Branle
 Branle | |
|---|---|
type of dance (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | circle dance (en) |
A / ( / ˈb rænəl , ˈb rɑːl / BRAN -əl BRAN BRAHL, ), kuma bransle, brangle, brawl ( e ), brall ( e ), braul ( e ), brando (a Italiya), bran (a Spain), ko brantle (a Scotland), wani nau'in rawa ne na Faransa wanda aka shahara tun daga farkon ƙarni na 16 zuwa yanzu, wanda ma'aurata ke rawa a layi ko da'ira . Kalmar kuma tana nufin kiɗa da matakin halayyar rawa.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Farko da kuma karɓewa daga kotu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunan branle ya samo asali ne daga fi'ilin Faransa branler (girgiza, wave, swim, wag, wobble), yana nufin motsi gefe-da-gefe na da'ira ko sarkar masu rawa suna riƙe da hannuwa ko haɗa hannu. [1] Ana samun rawa irin wannan suna tun daga kimanin shekara ta 1500 kuma ana amfani da kalmar don rawa da har yanzu ake rawa a Faransa a yau. [2] Kafin shekara ta 1500, amfani da wannan kalmar kawai da ya shafi rawa shine matakin "juyawa" na basse danse .
Ana yin rawa da sarkar rawa ta hanyar rawa, yawanci a cikin ma'aurata, tare da hannuwa a haɗe ko riƙe hannu. Rawar tana canza matakai da yawa na gefe zuwa hagu (sau da yawa huɗu) tare da adadin ƙananan matakai iri ɗaya zuwa dama don haka sarkar ta motsa a hankali zuwa hagu.
Duk da cewa asali rawan Faransa na asalin ƙauye ne, ana rawa da waƙoƙin masu rawa, an ɗauki branle, kamar sauran rawan gargajiya, zuwa ga masu sarauta a lokacin da littattafan da aka buga suka ba mu damar sake gina rawan. An yi rawa iri-iri na branle, waɗanda aka danganta su da yankuna daban-daban, a jere, don haka jerin waƙoƙin branle sun ba da ɗaya daga cikin misalan farko na rukunin rawa na gargajiya . Irin waɗannan ɗakunan suna ƙarewa da gavotte, wanda a lokacin ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'in branle.
Wasu branles masu arziki sun haɗa da abubuwan pantomime, kamar branle de Poitou, wanda zai iya zama kakan minuet, wanda ke nuna alamun soyayya. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan raye-rayen an keɓe su ne ga takamaiman rukuni na shekaru - misali, branle de Bourgogne, ga ƙananan masu rawa. Waƙar Branle gabaɗaya tana kama da gavotte, kodayake wasu nau'ikan, kamar na Poitou, suna cikin lokaci uku. [3] Ana rawa Branles suna tafiya, gudu, zamewa, ko tsalle-tsalle dangane da saurin kiɗan. [1] Daga cikin dangantakar da ke tsakanin rawa da gidan sarauta akwai basse danse da passepied [3] wanda na ƙarshe, kodayake yana cikin lokaci uku, Rabelais da Thoinot Arbeau (1589) sun bayyana a matsayin nau'in Breton branle.
Branle a Arbeau
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An samo bayanai na farko game da matakan rawa a cikin sanannen littafin Arbeau mai suna Orchesography . Antonius de Arena ya bayyana a taƙaice matakan branle biyu da guda ɗaya, [4] kuma littafin John Marston mai suna The Malcontent (1604) ya zana zane-zanen nau'in waƙa ɗaya. A cewar Arbeau, kowace ƙwallo ta fara da nau'ikan branles guda huɗu: biyu, ɗaya, ɗan luwaɗi da kuma ɗan Burgundian branle. Branle mai siffar ƙwallo biyu yana da tsari mai sauƙi wanda ya ƙunshi jimloli biyu na sanduna biyu kowannensu.
