nau'i uku; dazuzzukan ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi a ƙananan yankuna, dazuzzukan tsaunuka, wanda ake kwatantawa da zafi mai yawa, ƙarancin zafin jiki, kuma ferns na bishiyoyi ke mamaye su, da dazuzzukan mossy a tsaunuka mafi tsayi. Yayin da aikin haƙar Bioko zai fi zama a cikin dazuzzukan ƙananan yankuna, waɗanda ke kula da manyan ƙungiyoyi a waɗannan yankuna, an gano cewa yawan jama'a suna zaune a wurare har zuwa mita 2,000 sama da matakin teku a cikin ciyayi da wuraren da ke da yawan tsiro a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Yawan jama'ar ƙananan yankuna galibi suna da bambancin ra'ayi, wataƙila saboda bambancin ciyayi, tare da 'ya'yan itatuwa da suka fi yawa a ƙananan wurare kuma mafi tsayi suna da amfani ga hanyoyin samar da abinci mai gina jiki kamar ganye da ferns.. [7][8]
Har ila yau, akwai mafi yawan jama'a da aka kai kudu da gabashin tsibirin, saboda rashin kayan aikin hanya, da farauta daga motsa jiki a sassan arewacin Bioko.[1] Rashin isa ga waɗannan yankuna ga mafarauta yana ba da damar motsa jiki don isa ga yawan jama'a ba tare da matsin farauta ba.[1][3] Koyaya, akwai saurin hanya da ci gaban ababen more rayuwa wanda zai iya sanya waɗannan al'ummomin cikin ƙarin haɗari.[3] Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan hanyar tana gudana ta hanyar Gran Caldera Southern Highlands Reserve, wani yanki mai kariya a kudancin tsibirin Bioko, inda yawan mutanen da ke cikin drill ya fi yawa.[3] Wannan kuma yana haifar da matsala ga kewayon mazaunin Bioko drill kamar yadda yawan jama'arsu ya fi ƙasa a kusa da hanyoyi.[1]
Abinci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abinci na Bioko drill ya dogara da wurin da suke a tsibirin, tare da lowland drills da farko cin abinci mai cin ganyayyaki, kama da mainland drill, yayin da drills da ke zaune a mafi tsaunuka sun fi dacewa da ciyar da kayan ganye kamar pith, ganye da fungi, kodayake waɗannan ba su da abinci mai gina jiki.[8][7] Wadannan motsa jiki mafi girma suna cinye abubuwa da yawa, gami da ƙuƙwalwa, tsutsa, furanni, tsaba, ganye, da tushen shuka, maimakon kawai 'ya'yan itace.[8] Har ila yau, suna iya yin amfani da kwakwa don cinye su.[4] Abincin da ake ci na iya kunshe da itace da ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda na ƙarshe yana da wuya a cikin dabba.[8] Bioko drills kuma an san su da cinye dabbobi, gami da mafi yawanci; beetles, land crabs da sauran crustaceans, millipedes da hymenopterans, aji wanda ya haɗa da tururuwa, kwari, wasps, [8] da kuma giant snail na Afirka. [4] A wani misali, an gano ragowar doki da kwari a cikin al'amarin da ke cikin hako, [8] kuma an kuma lura da su don neman kwai na tururuwa a kan rairayin bakin teku. [4] Bugu da ƙari, amsar da aka yi wa kiran gaggawa na duikers na iya nuna shirye-shiryen su na cinye su.[4]
