Bitis nasicornis
| Bitis nasicornis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Conservation status | |
 VU (mul)  (IUCN 3.1) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Class | Reptilia (mul)  |
| Order | Squamata (mul) |
| Dangi | Viperidae (mul) |
| Genus | Bitis (mul)
|
| jinsi | Bitis nasicornis Shaw, 1792
|
| Geographic distribution | |
 | |
Bitis nasicornis wani nau'in viper ne na jinsin Bitis, wani yanki na dangi da aka fi sani da "puff-adders", da aka samu a cikin dazuzzukan Yammacin Afirka da Tsakiyar Afirka .[1][2][3] Wannan babban macijiya an san shi da launi mai ban sha'awa da sanannen "ƙaho" na hanci. [4] Babu wani yanki da aka gane a halin yanzu.[5] Sunayensa na gama gari sun haɗa da macijin malam buɗe ido, macijin rhinoceros, jakin kogi da ƙari mai yawa (duba sashe: sunayen gama gari ).[6] Kamar sauran macizai, yana da dafi .
Sunayen da aka saba amfani da su
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunayen da aka saba da su da na tarihi sun haɗa da maciji, maciji na rhinoceros, maciji mai ƙaho, maciji da ƙaho da kuma maciji.[7] Americo-Liberians a bayyane suna kiran manya "puff-adders", kamar B. nasicornis, amma kuma B. gabonica (gaboon viper), macizai na cassava.
A tarihi ana kiran wannan nau'in a matsayin maciji na rhinoceros (misali Jamusanci: , Faransanci: Vipère rhinocéros) amma wannan ya gabatar da rikice-rikice bayan sake rarraba nau'in da ke da alaƙa da Bitis rhinoceres. Saboda haka sunan da aka saba amfani da shi ya fi bambanta kuma an fi so ya guje wa rikicewa.
Sunan "horned puff adder" (dangane da dangin viper "puff adders", a yau dai-dai da jinsin Bitis ) kuma sunan tarihi ne na Bitis caudalis ( horned adder ) kuma yana iya haifar da ruɗani. Abin sha'awa shine sunan Dutch na Bitis nasicornis shine "rhinoceros puff adder" ( Dutch ), yayin da Bitis caudalis (ƙaho mai ƙaho) ake kira "ƙaho mai ƙaho" ( Dutch ).
Bayyanawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Babba kuma mai tsayi, yana da tsawon duka (jiki + wutsiya) daga 72 zuwa 107 cm (kimanin 28 zuwa 42 inci). Spawls et al. (2004) sun ambaci matsakaicin jimlar tsawon 120 centimetres (47 in) in), amma sun yarda da wannan na musamman ne, suna ambaton matsakaicin tsawon 60-90 cm (kimanin 24-35 inci). Mai bincike Harry Johnston (1858 - 1927) ya ambaci littafinsa 'Liberia' (1906) cewa manya "puff-adders" na nau'in B. nasicornis da B. gabonica (gaboon viper) suna girma zuwa "tsakanin ƙafa huɗu da biyar" (kimanin 120 zuwa 150 cm) a Laberiya. Ya kuma bayyana cewa: "idan ya faru da ƙaho mai ƙaho, yara lokacin da aka haife su suna da tsawon ƙafa ɗaya" (~ 30 cm), wanda ya fi 20 zuwa 65 cikin ɗari tsayi fiye da matsakaicin tsawon haihuwa da Spawls et al. (2004) suka bayar: 18-25 cm (7-10 in). [1] Mata suna girma fiye da maza. [8]
Kai yana da kunkuntar, mai laushi, triangular kuma ɗan ƙarami ne idan aka kwatanta da sauran jikin. Wuyan wuyansa yana da tsayi. Yana da saiti na musamman na ma'auni biyu ko uku masu kama da ƙaho a ƙarshen hanci, wanda na gaba zai iya zama mai tsawo. Idanu ƙananan ne kuma suna saita gaba sosai. Hanyoyin ba su da girma: da wuya fiye da 1.5 centimetres (0.59 in) in) tsawo.[9]
Tsakanin jiki akwai layuka 31-43 na sikelin dorsal. Wadannan suna da tsananin gaske kuma suna da tsayi sosai cewa wani lokacin suna haifar da yanka a kan masu kula da su lokacin da macizai ke gwagwarmaya. Akwai ma'auni na ventral 117-140 kuma ma'aunin anal guda ne. Mallow et al. (2003) sun ba da rahoton lambar subcaudals 16-32, tare da maza da ke da ƙididdiga mafi girma (25-30) fiye da mata (16-19). (2004) sun bayyana cewa akwai 12-32 subcaudals, biyu, kuma maza suna da mafi yawan su.[10]
