Black Sash

Black Sash
	women's rights organization (en)
Bayanai
Farawa	1955
Sana'a	anti-apartheid activist (en)
Ƙasa	Afirka ta kudu
Shafin yanar gizo	blacksash.org.za

Black Sash ƙungiyar kare hakkin ɗan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu ce. An kafa ta a Johannesburg a cikin shekarar 1955 a matsayin ƙungiyar gwagwarmaya mara tashin hankali ga mata farar fata masu sassaucin ra'ayi. ^[1]

Asalin

An kafa Black Sash ne a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu 1955 ta wasu fararen mata guda shida Jean Sinclair, Ruth Foley, Elizabeth McLaren, Tertia Pybus, Jean Bosazza da Helen Newton-Thompson.^[1] The organisation was founded as the Women’s Defence of the Constitution League but was eventually shortened by the press as the Black Sash due to the women's habit of wearing black sashes at their protest meetings.^[2] An kafa ƙungiyar ne a matsayin ƙungiyar kare hakkin mata na kundin tsarin mulki amma daga ƙarshe ‘yan jarida sun takaita a matsayin Black Sash saboda ɗabi’ar matan na sanya baƙaƙen sashes a taronsu na zanga-zangar. ^:79Waɗannan black sashes sun kasance alamar makoki na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu.^[2] ^:79Mambobin da suka kafa sun hallara don shan shayi a Johannesburg kafin su yanke shawarar shirya wani yunkuri na adawa da dokar majalisar dattawa. Sun yi nasarar gudanar da bikin baje kolin mata 2 000 da suka yi tattaki daga Joubert Park zuwa zauren taron birnin Johannesburg. ^[3]

Ayyukan Anti-Apartheid

Da farko dai 'yan Black Sash sun yi kamfen na kin amincewa da cire masu kada kuri'a masu launi ko gauraye daga cikin jerin sunayen masu kada kuri'a a lardin Cape da gwamnatin jam'iyyar ta kasa ta yi. Yayin da tsarin wariyar launin fata ya fara shiga kowane fanni na rayuwar Afirka ta Kudu, 'yan Black Sash sun nuna rashin amincewa da Dokokin Pass da kuma gabatar da wasu dokokin wariyar launin fata.^[4] Daga baya za ta buɗe ofisoshin shawarwari don ba da bayanai game da haƙƙinsu na doka ga waɗanda ba farar fata ba na Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda dokar ta shafa.^[4] Waɗannan ofisoshin shawarwari sun kasance muhimmiyar rawa na jajircewa da rawar da ƙungiyar take takawa a matsayin muhimmin ɓangaren ƙungiyoyin jama'a.^[5]

Tsakanin shekarun 1955 zuwa 1994, Black Sash ya ba da tabbaci mai yaɗuwa da bayyane na juriya ga tsarin wariyar launin fata. A gaskiya ma, a cikin shekarun 1960 da mafi yawan shekarun 1970 Black Sash da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu ɗalibai sun wakilci kawai fararen adawa masu adawa ga gwamnati a wajen majalisa.^[6] Membobinta sun yi aiki a matsayin masu ba da agaji ga iyalai waɗanda dokokin wariyar launin fata suka shafa; gudanar da zanga-zangar tituna akai-akai; yayi magana a tarurrukan siyasa; sun kawo kararrakin rashin adalci ga ‘yan Majalisu, tare da sanya ido a wajen Majalisa da ofisoshin gwamnati. An yi wa da yawa daga cikin mambobi suna a cikin al'ummominsu fararen fata, kuma ba sabon abu ba ne mata masu sanye da baƙar fata magoya bayan wariyar launin fata sun kai hari a jiki.

Sheena Duncan ta shiga cikin Black Sash a cikin shekarar 1963, kuma ta jagoranci ta shekaru da yawa, ta zama shugabar rayuwa. A zamaninta an rubuta litattafai da yawa, kuma an fassara su zuwa harsunan asali, don sanar da mutane hakkokinsu na doka a karkashin mulkin wariyar launin fata.

A cikin shekarar 1980s Black Sash sun kafa wani karamin kwamiti mai suna The Transvaal Rural Action Committee (TRAC) wanda daga baya ya kasance cikin kwamitin kula da filaye na kasa yana taimakawa al'ummomin da ba farar fata ba waɗanda aka tilasta wa fitar da filaye. ^:61Hakanan za ta ƙirƙira da ba da tallafi ga Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙauye (RWM), ta tallafa wa yankunan karkara yancin mata waɗanda ba farar fata ba game da gado da mallakar filaye, a shekarar 1986.^[4] ^:61TRAC ta ɗauki Lydia Kompe aiki don daidaita RWM a 1986, kuma Nomhlangano Beauty Mkhize, daga Driefontein, ya zama shugaba na farko.

