Birnin Matattu (Alkahira)
 Birnin Matattu (Alkahira) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Islamic cemetery (en)  | ||||
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| Bayanai | ||||
| Ƙasa | Misra | |||
| Wuri | ||||
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| Ƴantacciyar ƙasa | Misra | |||
| Governorate of Egypt (en) | Cairo Governorate (en) | |||
Birnin Matattu, ko Alkahira necropolises, wanda kuma ake kira Qarāfa, jerin manyan wuraren binne gawawwakin zamanin Islama ne da makabarta a Alkahira, Misira.[lower-alpha 1] Sun kai arewa da kudu na Alkahira Citadel, a ƙasa da Dutsen Mokattam da waje da ganuwar birni na tarihi, suna rufe yanki kusan kilomita 4 (6.4) tsawo. An haɗa su a cikin Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO na "Historic Cairo".[1]
An raba necropolis zuwa yankuna biyu: Kabarin Arewa zuwa arewacin Citadel (wanda ake kira Kabarin Gabas ko Qarafat ash-sharq a Larabci saboda yana gabashin tsoffin ganuwar birni), da kuma tsohuwar Kabarin Kudancin zuwa kudancin Citadel. Akwai kuma wani karamin makabartar arewacin Bab al-Nasr .
Ginin da ya zama "Birnin Matattu" an haɓaka shi a cikin ƙarni da yawa kuma yana ƙunshe da kaburbura na yawan jama'ar Alkahira da kuma mausoleums na yawancin sarakuna da ƙwararrun tarihi. Ya fara ne da farkon birnin Fustat (wanda aka kafa a 642 AZ) kuma ana iya jayayya ya kai ga mafi girma, dangane da daraja da abin tunawa, a zamanin Mamluk (karni na 13-15). A cikin tarihin su, necropolises sun kasance gida ga nau'ikan mazauna masu rai daban-daban. Wadannan sun hada da ma'aikatan da ayyukansu ke da alaƙa da makabarta (misali masu binnewa, masu kula da kaburbura), Sufis da malaman addini da ke karatu a cikin addinan da sarakuna da sauran masu arziki suka gina, da kuma mazauna yau da kullun na ƙananan ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka a yankin.[2] Wannan yawan ya girma kuma ya ragu bisa ga yanayi a lokuta daban-daban. Koyaya, farawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 kuma yana ƙaruwa a ƙarni na 20, matsin lamba na ƙarancin birane na Alkahira da ƙarancin gidaje ya haifar da karuwar yawan mutanen da ke zaune a cikin yankunan necropolis. Wasu mutane sun koma zama a cikin mausoleums da kaburbura kuma sun juya su cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu; duk da haka, waɗannan "mazaunan kabarin" sun kasance karamin ɓangare na yawan jama'a a yankin.[2] Wannan sabon abu ya haifar da sharhi da yawa na kafofin watsa labarai da kuma shahararren tunanin game da yanayin waɗanda ke zaune a cikin necropolises, yana danganta su ta hanyar alama ga matsalolin yawan jama'a na Alkahira da ake tattaunawa da yawa kuma wani lokacin yana haifar da ƙididdigar ƙididdigatattun yawan mutanen da ke zaune a mausoleums.[3]
Tun daga shekarar 2020, gwamnatin Masar ta rushe wasu kaburbura na tarihi a cikin makabarta don manufar gina sabbin hanyoyi da ababen more rayuwa ta yankin, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zanga da adawa daga mazauna yankin da masu kiyayewa.[4][5][6][7]
Sunan da asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da yake "Birnin Matattu" shine sunan da ake amfani dashi akai-akai a Turanci, sunan Larabci shine "" (Larabci: القرافة, al-Qara fa). Sunan sunan wuri ne da aka ce ya samo asali ne daga dangin Banu Qarafa ibn Ghusn ibn Wali, dangin Yemen da suka fito daga kabilar Banu Ma'afir, wanda ya taɓa samun fili a birnin Fustat (wanda ya riga Alkahira). ::123 Daga cikin sauran yiwuwar asali, wani tushen Kirista na Larabci na ƙarni na 13 ya nuna cewa sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci wanda ke nufin "marubuci" ko "mai kwafi" (Girkanci na dā). [8] An watsar da ƙasar kuma ba a amfani da ita ba bayan yunwa a karni na 11 kuma mai yiwuwa an yi amfani da ita azaman wurin binnewa, wanda ya haifar da sunan Qarafa ana amfani da shi don nuna makabarta na birane na Alkahira gabaɗaya. Kalmar ta bayyana ta zama takamaiman ga wannan mahallin, kuma ba a amfani da ita don nuna makabarta a wasu wurare kamar ƙauyuka, kuma ba lallai ba ne a yi amfani da ita a wasu yarukan Larabci.[2] : 123 :123
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tarihin farko (karni na 7-10th)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]_(3278025469).jpg)