Tsarin launi ya ƙunshi jerin 15-18 shuɗi ko shuɗi-kore, alamomi masu tsayi, kowannensu yana da layin lemun tsayi a tsakiya. Wadannan an rufe su a cikin ba bisa ka'ida ba, baƙar fata, rhombic blotches. Jerin triangles masu duhu masu launin ruwan kasa suna gudana a gefen, da ke da iyaka da kore ko shuɗi. Yawancin ma'auni na gefe suna da fararen matakai, suna ba maciji bayyanar velvety. A saman kai ne blue ko kore, rufe da wani daban baki arrow alama. Ciki yana da kore mai laushi zuwa fari mai datti, marmara mai ƙarfi kuma yana da baki da launin toka. Samfurori na Yammacin sun fi shuɗi, yayin da waɗanda ke gabas sun fi kore. Bayan sun zubar da fatarsu, launuka masu haske sun ɓace da sauri yayin da laka daga mazauninsu mai laushi ya tara a kan ma'auni.
-
Kyakkyawar shuɗi-kore mai ƙirar ƙuruciya -
Babban shuɗi-kore mai ƙira -
Tsarin shuɗi-kore wanda aka soke -
Baligi mai launin shuɗi mai haske
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Rarrabawa da mazauni
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana samun B. nasicornis daga kudancin Guinea, Saliyo da Laberiya zuwa Ghana a Yammacin Afirka, da kuma Afirka ta Tsakiya a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, kudancin Sudan, Kamaru, Gabon, Kongo, DR Congo, Angola, Rwanda, Uganda da yammacin Kenya. An lissafa irin wannan yankin ne kawai a matsayin " sassan ciki na Afirka".
Yawanci yana faruwa a yankunan gandun daji, da wuya a shiga cikin gandun daji. Saboda haka kewayonsa ya fi ƙuntata fiye da B. gabonica.
Halin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da farko suna da 3 metres (9.8 ft), suna ɓoyewa a rana a cikin ganye, a cikin ramuka, a kusa da itatuwa da suka fadi ko tushen bishiyoyin daji. Launi mai haske a zahiri yana ba su kyakkyawan camouflage a cikin yanayin haske na gandun daji, yana mai da su kusan ganuwa. Kodayake galibi na ƙasa ne, an kuma san su da hawa cikin bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, inda aka samo su har zuwa 3 sama da ƙasa. Wannan halayyar hawa tana taimakawa ta hanyar wutsiya mai tsayi. Wani lokaci ana samun su a cikin tafkuna masu zurfi kuma an bayyana su a matsayin masu iyo masu ƙarfi.
Suna da jinkirin motsi, amma suna iya bugawa da sauri, gaba ko gefe, ba tare da juyawa da farko ko ba da gargadi ba. Tsayar da su da wutsiya ba lafiya ba ne; saboda yana da ɗan damuwa, za su iya amfani da shi don jefa kansu sama da kuma kai farmaki.
An bayyana su a matsayin halittu masu kwanciyar hankali, ƙasa da B. gabonica, amma ba kamar B. Arietans ba. Lokacin da aka kusanci su, sau da yawa suna nuna kasancewarsu ta hanyar yin murya, an ce shi ne murya mafi ƙarfi na kowane maciji na Afirka - kusan murya. Wadannan adders kuma suna yin wani nau'i na hayaniya ta hanci a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin numfashi.
Abinci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da yake ya fi son farauta ta hanyar kwanto, mai yiwuwa yana ciyar da yawancin rayuwarsa ba tare da motsi ba, yana jiran ganima ya yi yawo. Froesch (1967) ya bayyana samfurin da aka kama wanda ba zai taɓa barin Akwatin ɓoye ba, koda lokacin da yake jin yunwa, kuma sau ɗaya ya jira kwana uku don linzamin kwamfuta mai rai ya shiga akwatin ɓawon burodi kafin ya buge. Yana cin abinci galibi a kan kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, amma a wuraren da ake amfani da su, an kuma san shi da shan tururuwa, kwari har ma da kifi. Ɗaya daga cikin samfurori masu zaman kansu na dogon lokaci, wanda ke ciyar da beraye da kwari a kai a kai, koyaushe yana riƙe da ganimar sa na mintuna da yawa bayan yajin aiki kafin ya haɗiye. Gabaɗaya yana cin abinci a kan karamin ganima fiye da Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica).
Haihuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kamar yawancin vipers, Bitis nasicornis suna da rai (samar da 'ya'yansu da rai). A Yammacin Afirka, jinsin yana haihuwar yara shida zuwa 38 a watan Maris-Afrilu a farkon lokacin ruwan sama. Kowane jariri yana da 18-25 cm (7-10 in) zuwa 1 feet (0.30 jimlar tsawon lokacin da aka haife shi. A gabashin Afirka, lokacin kiwo ba shi da iyaka.
Rashin guba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙananan allurai na maciji na farko na hemotoxic na iya zama mai kisa. Wannan ya bambanta da Gaboon viper, wanda ke amfani da adadi mai yawa na guba. Bitis nasicornis yana da neurotoxic, da kuma guba mai guba, kamar yadda yawancin sauran macizai masu guba suke yi. Rashin guba mai guba a cikin vipers na rhinoceros ya fi rinjaye. Wannan guba ta kai farmaki ga tsarin yaduwar maciji, tana lalata nama da jijiyoyin jini. Hakanan zubar da jini na ciki yana faruwa.
Lokacin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba, ana ninka ƙashin maciji a cikin rufin bakin maciji. Macijin yana da ikon sarrafa motsi na ƙuƙwalwarsa. Lokacin da maciji ya buɗe bakinsa, ba lallai ba ne cewa ƙuƙwalwar za ta juya ƙasa a wurin. Hanyoyin suna shiga cikin zurfin wanda aka azabtar kuma guba tana gudana ta cikin hanci zuwa cikin raunin.
Saboda iyakancewar kewayon ƙasa, an bayar da rahoton ɗanɗano kaɗan. Babu kididdiga.
Dan kadan an san game da guba da abun da ke cikin dafin. A cikin berayen, LD50 na cikin jini shine 1.1 mg/kg. Dafin yana da ɗanɗano mai guba fiye da na B. arietans da B. gabonca . Matsakaicin yawan ruwan dafin dafin ya kai 200 MG. Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya ruwaito wannan dafin yana da ƙimar LD 50 mafi girma na intramuscular-8.6 mg/kg-na biyar daban-daban viperid venoms gwada ( B. arietans, B. gabonica, B. nasicornis, Daboia russelii da Vipera aspis ). Wani kuma ya nuna ɗan bambanci a cikin ƙarfin dafin waɗannan macizai, ko ana shayar da su sau ɗaya kowane kwana biyu ko sau ɗaya a kowane mako uku. A cikin zomaye, dafin yana da ɗanɗano mai guba fiye da na B. gabonca .
A cikin 'yan rahotanni masu zurfi game da guba ta mutum, an bayyana kumburi mai yawa, wanda zai iya haifar da necrosis. A shekara ta 2003, wani mutum a Dayton, Ohio, wanda ke riƙe da samfurin a matsayin dabba, an ci shi kuma daga baya ya mutu. Akalla rigakafi guda ɗaya yana karewa musamman daga cinyewa daga wannan nau'in: India Antiserum Africa Polyvalent.[11]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Penner, J.; Rödel, M.-O.; Luiselli, L.; Trape, J.-F.; Spawls, S.; Malonza, P.K.; Beraduccii, J.; Chippaux, J.-P.; LeBreton, M.; Kusamba, C.; Gonwouo, N.L. (2021). "Bitis nasicornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T13300910A13300919. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T13300910A13300919.en. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ↑ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- ↑ Bitis nasicornis at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 3 February 2022.
- ↑ Spawls S, Branch B. 1995.
- ↑ "Bitis nasicornis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
- ↑ Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
- ↑ U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
- ↑ Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
- ↑ Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
- ↑ Spawls S, Howell K, Drewes R, Ashe J. 2004. A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. London: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. 543 pp. ISBN 0-7136-6817-2.
- ↑ Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Venom Response Unit Archived 2008-12-20 at the Wayback Machine at VenomousReptiles.org Archived 2008-04-09 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 5 September 2006.