Bou Inania Madrasa

Bou Inania Madrasa (Fes)
Madrasa
Bayanai
Bangare na	Medina of Fez (en)
Ƙasa	Moroko
Umarni ta	Abu Inan Faris (en)
Heritage designation (en)	Moroccan cultural heritage (en) da part of UNESCO World Heritage Site (en)
Wuri
34°03′44″N 4°58′58″W
Constitutional monarchy (en)	Moroko
Region of Morocco (en)	Fès-Meknès (en)
Prefecture of Morocco (en)	Fez Prefecture (en)
Birni	Fas

Madrasa Bou Inania ko Bu Inaniya Madrasa (Abzinanci:ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵉⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⴰ) Madrasa ce a cikin Fes, Morocco, wanda Abu Inan Faris ya gina a cikin 1350-55 CE. Ita ce madrasa daya tilo a kasar Maroko wacce kuma take aiki a matsayin masallacin jam'i. An yarda da shi a matsayin babban batu na gine-ginen Marinid da na tarihin gine-ginen Moroccan gabaɗaya.

Tarihi

Minaret na madrasa, wanda aka gani ta hanyar Bab Bou Jeloud

Wanda ya kafa kuma mai kula da shi: Sultan Abu Inan

• 
  Courtyard, looking northwest towards the entrance
• 
  Courtyard, looking northeast towards one of the lateral study rooms
• 
  Courtyard, looking southeast towards the prayer hall
• 
  The gallery passage around the courtyard

Sunan Bou Inania (Bū 'Ināniya) ya samo asali ne daga sunan wanda ya kafa shi, sultan Marinid Abu Inan Faris">Faris ibn Ali Abu Inan al-Mutawakkil (yawanci Abou Inan ko Abu Inan don takaice). Da farko an kira shi Madrasa al-Muttawakkiliya amma sunan Madrasa Bu Inania ya kasance ɗan kuma magajin Sultan Abu al-Hasan, wanda ke gudanar da mulkinsa ya kai gabas a farkon waɗannan ƙasashen 135, wanda ya yi tawaye da kansa a kan iyaka a farkon mulkinsa.

Yanayi: rawar da Marinid madrasas ke takawa

Madrasa na Bou Inania ita ce makaranta mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmanci da daular Marinid ta kirkira kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin addini na Fes da Maroko.[6][3] Ita ce kadai irin wannan madrasa ta samu matsayin masallacin jam’i ko kuma “masallacin Juma’a”, wanda ke nufin an gabatar da hudubar juma’a (khutba) a nan kamar sauran manyan masallatan garin[4][1]. Don haka an cika shi da kayan aikin babban masallaci da kuma dakin ibada, baya ga ado mai yawa[6]. Ana kuma kallon gine-gine da kayan ado na madrasa a matsayin kololuwar irin wannan gine-ginen Marinid. (khutba.

Ƙofar ɗayan ɗakunan karatu daga babban farfajiyar, wanda aka ɗauka a cikin 1920

Akwai labaran apocryphal da yawa game da halittar madrasa. Wani labarin da aka ruwaito ya yi iƙirarin cewa Abu Inan ya ji laifi game da juyin mulkin mahaifinsa (Sultan Abu al-Hasan) kuma ya tara malaman addini da yawa don ba shi shawara kan yadda zai iya fansar kansa kuma ya nemi gafara daga Allah (Allah). Sun shawarce shi da ya zaɓi wani wuri a cikin birni na sama wanda ya zama wurin zubar da shara kuma ya canza shi zuwa shafin ilmantarwa na addini; don haka, ta hanyar tsarkakewa da inganta wani ɓangare na birni, zai yi haka ga lamirinsa.

An san aikin ginin yana da tsada sosai saboda girman da ginin ya yi. Wani labari na afokirifa ya yi iƙirarin cewa sultan, da ya ga cikakken kuɗin gini da masu kula da gine-gine suka gabatar masa, sai ya yage littafin asusu ya jefar a cikin kogin, yayin da yake shelar cewa: “Abin da ke da kyau ba shi da tsada, komai girman kuɗin da aka samu.."