Matsayin kiyayewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Barazanar farauta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana ɗaukar drill ɗin Bioko a cikin haɗari, kuma kasuwancin nama na daji yana fuskantar barazana sosai.[5] Primates irin su drill wanda ke da manyan jiki, suna da saurin girma, kuma galibi na ƙasa ne, ana ɗaukar su da tasirin farauta, kuma tun daga shekara ta 2009, an yi hasashen cewa yawan drill a tsibirin Bioko ya kasance kusan 4,000. [5][7] Ana rage matsakaicin halittu na gandun daji na Bioko, tare da manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka fi so a farauta, kuma motsa jiki na Bioko yana da rashin haƙuri ga farauta. [1][10]
Cinikin nama na daji ya kara haifar da barazana ga namun daji a tsibirin Bioko yayin da mafarauta suka sauya daga amfani da tarkon zuwa bindigogi.[3] Wannan yana ƙara yawan gawawwakin da ake samu ga mafarauta, da kuma ba da damar mafarauta su zaɓi dabbobi waɗanda za su sami farashi mafi girma.[3] Da yake shi ne mafi girma primate a kan tsibirin Bioko, drill kuma yana daya daga cikin mafi tsada sabili da haka mafarauta ke nema.[5] Ana iya farautar Bioko cikin sauƙi tare da taimakon karnuka da bindigogi, kuma mafarauta wani lokacin za su yi koyi da muryar duiker don nemo su.[4]
Dokar farautar nama ba ta da wani tasiri sosai, domin sanarwar haramcin farautar nama na gabatowa tana hasashen ƙaruwar yawan gawawwaki da ake gani a kasuwar nama, wanda ake kyautata zaton ya faru ne sakamakon firgici da ƙaruwar ƙarfafa tattalin arziki, kuma ta hana kansu zama ba tare da an aiwatar da su ba. An aiwatar da dokoki da dama don haka. An fara aiki da wata doka a shekarar 2003, wadda ta haramta farauta a wasu yankuna, kuma a shekarar 2007 an sanar da wata doka da za ta hana farauta, sayarwa da cin naman daji. An sanar da dokar a watan Oktoba kuma an aiwatar da ita a watan Nuwamba. Bayan sanarwar dokokin, amma kafin aiwatar da ita, kasuwar nama ta yi girma sosai kuma ta ƙara samun riba, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ƙaruwar gawawwaki da ake samu a kasuwar nama. A ranar da aka aiwatar da dokar, yawan gawawwaki ya kusan ɓacewa, duk da haka sun karu da sauri daga wannan lokacin saboda rashin aiwatarwa. Kasuwar ta sake farfadowa gaba ɗaya kafin shekarar 2008, daga ƙarshe ta kai matsayi mafi girma fiye da kafin a sanar da dokar kuma ta kai kololuwa a watan Afrilu, 2010 a gawawwaki 37 a kowace rana. Waɗannan hanyoyin farauta suna ci gaba da samun riba ta kuɗi, yayin da farashin haƙar Bioko ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa..[1]
Rashin mazaunin saboda canjin yanayi zai shafi yankunan da ke cikin tsibirin Bioko, saboda hauhawar matakan teku da ke damun waɗannan yankuna. Wannan mai yiwuwa zai shafi yawancin mutanen da ke cikin drill, [8] kamar yadda wuraren zama na lowland suna da kyau ga manyan kungiyoyi na drills, kuma galibi an fi son su.[8]
Akwai wasu shaidu cewa za a iya amfani da kayan aikin Bioko da aka kama daga daji a cikin wasan motsa jiki.[11] Wannan yana haifar da barazana ga motsa jiki kamar yadda a cikin bauta suna nuna alamun damuwa na dogon lokaci kuma suna iya yin aiki da ƙarfi, suna rage ikon su na yin jima'i [11] idan an cece su. Wannan kuma yana cire su daga mazauninsu na halitta da yawan jama'a, yana cire su manipud cikin tafkunan kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka riga sun ƙare ta hanyar farauta.
