Biyan bashi
A cikin dokar kasa da kasa, bashin da ba a yarda da shi ba, wanda aka fi sani da bashin da bai dace ba, ka'idar doka ce da ta ce bashin kasa da mulkin kama karya ya samu bai kamata a aiwatar da shi ba. Irin waɗannan basussuka, saboda haka, ana ɗaukar su ta wannan rukunan a matsayin basussukan gwamnati da ta jawo su ba basussukan jihar ba. A wasu fannoni, ra'ayin yayi kama da rashin ingancin kwangila da aka sanya hannu a karkashin tilasta. Ko yana yiwuwa a biya bashin ta wannan hanyar batun jayayya ne.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Manufar tana da abubuwan da suka samo asali daga shekarun 1800 da tallafi daga fannoni daban-daban kamar tattalin arziki, falsafar, kimiyyar siyasa, Tarihi, da doka. [An buƙaci ƙarin bayani] [<span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (December 2022)">further explanation needed</span>]
An tsara manufar bashi mai banƙyama a cikin wata takarda ta shekarar 1927 ta Alexander Nahum Sack, masanin ilimin shari'a na Rasha. Ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka gabata guda biyu na karni na 19 - ƙin Mexico na basussukan da Emperor Maximilian ya samu, da kuma ƙin yarda da Amurka game da alhakin Cuban don basussukan mulkin mallaka na Spain ya samu.
Sack ya rubuta cewa:
Lokacin da mulkin kama karya ya kwangila bashi, ba don bukatun ko don amfanin jihar ba, amma don karfafa kansa, don murkushe shahararren tawaye, da dai sauransu, wannan bashin yana da ƙyama ga mutanen dukan jihar. Wannan bashin ba ya ɗaure al'umma; bashin mulkin mallaka ne, bashin mutum ne da mai mulki ya yi, kuma saboda haka, ya fadi tare da mutuwar mulkin. Dalilin da ya sa waɗannan basussuka masu banƙyama ba zasu iya haɗawa da yankin jihar ba shi da cika ɗaya daga cikin sharuɗɗa da ke ƙayyade halattaccen basussukan Jiha, wato cewa dole ne a sami basussukan Gwamnati, kuma an yi amfani da kuɗin, don buƙatu da kuma amfanin Jiha. Biyan bashi masu ƙiyayya, waɗanda aka yi kwangila kuma aka yi amfani da su don dalilai waɗanda, ga sanin masu ba da rance, sun saba wa bukatun da bukatun al'umma, ba su da ɗaurewa ga al'umma - lokacin da ta yi nasara wajen hambarar da gwamnatin da ta yi kwangila da su - sai dai idan bashin ya kasance cikin iyakokin ainihin fa'idodi da waɗannan basussuka zasu iya bayarwa. Masu ba da rance sun aikata mummunan aiki ga mutane, ba za su iya tsammanin wata al'umma da ta 'yantar da kanta daga mulkin kama karya don ɗaukar waɗannan basussuka masu banƙyama, waɗanda su ne basussukan mai mulki ba.[1]
Sack ya yi la'akari da cewa irin waɗannan basussuka ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba lokacin da (1) mai ba da bashi ya kamata ya san cewa (2) an yi bashin ba tare da yardar ba kuma (3) ba tare da fa'ida ga jama'a ba. Akwai misalai da yawa na irin wannan ƙin bashi.[2]
Babban Alkalin William Howard Taft, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai sulhu, ya yi amfani da koyarwar a Shekarar1923 don gano cewa Costa Rica ba lallai ba ne ta biya bashin Burtaniya da gwamnatin Federico Tinoco Granados ta samu.
Duk da irin waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen, Mitu Gulati ya yi jayayya cewa bashin ƙiyayya ba wani ɓangare ne na dokar kasa da kasa ba saboda "[n]o kotun ƙasa ko na duniya ta taɓa ambaton bashin ƙyamar a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ya zama dole. "
Karɓar baƙi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Patricia Adams, babban darakta na Probe International, kungiyar kare muhalli da manufofin jama'a ta Kanada kuma marubucin Odious Debts: Loose Lending, Corruption, and the Third World's Environmental Legacy, ya ce: "ta hanyar ba masu ba da bashi damar ba da rance kawai don dalilan da ke bayyane kuma na amfanin jama'a, masu zalunci na gaba za su rasa ikon su iya tallafa wa sojojin su, kuma dalilin zaman lafiya a duniya za a yi amfani da shi. " A cikin binciken manufofin Cato, Cato, ana amfani da su a lokacin da su yi amfani da su, a lokacin da kayan aikin Saddam Hussein na mulkin mallaka, a kan makamai masu cin zarafin Iraki.