Tarihi na baya da sabuntawa

Duk da mahimman saka hannun jari na Sultan Abu Inan a cikin gine-ginen madrasa da kuma kyautar waqf, ba ta da alama ta yi nasara da matsayi da muhimmancin Qarawiyyin mafi girma da tsofaffi a matsayin cibiyar ilmantarwa. Ya yi aiki da kansa na ɗan lokaci amma mai yiwuwa ne cewa bayan ƙarni biyu damar ilimi mafi girma a Fes ta kasance ta tsakiya ta hanyar Qarawiyyin.

Ginin madrasa ya sami sabuntawa da yawa, musamman a karni na 17 bayan girgizar ƙasa mai lalacewa. A lokacin mulkin Sultan Mulay Sliman (1792-1822), an sake gina dukkan bangarorin bango. A cikin karni na 20 an gudanar da gyare-gyare a kan kayan ado na madrasa.

Gine-gine

Tsarin bene na madrasa (matakin ƙasa)

Madrasa a zahiri wani tsari ne na gine-gine waɗanda tare suke samar da kayan aikin da ake buƙata don zama madrasa da masallaci. Babban ginin yana da tsari na rectangle mara kyau wanda ke auna 34.65 da mita 38.95. : Yana tsakanin Tala'a Kebira da Tala'a Seghira, biyu daga cikin manyan tituna na Fes el-Bali, kuma yana da alaƙa da abin da aka ɗauka a lokacin qibla (jagoran addu'a), zuwa kudu maso gabas. Wannan babban tsari ya haɗa da wuraren karatu, masallaci ko ɗakin addu'a, wuraren zama na ɗalibai, da ɗakin wanka. Kai tsaye a fadin titin zuwa arewa akwai wani, babba, gidan wankewa (dar al-wuḍūʾ) tare da bayan gida. Dama kusa da wannan shine Dar al-Magana ko "Gidan Agogo", wanda ke nuna sanannen agogo na hydraulic amma a halin yanzu ba ya aiki a gabansa.

Ƙofar shiga

Wata ƙofar da ke gefen hagu na babban ƙofar, wanda aka sani da Bab al-Ḥafa ('Ƙofar ƙafafu'), tana kaiwa kai tsaye zuwa tashar waje na babban farfajiyar kuma daga can tana ba da damar kai tsaye zuwa ɗakunan ɗalibai da ɗakin wanka a arewa maso gabashin ginin. Gidan wannan ƙofar an rufe shi da ganga mai rufi wanda aka rufe shi da kayan ado na stucco wanda ke nuna alamar lissafi mai kama da tauraro. Gidan wanka da ke kusa yana kewaye da kwandon ruwa na rectangular kuma an kewaye shi da wasu ƙananan ɗakuna.

Ƙofar baya, tana buɗewa daga Tala'a Seghira, tana kaiwa ta hanyar gangara zuwa babban farfajiyar. Wannan ƙofar tana da alamar kayan ado masu kyau, gami da katako na katako wanda ke sama da panel na kayan ado na katako. Kai tsaye sama da ƙofar akwai lintel na katako da aka sassaƙa tare da rubutun Larabci wanda ya ba Abu Inan suna a matsayin wanda ya kafa madrasa. A cikin wannan ɓangaren ginin kuma makarantar Kur'ani ce ga yara (kamar kuttab).

• 
  Doorways to one of the lateral study rooms
• 
  Interior of one of the lateral chambers
• 
  Wooden cupola ceiling over one of the lateral chambers
• 
  Corridors that goes around the lateral chambers, linking different parts of the ground-floor gallery

Babban farfajiyar da ɗakunan da ke kusa

Ginin yana kewaye da babban farfajiyar marmara mai laushi wanda ya fi zurfi fiye da yadda yake. A tsakiya akwai maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da kwandon don taimakawa a cikin wanka, kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare a masallatai da yawa. An kewaye farfajiyar a bangarori uku da wani karamin gallery, wanda aka ɓoye shi da allo na katako tsakanin ginshiƙan da ke riƙe da ganuwar bene a sama. Sassan tashar suna kaiwa ga wasu ɗakuna, galibi ɗakunan zama ga ɗaliban madrasa, a kusa da farfajiyar. A kusurwoyin arewa maso yamma da arewa maso gabashin ginin akwai matakala da ke kaiwa zuwa bene na sama wanda ke cike da ƙarin wuraren zama ga ɗalibai, wasu daga cikinsu suna da windows da ke kallon farfajiyar.