Ma'amala da mutane
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Al'adun nama
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsibirin Bioko ya ƙunshi babban kasuwar nama, kasuwar Malabo, [1] wanda yayi kama da na Afirka. Bushmeat kanta muhimmiyar hanya ce ga Tsibirin Bioko, a fannin tattalin arziki da abinci mai gina jiki, kuma farauta da amfani sun karu dangane da GDP na Equatorial Guinea.[7][3] An fi cinye nama a kan wasu tushen furotin ta manyan kabilun tsibirin, Bubi da Fang, kodayake Fang suna nuna fifiko mafi girma ga primates musamman.[10]
Kasuwanci da kuma sabunta hanyoyin farauta ya haifar da mayar da hankali kan amfani da bindiga fiye da kamawa, domin waɗannan hanyoyin sun fi samun riba. Bugu da ƙari, haɓaka ababen more rayuwa a Tsibirin Bioko ya ba da damar samun saurin dawowa ga mafarauta da masu shiga tsakani ga kasuwa, waɗanda galibi direbobin tasi ne, wanda hakan ya ba da damar yin tafiya da lada cikin sauri. Aikin haƙa Bioko sanannen abu ne tsakanin mafarauta na nama, kuma an yi hasashen cewa hauhawar farashin haƙa yayin da yawan jama'arta ke raguwa zai ƙarfafa mafarauta su nemi shi a wurare masu nisa, wanda hakan ke ƙara raguwa. Aikin haƙa Bioko galibi ana sayar da shi sabo da aka kashe, kuma ba kasafai ake shan taba ko kuma a rayu ba.[1] Duk da cewa ana sayar da naman daji da ake farauta a Bioko a kasuwar Malabo, ko kuma a wani wuri a tsibirin kanta, yawancin mafarauta na nama daga babban yankin Equatorial Guinea ne. Cin naman daji a Bioko ya ƙara zama alamar wadata da matsayi, yayin da farashin naman ya ƙaru, duk da haka har yanzu yana ci gaba da kasancewa tushen furotin da ake samu.. [12]
Akwai wasu damuwa cewa kusanci da hako ga mutane saboda sare daji, farauta, da amfani na iya haifar da yaduwar cututtukan zoonotic.[12][3]
Haɗin kai zuwa SIV
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An ba da shawarar cewa za a yi amfani da kwayar cutar Bioko a matsayin muhimmiyar hanyar haɗi a cikin binciken kwayar cutar Simian immunodeficiency [13] (SIV) saboda dogon tarihin keɓewa daga ƙasar. juyin halitta mai zaman kansa na cutar a cikin hakowar Bioko na tsawon shekaru 10,000 ya ba da damar kwatanta shi da hakowar ƙasa, kuma yana ba da kallo game da macroevolution.[14] Saurin juyin halitta na cutar ya sa ya zama da wahala a kimanta shekarunsa ba tare da kwatanta ba, [13] kuma a baya an kiyasta SIV a matsayin cuta ce mai ƙanƙanta.
Haɗin ya ba da damar yin kimantawa game da ci gaba da shekarun kwayar cutar kanjamau.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Albrechtsen, Lise; Macdonald, David W.; Johnson, Paul J.; Castelo, Ramon; Fa, John E. (2007-11-01). "Faunal loss from bushmeat hunting: empirical evidence and policy implications in Bioko Island". Environmental Science & Policy (in Turanci). 10 (7): 654–667. Bibcode:2007ESPol..10..654A. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2007.04.007. ISSN 1462-9011.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ragan Davi, Christine (August 2017). "Drill MANDRILLUS LEUCOPHAEUS". New England Primate Conservatory.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 Cronin, Drew T.; Woloszynek, Stephen; Morra, Wayne A.; Honarvar, Shaya; Linder, Joshua M.; Gonder, Mary Katherine; O'Connor, Michael P.; Hearn, Gail W. (2015-07-31). Moreira, Francisco (ed.). "Long-Term Urban Market Dynamics Reveal Increased Bushmeat Carcass Volume despite Economic Growth and Proactive Environmental Legislation on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea". PLOS ONE (in Turanci). 10 (7). Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1034464C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134464. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4521855. PMID 26230504.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 Butyinski, Thomas; Koster, Stanley (1994). "Distribution and conservation status of primates in Bioko island, Equatorial Guinea". Biodiversity and Conservation. 3 (9): 893–909. Bibcode:1994BiCon...3..893B. doi:10.1007/BF00129665. S2CID 9467185.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Butynski, Thomas M.; Jong, Yvonne A. de; Hearn, Gail W. (2009). "Body Measurements for the Monkeys of Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea". Primate Conservation. 24 (1): 99–105. doi:10.1896/052.024.0108. ISSN 0898-6207. S2CID 86484346.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Morell, Virginia (2008). "Island Ark: a threatened African treasure". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Cronin, Drew T.; Riaco, Cirilo; Linder, Joshua M.; Bergl, Richard A.; Gonder, Mary Katherine; O'Connor, Michael P.; Hearn, Gail W. (2016-05-01). "Impact of gun-hunting on monkey species and implications for primate conservation on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea". Biological Conservation (in Turanci). 197: 180–189. Bibcode:2016BCons.197..180C. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.001. ISSN 0006-3207.
