Biomagnification

Biomagnification
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	aukuwa
Fuskar	methylmercury(1+) (en)

Biomagnification, wanda kuma aka sani da bioamplification ko haɓakar ilimin halitta, shine ƙara yawan tattara abu, misali maganin kashe qwari, a cikin kyallen ƙwayoyin halitta a matakan da suka fi girma a cikin sarkar abinci.^[1] Wannan karuwa na iya faruwa a sakamakon:

Dagewa - inda ba za a iya rushe abu ta hanyar tsarin muhalli ba.

Makamashi na sarkar abinci - inda abun da ke tattare da shi ke karuwa a hankali yayin da yake hawan sarkar abinci.

Ƙananan ko rashin zama na lalacewa na ciki ko fitar da abu - musamman saboda rashin narkewar ruwa.

Biomagnification shine haɓaka haɓakar wani abu (x) a cikin sarkar abinci. Misali DDT maida hankali a sassa na miliyan yana ƙaruwa tare da matakin trophic. Hankali yana taruwa a cikin kitsen kwayoyin halitta da nama. Predators suna tara matakan girma fiye da ganima.

Girman ilimin halitta sau da yawa yana nufin tsarin da abubuwa irin su magungunan kashe qwari ko ƙarfe masu nauyi ke aiki a cikin tabkuna, koguna da teku, sannan su motsa sarkar abinci a cikin ci gaba mai girma yayin da ake shigar da su cikin abincin halittun ruwa kamar zooplankton, wanda kuma kila kifaye ne ke cin su, wanda daga nan kifaye, kifaye, mutane, tsuntsaye za su iya cinye su. Abubuwan suna ƙara tattarawa a cikin kyallen takarda ko gabobin ciki yayin da suke hawan sarkar. Bioaccumulants abubuwa ne da ke ƙaruwa a cikin rayayyun halittu yayin da suke shan gurɓataccen iska, ruwa, ko abinci saboda abubuwan suna narkewa a hankali ko kuma suna fitar da su.

Tsari

Ko da yake wani lokaci ana amfani da musanyawa tare da "bioaccumulation", an zana muhimmin bambanci tsakanin su biyun, kuma tare da bioconcentration.

Bioaccumulation yana faruwa ne a cikin matakin trophic, kuma shine karuwa a cikin tattarawar wani abu a cikin wasu kyallen jikin kwayoyin halitta saboda sha daga abinci da muhalli.

Bioconcentration an ayyana shi azaman abin da ke faruwa lokacin da ɗauka daga ruwa ya fi ƙura.^[2]

Don haka, bioconcentration da bioaccumulation suna faruwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta, kuma biomagnification yana faruwa a cikin matakan trophic (sarkar abinci).

Biodilution kuma wani tsari ne wanda ke faruwa zuwa duk matakan trophic a cikin yanayin ruwa; kishiyar biomagnification ce, don haka idan mai gurɓataccen abu ya ƙaru a hankali yayin da yake haɓaka gidan yanar gizon abinci.

Yawancin sinadarai da suke tattarawa suna da matuƙar narkewa a cikin kitse (lipophilic) kuma ba sa narkewa a cikin ruwa (hydrophobic).

Alal misali, ko da yake mercury yana cikin ƙananan yawa a cikin ruwan teku, yana shanye shi da algae (yawanci kamar methylmercury). Methylmercury yana daya daga cikin kwayoyin mercury mafi cutarwa. Ana tsotse shi da kyau, amma a hankali a hankali kwayoyin halitta suna fitar da shi. Bioaccumulation da bioconcentration suna haifar da haɓakawa a cikin adipose nama na matakan trophic masu zuwa: zooplankton, ƙaramin nekton, kifi mafi girma, da sauransu. Duk wani abu da ya ci waɗannan kifin shima yana cinye mafi girman matakin mercury da kifin ya tara. Wannan tsari ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa kifaye masu kifaye irin su swordfish da sharks ko tsuntsaye kamar osprey da gaggafa suna da yawan adadin mercury a cikin nama fiye da yadda za a iya lissafta su ta hanyar fallasa kai tsaye kadai. Misali, herring yana dauke da mercury a kusan kashi 0.01 a kowace miliyan (ppm) kuma shark yana dauke da mercury sama da 1 ppm.^[3]