• 
  Zellij tilework featuring geometric motifs (below), with sgraffito-type tiles (middle) and stucco decoration (above) featuring Arabic calligraphy
• 
  Stucco carving, including muqarnas, along the walls and arches of the courtyard
• 
  Carved geometric and arabesque details in the cedar wood doors of the lateral chambers off the courtyard
• 
  Muqarnas sculpting in the intrados of the archway at the entrance of the lateral chambers
• 
  Coloured glass windows above in the prayer hall, with stucco grilles and surrounding stucco decoration

A gefen gabas da yammacin farfajiyar, a layi tare da maɓuɓɓugar tsakiya, akwai manyan ɗakunan murabba'i guda biyu, auna mita 5 a kowane gefe, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗakunan ajiya. Ana shigar da su ta hanyar hanyoyi masu mahimmanci tare da intrados masu rikitarwa, waɗanda ke kiyaye su da ƙofofin katako na itacen al'ul waɗanda aka zana su da kyau tare da alamun tauraron lissafi tare da cikawar arabesque da kuma ƙungiyoyin rubutun Larabci. A ciki, ana yin ado da ɗakunan tare da ƙarin sassan da aka sassaƙa kuma an rufe su da katako na katako tare da tsari na haƙarƙari masu haske. Wadannan ɗakunan biyu na gefe an kwatanta su da <i id="mwAYk">iwan</i> na gine-ginen madrasa na gargajiya a gabas a Misira, kamar Madrasa na Sultan Hassan a Alkahira, wanda ya haifar da hasashe cewa masanin ya saba da irin waɗannan samfuran.: Hanyoyin tashar da ke kewaye da bangarorin biyu na farfajiyar suma suna haɗawa da gangaren da ke kewayawa da ɗakunan gefe, suna bawa ɗalibai daga ɗakunan da ke kewayen suyi tafiya kai tsaye daga ƙofar madrasa har zuwa zauren addu'a ba tare da wucewa cikin farfajilar ba, idan ana so.

 

Zauren salla

Zauren salla da mihrab

Tare da gefen kudu na farfajiyar yana gudana wani karamin tashar ruwa tare da ruwa da aka samo daga Oued el-Lemtiyyin, ɗaya daga cikin tashoshin da ke fitowa daga Oued Fes (River Fez) wanda ke ba da birnin ruwa. Wataƙila tashar ta yi aiki da kyakkyawan abu kuma mai yiwuwa na alama, ban da ci gaba da taimakawa a cikin wanka. Ƙananan gadoji biyu ne suka haye tashar a kusurwoyin farfajiyar wanda ke ba da damar shiga zauren addu'a a wancan gefen, da ke kan iyaka da gefen kudancin farfajilar.

Bayyanar ɗakin addu'a, tare da taga na bayt al-i'tikaf bayyane a dama

Wannan yankin masallaci yana buɗewa zuwa farfajiyar ta hanyar ci gaba da arches na gallery a kusa da farfajilar kuma ciki yana bayyane daga waje, kodayake an hana shi ga baƙi marasa Musulmi. An raba ciki ta hanyar jere na arches da ke kwance a kan marmara da ginshiƙan Onyx. A ƙarshen yammacin zauren addu'a akwai bayt al-i'tikaf, ƙaramin ɗaki da aka nufa don ɓoyewa ko addu'a ta sirri. Gidan, wanda ke buɗewa ga sauran zauren addu'a ta hanyar taga mai kusurwa biyu, an ɗaga shi sama da ƙofar da ke ba da damar shiga ƙofar titin madrasa.

Ganuwar da ke kudu (kudu) na zauren addu'a an yi alama da mihrab na masallacin, wani wuri wanda ke nuna jagorancin addu'a (qibla). Ganuwar da ke kewaye da mihrab an kewaye su da kayan ado na yau da kullun. A cikin bangon sama akwai windows tare da kayan ado na stucco da aka saka tare da gilashi mai launi. Hanyoyi biyu na masallacin kowannensu an rufe shi da berchla ko rufin katako, kamar yadda aka gani a wasu masallatai da yawa na Maroko.