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 Owens, Jacob R.; Honarvar, Shaya; Nessel, Mark; Hearn, Gail W. (2015). "From frugivore to folivore: Altitudinal variations in the diet and feeding ecology of the Bioko Island drill ( Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis ): Variations in the Diet of the Bioko Island Drill". American Journal of Primatology (in Turanci). 77 (12): 1263–1275. doi:10.1002/ajp.22479. PMID 26375479. S2CID 40650260.
- ↑ Astaras, Christos; Waltert, M. (2010). "What does seed handling by the drill tell us about the ecological services of terrestrial cercopithecines in African forests?: Terrestrial forest primates' role in forest dynamics". Animal Conservation (in Turanci). 13 (6): 568–578. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00378.x. S2CID 82430448.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cronin, Drew T.; Clee, Paul R. Sesink; Mitchell, Matthew W.; Meñe, Demetrio Bocuma; Fernández, David; Riaco, Cirilo; Meñe, Maximiliano Fero; Echube, Jose Manuel Esara; Hearn, Gail W.; Gonder, Mary Katherine (2017). "Conservation strategies for understanding and combating the primate bushmeat trade on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea". American Journal of Primatology (in Turanci). 79 (11). doi:10.1002/ajp.22663. ISSN 1098-2345. PMID 28388824. S2CID 46882702.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Martín, Olga; Vinyoles, Dolors; García-Galea, Eduardo; Maté, Carmen (2016-10-01). "Improving the Welfare of a Zoo-Housed Male Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus poensis) Aggressive Toward Visitors". Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 19 (4): 323–334. doi:10.1080/10888705.2016.1147961. ISSN 1088-8705. PMID 26983783. S2CID 19321396.
|hdl-access=requires|hdl=(help) - ↑ 12.0 12.1 Wolfe, Nathan D.; Daszak, Peter; Kilpatrick, A. Marm; Burke, Donald S. (2005). "Bushmeat Hunting, Deforestation, and Prediction of Zoonotic Disease". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (12): 1822–1827. doi:10.3201/eid1112.040789. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 3367616. PMID 16485465.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Worobey, M.; Telfer, P.; Souquiere, S.; Hunter, M.; Coleman, C. A.; Metzger, M. J.; Reed, P.; Makuwa, M.; Hearn, G.; Honarvar, S.; Roques, P. (2010-09-17). "Island Biogeography Reveals the Deep History of SIV". Science (in Turanci). 329 (5998): 1487. Bibcode:2010Sci...329.1487W. doi:10.1126/science.1193550. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 20847261. S2CID 37803712.
- ↑ Astaras, Christos; Waltert, M. (2010). "What does seed handling by the drill tell us about the ecological services of terrestrial cercopithecines in African forests?: Terrestrial forest primates' role in forest dynamics". Animal Conservation (in Turanci). 13 (6): 568–578. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00378.x. S2CID 82430448.