Farkon necropolis na Alkahira ya samo asali ne daga tushe da ci gaban birnin Fustat, wanda 'Amr ibn al-'As, kwamandan Musulmi na Larabawa wanda ya jagoranci cin nasarar Masar ya kafa a 642 AZ. Birnin Musulmi na farko ya kasu kashi da yawa na Khittat ko filayen ƙasa waɗanda aka raba wa kabilun daban-daban, kuma kowace kabila ta gina nasu makabarta da gundumar jana'izar - sau da yawa ciki har da masallaci - a yankin hamada zuwa gabashin birnin.: 26 Yankin da Mausoleum na Imam al-Shafi'i a halin yanzu yake tsaye ya taɓa zama makabartar kabilar Quraysh, kabilar annabin Musulunci Muhammadu kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma, kuma wannan yanki mai yiwuwa ya kasance a tsakiyar makabarta wanda daga baya ya bazu arewa da kudu a kusa da shi.[2][9]: 26 A tsakiyar karni na 8, kafin tashiwar Khalifancin Abbasid, an ce kabarin birnin ya rufe kimanin hekta 300, kodayake ainihin iyakokinsa ba su da tabbas, ban da gaskiyar cewa yana waje da ganuwar gabashin birnin.[2]
A karkashin mulkin Abbasid (farawa a 750 AZ), cibiyar gwamnati ta koma sabon birni da aka kafa a arewa maso gabashin Fustat, wanda ake kira al-'Askar, sannan kuma zuwa wani birni, al-Qata'i, wanda gwamnan mai zaman kansa Ahmad Ibn Tulun ya gina a karni na 9. Ci gaban necropolis ya koma arewa maso gabas, yana nuna waɗannan sabbin cibiyoyin iko. Misali, mai yiwuwa an binne Ibn Tulun da kansa a cikin sabon makabartar da aka haɓaka a kudancin al-Qata'i (kuducin Masallacin Ibn Tulun), kodayake ba za a iya samun kabarinsa a yau ba. Abu mai mahimmanci, wannan yanki ya zama wurin da aka yi amfani da kaburbura masu muhimmanci da yawa na zuriyar Annabi da suka yi hijira zuwa Misira a wannan lokacin, wasu daga cikinsu, kamar na Sayyida Ruqayya, Sayyida Nafisa da Sayyida Aisha, har yanzu suna nan a yau.[10] Daga baya a kudu, Imam al-Shafi'i, Masanin addini Sunni mai mahimmanci kuma wanda ya kafa Shafi'i madhhab, an binne shi a tsakiyar makabartar a farkon karni na 9 a shafin yanar gizon makabartar Quraysh na farko. Kabarinsa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mahimman wurare a cikin makabarta har zuwa yau, yana jan hankalin mahajjata da yawa kuma yana haifar da ci gaba a yankin a lokuta daban-daban.[2]
A ƙarshen mulkin Abbasid a Misira a ƙarni na 10, an ruwaito cewa necropolis ya rufe babban yanki wanda ya kai kilomita da yawa daga gefen kudancin al-Qata'i (kusa da Masallacin Ibn Tulun da kuma daga baya Citadel na Salah ad-Din) zuwa tsohon tafkin Birkat al-Habash (kawai kudu da Ring Road na zamani a gundumar Basatin). [1] Wasu masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa an raba yankin necropolis zuwa makabarta biyu: Qarafat al-Sughra, ko "Ƙaramin Qarafa", wanda ke arewacin arewa, da Qarafat al'Kubra, ko kuma "Babban Qarafa", yana yadawa a kan babban yanki a kudu.[2][1]: 123, 297-298 A kowane hali, duk da haka, za a yi amfani da waɗannan kalmomin a hanyoyi daban-daban daga baya.
A wannan farkon lokacin, manyan kaburbura sun kasance da wuya, kaburbura ba a yi musu ado ba, kuma kawai kaburbura mafi muhimmanci zasu iya samun wani tsari na rarrabewa kwata-kwata, kamar yadda Musulunci na farko ya hana kaburbura masu ban sha'awa. Hadisin gina mausoleums ne kawai ya samo asali daga zamanin Fatimid zuwa gaba.
Manazarta
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- ↑ "Historic Cairo". UNESCO World Heritage Centre (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-11-08.
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<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named ":1". - ↑ Dagres, Holly (2023-09-07). "Egypt is killing the history of its City of the Dead". Atlantic Council (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-01-27.
- ↑ Maher, Hatem (19 June 2023). "Bulldozers tear into Cairo's historic Islamic cemeteries". Reuters. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
- ↑ Sawy, Nada El (2022-01-19). "Cairo's City of the Dead faces destruction to ease traffic jams". The National (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-01-27.
- ↑ Keath, Lee; Magdy, Samy (2023-09-11). "New highways carve into Cairo's City of the Dead cemetery as Egypt's government reshapes the city". AP News (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-01-27.
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