Bocage

Bocage
landscape type (en)

Bocage kusa da Boulogne-sur-Mer, Faransa

Bocage ƙasa ce mai haɗakar gandun daji da makiyaya na sassan arewacin Faransa, kudancin Ingila, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal (misali a Baixo Vouga Lagunar, Angeja, Estarreja), arewacin Spain da arewacin Jamus, a yankunan da aikin noma na kiwo shine mafi yawan amfani.

Mai riƙe kyandir na masana'antar porcelain ta Chelsea mai bangon bocage, kimanin shekara ta 1765

Bocage na iya nufin ƙaramin daji, wani abu mai ado na ganye, ko wani nau'in aikin tarkace, wanda aka yi daidai da amfani da Ingilishi na "rustic" dangane da kayan ado na lambu. A cikin zane-zanen ado, musamman na porcelain, yana nufin allon ganye da ke yaɗuwa a sama da bayan siffofi. Duk da cewa ana samunsa a cikin siffofi na nahiyar, wani abu ne na musamman na Ingila, wanda ya fara a tsakiyar karni na 18, musamman a cikin faranti na Chelsea, sannan daga baya ya bazu zuwa ƙarin siffofi na tukwane na Staffordshire masu daraja.

A Turanci, bocage yana nufin ƙasa mai gauraye da dazuzzuka da makiyaya, tare da filayen da layukan ƙasa masu lanƙwasa waɗanda suka nutse tsakanin ƙananan tuddai da bankunan da aka kewaye da dogayen shinge masu kauri waɗanda ke karya iska amma kuma suna iyakance gani. Irin wannan yanayin ƙasa ne da ake samu a sassa da yawa na kudancin Ingila, misali shingen Devon da shingen Cornish . Duk da haka, kalmar ta fi yawa a fannin fasaha fiye da amfani da ita gabaɗaya a Ingila. A Faransa kalmar tana da amfani sosai, musamman a Normandy, tare da ma'ana iri ɗaya. Yanayin Bocage a Faransa ya takaita ne ga Normandy, Brittany, Burgundy da wasu sassan kwarin Loire.

Asalin Ma'anar

Ƙasar Bocage a yankin Cotentin, Lower Normandy, a shekarar 1944

Bocage kalma ce ta Norman wacce ta fito daga Old Norman boscage (Anglo-Norman boscage, Tsohon boschage na Faransa ), daga Tsohon tushen Faransanci bosc ("itace") > bois na Faransa na zamani ("itace") cf. [boscus] na Latin na Tsakiya (an fara ambatonsa a shekara ta 704 CE). Sunayen wuraren Norman suna riƙe shi a matsayin Bosc-, -bosc, Bosc-, ana furta shi a al'ada fr ko kuma [bo] . Karin bayani -shekaru yana nufin "abu na gaba ɗaya". An yi amfani da siffar boscage a Turanci don "girman bishiyoyi ko shrubs; wani kauri, grove; ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi" da kuma nufin ƙirar ado da ke kwaikwayon rassan da ganye ko kayan ado na ganye kamar yadda ake samu a kan porcelain na ƙarni na sha takwas; tun farkon ƙarni na ashirin wannan galibi ana kiransa "bocage". Irin waɗannan kalmomi suna faruwa a cikin Scandinavia (cf. Swedish buskage ; buskads na Denmark ) da sauran harsunan Jamusanci (cf. Dutch bos, boshaag ); ana tsammanin tushen asali shine Proto-Germanic *bŏsk- . Da alama siffar boscage ta haɓaka ma'anarta a ƙarƙashin tasirin soyayya ta ƙarni na sha takwas.

A shekarar 1934, Nouveau Petit Larousse ta bayyana bocage a matsayin " bosquet, ƙaramin itace, itace mai inuwa mai kyau" da kuma bosquet a matsayin "ƙaramin itace, tarin bishiyoyi". Zuwa shekara ta 2006, ma'anar Petit Larousse ta zama "Yanki (kalmar Norman) inda gonaki da ciyayi ke kewaye da gefen ƙasa waɗanda ke ɗauke da shinge ko layukan bishiyoyi kuma inda mazaunin ke yaɗuwa a gonaki da ƙauyuka."

Matsayin tarihi

Ingila

Bocage na Ingilishi ( Edale Valley, Peak District )

A kudu maso gabashin Ingila, duk da cewa ƙasar da ke da laka wadda ba ta dace da wannan yanayin ba, wani bocage ya samo asali ne daga motsi na rufe abin da a da yake a fili .

A ƙarni na 17, Ingila ta ƙirƙiro wata manufa mai cike da burin mallakar teku. Ɗaya daga cikin illolin hakan shi ne shigo da alkama daga Rasha, wanda ya fi rahusa fiye da alkamar Ingila a wancan lokacin. Rufin da aka yi amfani da shi a yankunan karkara na bocage ya fi mayar da hankali kan kiwon tumaki da kuma ƙarancin samar da hatsi na Ingila, kuma sakamakon wannan manufar, ƙaura daga yankunan karkara ya ƙaru, wanda hakan ya hanzarta juyin juya halin masana'antu . Yawan ma'aikatan noma ya yi ƙaura zuwa birane don yin aiki a masana'antu.

Normandy

A Normandy, bocage ya sami wani muhimmin matsayi a Chouannerie a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa.

Wurin da bocage yake a cikin mahallin Operation Overlord

Bocage ɗin ya kuma yi tasiri a lokacin Yaƙin Normandy a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, domin ya sami ci gaba a kan masu kare Jamusawa da wahala. An raba filayen da layukan datti na datti tare da ramukan magudanar ruwa; ciyayi masu kauri a kan waɗannan tuddan ƙasa na iya haifar da shinge har zuwa 16 feet (4.9 m) mai girma. Matsakaicin murabba'in mil a fagen daga na iya ƙunsar ɗaruruwan shingen da ba su dace ba. A martanin da aka mayar, an ƙirƙiro " tankunan karkanda " waɗanda aka sanya musu gyare-gyaren yanke bocage. Ma'aikatan Amurka galibi suna kiran bocages a matsayin shinge . Sojojin Jamus sun kuma yi amfani da layukan da suka nutse don aiwatar da wurare masu ƙarfi da kariya don dakatar da sojojin Amurka a yankin Cotentin da kuma kewayen garin Saint-Lô .

Ireland

Kusan dukkan yankunan ƙasar Ireland masu faɗi suna da yanayin ƙasa na bocage, sakamakon noma na kiwo wanda ke buƙatar a killace shi don kula da garken. Kimanin kashi 5% na ƙasar Ireland an keɓe ta ne ga shinge, ganuwar fili da bel ɗin mafaka . A yankunan da suka fi samun albarka, galibi suna da gaɓar ƙasa, waɗanda bishiyoyi da ciyayi ke shukawa ko kuma suke mamaye su; wannan ciyayin na iya ba da alama kamar yanayin daji, ko da kuwa babu ko kuma babu daji. Wannan tsarin shingen ya samo asali ne a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da 19, lokacin da Ireland ba ta da dazuzzuka na halitta. Noma mai zurfi na zamani ya fi ƙara girman gonaki ta hanyar cire shinge, wani yanayi wanda Manufofin Noma na Tarayyar Turai suka daɗe suna tallatawa kuma kwanan nan manufofin noma na Tarayyar Turai sun yi karo da shi, wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan kiyaye muhallin namun daji.