Wani labarin a shekarar 2002 da masana tattalin arziki Seema Jayachandran da Michael Kremer suka sabunta sha'awar wannan batu. Sun ba da shawarar cewa za a iya amfani da ra'ayin don ƙirƙirar sabon nau'in takunkumin tattalin arziki don hana ci gaba da ranta daga masu mulkin kama karya.[3] Jayachandran ya gabatar da sabbin shawarwari a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010 a bikin cika shekaru 10 na jubilee a Cibiyar Ci gaban Duniya a Washington, DC.[4] Daga baya, Cibiyar Ci gaban Duniya ta karɓi tsarin takunkumin rance kuma ya kasance tushen ƙarin shawarwari da yawa. [5][6] Wasu suna tunanin koyarwar na iya taimakawa ci gaban kasa da kasa. Wasu suna tunanin cewa koyarwar ya kamata ta ba da damar soke wasu nau'ikan bashi.
Aikace-aikacen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan samun Puerto Rico ta hanyar Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya da Amurka, Amurka ta ki biyan masu ba da bashi na mulkin mallaka, suna tabbatar da cewa suna da bashi mai banƙyama.[7]
watan Disamban shekarar 2008, Shugaban kasar Ecuador Rafael Correa ya yi ƙoƙari ya kasa biyan bashin kasa 'Yan Ecuador, yana kiransa bashin da ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, saboda masu cin hanci da rashawa da kuma zalunci da suka gabata sun yi yarjejeniya da shi. Ya yi nasarar rage farashin wasikun bashi kafin ya ci gaba da biyan bashin. Hy
Bayan da aka hambarar da Jean-Claude Duvalier na Haiti a shekarar 1986, an yi kira don soke bashin da Haiti ke bin cibiyoyin da yawa, suna kiranta bashin da ba daidai ba, kuma Haiti za ta iya amfani da kudaden don ilimi, kiwon lafiya, da kayan aikin asali. [8] Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun shekarar 2008, ƙudurin soke bashin Haiti yana da masu tallafawa 66 a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka.[9] Kungiyoyi da yawa a Amurka sun ba da faɗakarwar aiki game da ƙudurin soke bashin Haiti, da kuma wasika ta Majalisa ga Baitulmalin Amurka, gami da Jubilee USA, Cibiyar Shari'a da Dimokuradiyya a Haiti da Pax Christi USA.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Biyan kasashe masu tasowa
- Rage bashin
- Kudin cikin gida na dala
- Kwaskwarima ta goma sha huɗu ga Tsarin Mulki na Amurka
- Biyan kasashen waje na Haiti
- Cibiyar Jubilee ta Amurka
- Hadarin Ɗabi'a
- Biyan da ke cikin mulki
- Rashin amincewa da mulkin mallaka
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Jubilee Iraq - Odious Debt". Archived from the original on 2011-03-06.
- ↑ Mitu Gulati; Sarah Ludington; Alfred L. Brophy (January 2010). "Applied Legal History: Demystifying the Doctrine of Odious Debts". Theoretical Inquiries in Law. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. 11 (1): 247–281. doi:10.2202/1565-3404.1242. ISSN 1565-3404. S2CID 201055836.
- ↑ Michael Kremer; Seema Jayachandran (June 2002). "Odious Debt". Finance & Development. IMF. 39 (2).
- ↑ "What Ever Happened to the Jubilee? A 10th Anniversary Assessment of the Debt Relief Movement". Center For Global Development (in Turanci). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ↑ "Prevention of Odious Debt Working Group (June 2009 – November 2010)". Center For Global Development (in Turanci). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
- ↑ Schneider, Friedrich Benjamin (2015). "The International Convention on the Prevention of Odious Agreements: A Human Rights-Based Mechanism to Avoid Odious Debts" (PDF). Leiden Journal of International Law. Cambridge University Press. 28 (3): 557–578. doi:10.1017/S0922156515000291. S2CID 151618161.
- ↑ "Developments in the Law — Ch. II: The International Place of Puerto Rico" (PDF). Harvard Law Review. 130: 1656. 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2017.
- ↑ "Jubilee USA Network | take_action | haiti06.html". February 8, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-02-08.
- ↑ "Congresswoman Maxine Waters Introduces Legislation to Cancel Haiti's Debt". Archived from the original on 2012-09-16. Retrieved 2012-05-25.