DDT maganin kashe kwari ne da aka sani da biomagnify, wanda shine ɗayan mahimman dalilan da EPA da sauran ƙungiyoyi suka ɗauka yana cutar da muhalli. DDT yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin sinadarai masu narkewa da aka sani kuma suna taruwa akai-akai a cikin nama mai laushi, kuma kamar yadda mafarauta ke cinye kitsen, adadin DDT biomagnify. Wani sanannen misali na illolin DDT biomagnification shine gagarumin raguwa a cikin al'ummar Arewacin Amurka na tsuntsaye masu farauta irin su gaggafa da mikiya saboda DDT ya haifar da raguwar kwai a cikin 1950s. DDT yanzu haramun ne a sassa da dama na duniya.^[4]

Halin yanzu

A cikin bita, babban adadin karatu, Suedel et al.[9] ya kammala da cewa ko da yake biomagnification mai yiwuwa ya fi iyakancewa a cikin abin da ya faru fiye da yadda ake tunani a baya, akwai kyakkyawar shaida cewa DDT, DDE, PCBs, toxaphene, da kwayoyin halitta na mercury da arsenic suna inganta yanayin halitta. Ga sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa, bioconcentration da bioaccumulation suna lissafin yawan adadinsu a cikin kyallen jikin kwayoyin halitta. Kwanan nan, Grey ya kai makamancin abubuwan da suka rage a cikin kwayoyin halitta kuma ba a diluted su zuwa abubuwan da ba su da haɗari. Nasarar farfaɗowar tsuntsu masu farauta (maganganun mikiya, falcons peregrine) a Arewacin Amurka biyo bayan haramcin amfani da DDT a aikin noma shaida ce ga mahimmancin ganewa da kuma mayar da martani ga biomagnification.^[5]

Manazarta

↑ Silvy, Nova J., ed. (2012). The Wildlife Techniques Manual: Research. Vol. 1 (7th ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-1-4214-0159-1.
↑ Landrum, PF and SW Fisher, 1999. Influence of lipids on the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of organic contaminants in aquatic organisms. Chapter 9 in MT Arts and BC Wainman. Lipids in fresh water ecosystems. Springer Verlag, New York.
↑ Campbell, Linda M.; Norstrom, Ross J.; Hobson, Keith A.; Muir, Derek C. G.; Backus, Sean; Fisk, Aaron T. (2005-12-01). "Mercury and other trace elements in a pelagic Arctic marine food web (Northwater Polynya, Baffin Bay)". Science of the Total Environment. Contaminants in Canadian Arctic Biota and Implications for Human Health. 351–352: 247–263. Bibcode:2005ScTEn.351..247C. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.02.043. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 16061271.
↑ DDT Ban Takes Effect". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1972-12-31. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-10.
↑ Gray, J.S., 2002. Biomagnification in marine systems: the perspective of an ecologist. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 45: 46–52.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

Fisk AT, Hoekstra PF, Borga K, and DCG Muir, 2003. Biomagnification. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46 (4): 522-524

[1] Silvy, Nova J., ed. (2012). The Wildlife Techniques Manual: Research. Vol. 1 (7th ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-1-4214-0159-1.

[2] Landrum, PF and SW Fisher, 1999. Influence of lipids on the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of organic contaminants in aquatic organisms. Chapter 9 in MT Arts and BC Wainman. Lipids in fresh water ecosystems. Springer Verlag, New York.

[3] Campbell, Linda M.; Norstrom, Ross J.; Hobson, Keith A.; Muir, Derek C. G.; Backus, Sean; Fisk, Aaron T. (2005-12-01). "Mercury and other trace elements in a pelagic Arctic marine food web (Northwater Polynya, Baffin Bay)". Science of the Total Environment. Contaminants in Canadian Arctic Biota and Implications for Human Health. 351–352: 247–263. Bibcode:2005ScTEn.351..247C. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.02.043. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 16061271.

[4] DDT Ban Takes Effect". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1972-12-31. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-08-10.

[5] Gray, J.S., 2002. Biomagnification in marine systems: the perspective of an ecologist. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 45: 46–52.

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