Minaret

Minaret ɗin

Minaret, wanda aka yi da tubali, ya tashi sama da kusurwar arewa maso yammacin madrasa. Bou Inania tana ɗaya daga cikin madrasas kawai a Maroko da ke da minaret, wanda shine ɗayan fasalulluka masu ban sha'awa kuma yana nuna matsayinsa a matsayin Masallacin Jumma'a.: : (Sauran madrasas na Marinid a Maroko tare da minarets sun haɗa da Madrasa ta Saffarin, : Madrasa na Fes el-Jdid, da madrasa na Chellah, : kodayake ba su da mashahuri kuma wasu daga cikinsu an kara su bayan gine-ginen madrasa na asali. [4] :) Kamar yawancin minarets na Maroko, yana da murabba'in murabba'i kuma an rufe shi da ƙaramin hasumiya na biyu wanda aka rufe shi da cupola da ƙarfe na ƙarfe tare da spheres. Ganuwar huɗu na minaret an rufe su da bambance-bambance dabino-daban na darj wa ktaf motif (wanda yayi kama da furen-de-lys ko siffar palmette) na yau da kullun ga gine-ginen Maroko. Yankunan da ba su da komai a cikin jigon suna cike da telin mosaic na Zellij. Sama da waɗannan abubuwan akwai ƙungiyar zellij da ke gudana a saman minaret. Ƙananan shaft na biyu an yi masa ado iri ɗaya. Wannan salon minaret yayi kama da sauran gine-ginen Marinid na zamanin, kamar Masallacin Chrabliyine (wanda aka gina a kan titin Tala'a Kebira) da minaret na Chellah, duka biyu a wannan lokacin.

Kayan ado

Kayan ado na madrasa yana da kyau sosai kuma yana nuna salon da aka kafa ta dan kadan a baya kuma karami, amma daidai da kayan ado, Madrasa al-'Attarin da Madrasa al-Sahrij . Halin ya fi bayyana a cikin farfajiyar amma an sake maimaita shi a wasu sassan ginin. An rufe ƙananan ganuwar da ginshiƙai a cikin zane-zane na Zellij mosaic wanda ke samar da Tsarin lissafi mai rikitarwa, yayin da ƙungiyar epigraphic ko Kalligraphic a cikin sgraffito-style ke gudana sama da wannan tare da mafi yawan farfajiyar. Ganuwar tsakiya da na sama da wannan an rufe su da zane-zane mai kyau tare da nau'ikan abubuwa masu jituwa ciki har da arabesques, muqarnas (musamman a kusa da windows da kuma a cikin hanyoyin da ke kaiwa ga ɗakunan gefe), rubutun rubutun Larabci (musamman ma a tsakiyar ginshiƙai da kewaye da ƙofofin gabas da yamma), da kuma ƙarin tsarin lissafi. Yankin da ke tsakanin ginshiƙan gallery da ke ƙasa da windows an nuna su da kayan katako na al'ul da aka sassaka, yayin da ganuwar da ke sama da kayan ado na stucco kuma suna canzawa zuwa saman katako na katako da aka sannu tare da ƙarin kayan arabesque da rubutun Larabci. A ƙarshe, saman ganuwar yana da inuwa ta katako na katako wanda ke goyan bayan corbels.

Dukkanin zauren addu'a da ɗakunan karatu na gefe a kan babban farfajiyar suna da kayan ado na stucco tare da bangon su na sama, da kuma windows tare da gilashin launi da aka saita a cikin grilles na stucco. Mihrab na zauren addu'a da kansa an yi masa ado da kayan ado, kamar yadda ya saba da sauran masallatai na Maroko. Ƙofofin itacen al'ul zuwa ɗakunan gefe a gefen arewa maso gabas da kudu maso yammacin farfajiyar suma an sassaƙa su sosai, suna nuna ƙungiyoyin rubutun Larabci kuma galibi an rufe su da tsarin tauraron lissafi tare da cikawa na arabesque.

Gidan alwala (Dar al-Wudu)

Ƙofar Dar al-Wudu (gidan wankewa), kai tsaye a gaban babban ƙofar madrasa a titin Tala'a Kebira

Agogon ruwa (Dar al-Magana)

