Blemmyes

Blemmyes
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
	Tsohuwar Masar

Blemmyes (tsohon Girkanci: Βλέμμυες ko Βλέμυες, Blémues [blé.my.es], Latin: Blemmyae) mutane ne na Hamada ta Gabas waɗanda suka bayyana a rubuce-rubuce tun daga karni na 7 BC har zuwa karni na 8 AD.^[1] A ƙarshen karni na 4, sun mamaye Lower Nubia kuma sun kafa masarauta. Daga rubuce-rubucen a cikin haikalin Isis a Philae, an san adadi mai yawa game da tsarin mulkin Blemmyan.^[2]

Mafi yawa ana gano Blemmyes a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan al'adun X-Group na archaeological waɗanda suka bunƙasa a cikin Late Antiquity.[1] Ganewar su tare da mutanen Beja waɗanda suka zauna yanki ɗaya tun daga Tsakiyar Tsakiya ana yarda da su gaba ɗaya.^[3]^[4]

Asalin

Kusan 1000 BC wani rukuni na mutane, wanda masana ilimin kimiya suka kira C-group, sun yi hijira daga Lower Nubia (yankin da ke tsakanin Aswan na yau da Wadi Halfa) suka zauna a Upper Nubia (kwarin Nilu a arewacin Dongola a Sudan), inda suka ci gaba da mulkin Napata daga kimanin 750 BC. Na wani lokaci wannan masarauta ta mallaki Masar ma, tana ba da daularta ta 25. Na zamani tare da su akwai ragowar kayan tarihi na wani rukunin al'adu, "mutanen kabari." An gano su da Medjay na rubuce-rubucen kafofin.^[5] An samo wuraren da ke da alaƙa da su a Khor Arba'at da Erkowit a cikin tsakiyar yankin Beja na yau. Shaidun sun nuna cewa wasu tsiraru ne kawai na "mutanen kaburbura" sun rayu a cikin kwarin Nilu, inda suka kasance a cikin ƙananan al'ummomin da ke tsakanin Masarawa da C-group, ana amfani da su lokaci-lokaci a matsayin masu leken asirin hamada, mayaka ko ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai. Galibin tabbas makiyayan hamada ne, jakuna masu kiwo, tumaki da awaki. Bayan 600 BC, daular Napatan, daular C-group ta rasa iko a kan Masar da kuma ƙananan Nubia ta zama kango. Yankin na ƙarshe ya kasance fiye ko žasa ba tare da matsuguni na dindindin ba tsawon ƙarni huɗu. Babban bayani na dakatar da zaman jama'a a Lower Nubia shi ne bushewar wannan yanki na duniya, yana sa noman kwarin kogin wahala. Saboda sauyin yanayi, an rage matakin kogin Nilu zuwa wani mataki wanda ba za a iya biya shi kawai a farkon karni na farko miladiyya ba, lokacin da aka samar da keken ruwa na saqiyah. Har zuwa lokacin, yankin ba shi da yawa daga makiyayan hamada. A siyasance, “wata kasa ce ta ba kowa inda ayari, sai dai idan an ba su rakiyar masu yawa, aka kai su ga ‘yan bindiga”.^[6]

Ilimin kalmomi

Ilimin sanin ilimin asali wanda Joseph Halévy ya fara gabatarwa ya haɗa sunan Blemmyes tare da kalmar Beja ta zamani bálami "mazaunan hamada, nomad", wanda aka samo daga bal "hamada".

Tarihi

Mutanen da ake magana a cikin rubutun Helenanci kamar Blemmyes na iya samun farkon ambaton su a matsayin Masarawa Bwrꜣhꜣyw a cikin kushite na gadon sarauta na Anlamani daga Kawa daga ƙarshen karni na bakwai BC. Wakilin Brhrm a cikin takardar koke daga El Hiba daga baya karni ɗaya na iya yin nuni da tushe iri ɗaya. Irin waɗannan kalmomin suna sake faruwa a cikin kafofin Masar daga ƙarni na baya tare da ƙarin takamaiman wasiƙu zuwa ga kalmar Blemmyes ta Girka. A cikin 'yan Koftik, Ⲃɩ

Kalmar Helenanci ta fara bayyana a karni na uku BC a cikin ɗayan waƙar Theocritus da kuma a cikin Eratosthenes, wanda aka ambata a cikin Strabo's Geographica (ƙarni na farko AD). Eratosthenes ya bayyana Blemmyes kamar yadda suke zaune tare da Megabaroi a cikin ƙasa tsakanin Kogin Nilu da Bahar Maliya a arewacin Meroë. Strabo da kansa, inda ya same su a kudancin Syene (Aswan), ya bayyana su a matsayin mahara makiyaya amma ba bellicose. A cikin rubuce-rubucen da suka biyo baya, an kwatanta Blemmyes a cikin stereotypical kalmomi a matsayin ƴan baranda mazauna kudancin Masar. Pomponius Mela da Pliny dattijo sun bayyana su a matsayin wasu marasa kai da fuskokinsu a kan ƙirji.^[7]

Manazarta

↑ Christides, Vassilios (1980). "Ethnic Movements in Southern Egypt and Northern Sudan: Blemmyes-Beja in Late Antique and Early Arab Egypt until 707 A. D.". Listy filologické. 103 (3): 129–143. JSTOR 23464092.
↑ Welsby, Derek (2002), The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia: Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile, British Museum, pp. 16–17.
↑ Dijkstra, Jitse H.F. (2018), "Blemmyes", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, p. 253
↑ Dijkstra, Jitse H.F. (2013), "Blemmyes", The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Wiley, pp. 1145–1146
↑ Bietak 1986: 17 f.
↑ Dahl, Gudrun (2006). "Precolonial Beja: A Periphery at the Crossroads" (PDF). njas.helsinki. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-06-10
↑ Barnard, Hans (2005). "Sire, il n'y a pas de Blemmyes: A Re-Evaluation of Historical and Archaeological Data". In Starkey, Janet (ed.). People of the Red Sea: Proceedings of Red Sea Project II Held in the British Museum October 2004. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 23–40. ISBN 1-84171-833-5.

[1] Christides, Vassilios (1980). "Ethnic Movements in Southern Egypt and Northern Sudan: Blemmyes-Beja in Late Antique and Early Arab Egypt until 707 A. D.". Listy filologické. 103 (3): 129–143. JSTOR 23464092.

[2] Welsby, Derek (2002), The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia: Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile, British Museum, pp. 16–17.

[3] Dijkstra, Jitse H.F. (2018), "Blemmyes", The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, p. 253

[4] Dijkstra, Jitse H.F. (2013), "Blemmyes", The Encyclopedia of Ancient History, Wiley, pp. 1145–1146

[5] Bietak 1986: 17 f.

[6] Dahl, Gudrun (2006). "Precolonial Beja: A Periphery at the Crossroads" (PDF). njas.helsinki. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-06-10

[7] Barnard, Hans (2005). "Sire, il n'y a pas de Blemmyes: A Re-Evaluation of Historical and Archaeological Data". In Starkey, Janet (ed.). People of the Red Sea: Proceedings of Red Sea Project II Held in the British Museum October 2004. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 23–40. ISBN 1-84171-833-5.

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