A cikin shekarar 1983, Black Sash ta yi kira da a soke shiga aikin soja.^[7] Kungiyar ta taka rawar gani wajen kafa kamfen na kawo ƙarshen aikin soja domin yaki da aikin soja na tilas da samarin turawa suka yi.^[8]

Ƙarshen nuna wariyar launin fata

A farkon shekarun 1990 ne gwagwarmayar Black Sash ta kawo ƙarshe bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin nuna wariyar launin fata, da hana jam'iyyar ANC da kuma sako Nelson Mandela daga gidan yari. Nelson Mandela ya san rawar da ta taka a lokacin da aka sake shi da kuma shugabannin siyasa na baya. Kafin zaɓen ƙabilanci da yawa na shekarar 1994, Black Sash ta gudanar da ilimantar da masu jefa ƙuri'a kuma ta fitar da wani ɗan littafi mai suna You and the Vote. An sake fasalin kungiyar a cikin shekarar 1995 a matsayin kungiyar agaji mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta, tana aiki don 'sake hakkin ɗan Adam na hakika ga duk wanda ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu'.

A watan Mayun 2015, kungiyar ta yi bikin cika shekaru 60 da kafuwa yayin da ta karkata akalarta kan ilimi, horarwa, shawarwari da kuma lura da al'umma. Bikin tarihin Black Sash kuma an yi shi ne ta hanyar ƙaddamar da littattafai guda biyu, wato Tsaye akan Titin Titin: Tarihin Yankin Natal Midlands na Black Sash da tarihin rayuwar Annemarie Hendrikz .^[9]

Shugabanni na kasa

Ruth Foley 1955 - 1957
Molley Petersen 1958 - 1959
Eulalie Doreen Stott 1960 - 1961
Jean Sinclair 1961 - 1975
Sheena Duncan 1976 - 1978
Joyce Harris 1979 - 1982
Sheena Duncan 1983 - 1986
Maria Macdiarmid "Maryamu" Burton 1987 - 1990
Jennifer de Tolly 1991 - 1994

Duba kuma

Mata a Afirka ta Kudu
Sandra Botha
Sheena Duncan
Ruth Hayman
Mary Renault
Nuhu Robb
Helen Zille

Manazarta

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 "The Beginning of the Sash 1955-1956". Archived from the original on 2015-04-26. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Villa-Vicencio, Charles (1996). The Spirit of Freedom: South African Leaders on Religion and Politics. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520200456.
↑ "STANDING ON STREET CORNERS" (PDF). 2015.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Miller, Robert E.; Wilford, Rick (2004). Women, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Politics of Transition. Routledge. ISBN 9781134695492.
↑ Davis, Dennis; Le Roux, Michelle (2009). Precedent & Possibility: The (ab)use of Law in South Africa. p. 79.
↑ van Vuuren, D. (1988). South Africa: The Challenge of Reform. Owen Burgess. p. 184.
↑ Gasa, Nomboniso (2007). Women in South African History: They Remove Boulders and Cross Rivers (in Turanci). HSRC Press. ISBN 9780796921741.
↑ Williams, Gwyneth; Brian, Hackland (2015). The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Southern Africa. Routledge. p. 35.
↑ "'The conscience of white South Africa': Celebrating the Black Sash, 60 years later | Daily Maverick". www.dailymaverick.co.za (in Turanci). 13 May 2015. Retrieved 2017-12-28.

Ƙara karantawa

Bernstein, H., 1975. Don nasarorin da suka samu da kuma hawayensu - Mata a Afirka ta Kudu wariyar launin fata, Asusun Tsaro da Agaji na Duniya, London, United Kingdom.
Ana iya samun ƙaramin tarin takaddun Black Sash a Cibiyar Borthwick, Jami'ar York

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

[Black-1] 1.0 ^1.1 "The Beginning of the Sash 1955-1956". Archived from the original on 2015-04-26. Retrieved 2015-05-14.

[Villa-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Villa-Vicencio, Charles (1996). The Spirit of Freedom: South African Leaders on Religion and Politics. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520200456.

[3] "STANDING ON STREET CORNERS" (PDF). 2015.

[Mill-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Miller, Robert E.; Wilford, Rick (2004). Women, Ethnicity and Nationalism: The Politics of Transition. Routledge. ISBN 9781134695492.

[5] Davis, Dennis; Le Roux, Michelle (2009). Precedent & Possibility: The (ab)use of Law in South Africa. p. 79.

[6] van Vuuren, D. (1988). South Africa: The Challenge of Reform. Owen Burgess. p. 184.

[:0-7] Gasa, Nomboniso (2007). Women in South African History: They Remove Boulders and Cross Rivers (in Turanci). HSRC Press. ISBN 9780796921741.

[8] Williams, Gwyneth; Brian, Hackland (2015). The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Southern Africa. Routledge. p. 35.

[9] "'The conscience of white South Africa': Celebrating the Black Sash, 60 years later | Daily Maverick". www.dailymaverick.co.za (in Turanci). 13 May 2015. Retrieved 2017-12-28.

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