Har ila yau, a gaban Madrasa Bou Inania shine Dar al-Magana, gidan da ke da alamar titi amma ba a fahimci agogo na ruwa ba. Muhimmancin alama da amfani na agogo ya kasance a cikin amfani da shi don ƙayyade lokutan addu'a masu kyau, kuma muwaqqit (mai kiyaye lokaci) na masallacin ne ke kula da tsarin. An yi imanin cewa Abu Inan ne ya gina tsarin tare da madrasa, tare da wani marubuci (al-Djazna'i) ya ba da rAH cewa an kammala shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1357 (14 Djumada al-awwal, 758 AH). Gidan ginin yana da na'urori 13 (corbels) da aka sassaka a cikin itacen al'ul, tare da bangarorin arabesques da aka sashare da itace da kayan ado na Kufic tsakanin su. Sama da waɗannan akwai windows goma sha biyu da ke kewaye da kayan ado na stucco, sama da su kuma layuka biyu na zane-zane na katako. Jerin mafi girma na na'urori ya fi tsayi fiye da waɗanda ke ƙasa kuma mai yiwuwa ya goyi bayan shinge ko rufin da tun lokacin da ya ɓace.

Kowane ɗayan na'urori 13 a ƙarƙashin windows sun taɓa tallafawa kwano na tagulla, wanda aka gani a cikin tsoffin hotuna. Bayanan tarihi sun bayyana yadda a kowane sa'a kwallon jagora ko nauyi ya fada cikin ɗaya daga cikin kwano don yin sautin murya, yayin da a lokaci guda yake buɗe "ƙofofin" ko shutters na taga mai dacewa. Daidaitaccen tsarin da ke aiki da wannan tsarin ya ɓace kuma ba a san aikinsa a yau ba. Wataƙila an ba da wutar lantarki ta wata hanya ta hanyar ruwa mai gudana, kuma ya bayyana cewa ana iya dakatar da ma'auni ko ƙwallo ta hanyar layin jagora da aka haɗe da na'urorin nunawa a sama da windows. An cire kwanon tagulla na agogo a ƙarshen karni na 20 don ci gaba da nazarin, kodayake an dawo da tsarin kanta a farkon 2000s.

Minbari

• 
  The main entrance on Tala'a Kebira street
• 
  Vestibule of the madrasa (Tala'a Kebira entrance)
• 
  Wooden muqarnas ceiling over the vestibule
• 
  Bab al-Ḥafa, the secondary entrance from Tala'a Kebira
• 
  Decorative canopy over the rear entrance on Tala'a Seghira street

Bayani game da gefen minbar a cikin hoto na 1921

A yau Minbar na asali na masallacin madrasa yana cikin Gidan kayan gargajiya na Dar Batha (wanda ke kusa da Bab Bou Jeloud), tare da maye gurbinsa daga baya yanzu a cikin masallacin kanta. Minbar ya kasance daga 1350 zuwa 1355, lokacin da ake gina madrasa, kuma sananne ne a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalai na Marinid na irin sa. Minbars, sau da yawa ana bayyana shi ko fassara shi a matsayin "pulpit", galibi abu ne na alama a cikin masallatai a wannan lokacin; ƙirar Bou Inania minbar ba ta ba da izinin imam ya hau shi a zahiri ba.

Kamar Minbar Kutubiyya, Bou Inania Minbar an yi shi ne da itace, da suka hada da itacen ebony da sauran itatuwa masu tsada, an kuma yi masa ado da gauraye na margayi da sassaka da aka haxa su wuri guda[17][1].  Babban tsarin ado tare da manyan filayensa na kowane gefe yana kewaye da taurari masu nuni takwas, daga inda makada da aka yi wa ado da hauren hauren giwa sai su saƙa su maimaita irin wannan tsari a sauran saman.  Wuraren da ke tsakanin waɗannan makada suna samar da wasu sifofi na geometric waɗanda ke cike da katako na katako na arabesques da aka sassaƙa.  Wannan maudu’i ya yi kama da wanda aka samu a minbar Kutubiyya da ma fiye da na Almohad minbar masallacin Kasbah da ke Marrakesh (wanda aka yi a tsakanin 1189 da 1195), wanda ya bi ta al’ada daya[18]: Bakin da ke sama da mataki na farko na minbar yana dauke da wani rubutu, yanzu wani bangare ya bace, a cikin tinl dinsa, wanda kuma ya yi nuni da Abu nasa a ciki, kuma yana nuni da tinl dinsa. ..

Haɗin waje

• Gano Fasahar Musulunci, Gidan Tarihi ba tare da iyakoki ba (An adana shi) (an dawo da shi a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2008)
• Madrasa a kan archnet.org
• Alamu a cikin fasahar Islama An adana su 2012-02-18 a
• Bou Inania Madrasa , hotuna daga Manar al-Athar Hotuna na Digital Archive