Arbeau yana yin wasannin rawa ga branles guda takwas da ke da alaƙa da takamaiman yankuna; Burgundian (duba sama) ko Champagne, Haut Barrois, Montardon, Poitou, Maltese, Scottish da Trihory na Brittany; ya kuma ambaci wasu huɗu ba tare da bayyana matakansu ba; branles na Camp, Hainaut, Avignon, da Lyon. [5] Yawancin waɗannan raye-rayen suna da alaƙa ta gaske da yankin: Trihory na Brittany, in ji Arbeau, ba kasafai ake yin su a kusa da Langres inda aka buga littafinsa ba, amma "Na koyi hakan tun da daɗewa daga wani matashi ɗan Breton wanda abokin karatuna ne a Poitiers". [5]
A gefe guda kuma, Arbeau ya gano wasu branles a matsayin waɗanda suka dace da rawa da rawa. Lokacin da ɗalibinsa Capriol ya tambaya ko rawa da rawa ta Maltese ta fito ne daga Malta, maimakon kawai "wani ƙirƙira mai ban sha'awa ga rawa", Arbeau ya amsa cewa "ba zai iya yarda cewa rawa ce ba". [5] Ya kuma bayyana rawa da rawa da aka yi da rawa da rawa.
Tarin branles
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai da yawa daga cikin gidajen rawa na Branle da aka kafa, waɗanda suka haɗa da raye-raye har guda goma; Branles de Champagne, Branles de Camp, Branles de Hainaut da Branles d'Avignon . Arbeau ya sanya wa waɗannan gidajen rawa suna Branles coupés, wanda a zahiri yana nufin "yanke" ko "masu haɗin gwiwa" amma galibi ana fassara shi da "masu haɗin gwiwa". [5] Antonius de Arena ya ambaci gaurayen branles ( branlos decopatos ) ) a cikin littafinsa na macaronic Ad suos compagnones . [4]
A shekara ta 1623 irin waɗannan suites an daidaita su zuwa jerin raye-raye shida: Prime branle, branle gay, branle de Poictou (wanda ake kira branle à mener ), branle double de Poictou, cinquiesme branle (ta 1636 mai suna branle de Montirandé ), da kuma guntun gavotte . [6] Ana samun bambance-bambance a cikin Tablature de mandore (Paris, 1629) na François, Sieur de Chancy. Rukunin raye-raye bakwai tare da ake kira Branles de Boccan ya fara da branle du Baucane, wanda masanin rawa kuma ɗan wasan violin ya haɗa Jacques Cordier, wanda aka fi sani da "Bocan", sannan na biyu, branle mara taken sannan ɗan gay branle, branle de Poictu, branleirann bran de la Poictu de Poictu. [7]
Shahararriyar Branle
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 a Ingila, Shakespeare ya ambaci branle ( Love's Labour's Lost, 3. 1. 7: "Za ku lashe soyayyarku da faɗan Faransa?"). A ƙarni na 17, an yi rawa a kotunan Louis XIV na Faransa da Charles II na Ingila, inda ya zama "ya fi yawa fiye da a Faransa". [3] Akwai ma wasu misalai na ƙarshen lokaci a cikin bayanin Beauchamp–Feuillet (wanda aka ƙirƙira a 1691), kamar Danses nouvelles presentees au Roy (c. 1715) na Louis-Guillaume Pécour .
A Italiya, branle ya zama alamar kasuwanci, kuma a Spain, bran ya zama alamar kasuwanci. [8] Da alama Branle ya yi tafiya zuwa Scotland kuma ya rayu na ɗan lokaci a matsayin brail . Emmanuel Adriaenssen ya haɗa da wani waƙa mai suna Branle Englese a cikin littafinsa na kiɗan lute, Pratum Musicum (1584) da kuma littafin Thomas Tomkins mai suna Worster Braules a cikin Littafin Fitzwilliam Virginal . Amma daga cikin dubban waƙoƙin lute daga Ingila, 18 ne kawai aka kira branle, kodayake ɗaya da ake kira "courant" an san shi daga tushen nahiyar a matsayin branle. [9]
Arbeau bai yi wa Branles aikin kide-kide ba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Da alama Branle de Montirandé yana da alaƙa da Haut Barrois branle, wanda Arbeau ya ce an "tsara shi da sautin branle na Montierandal" (watakila Montier-en-Der, kusa da Chaumont a cikin Haute Marne). [5] Ana rawa wannan a cikin lokaci biyu, kuma kamar yadda Arbeau ya bayyana yana da tsari iri ɗaya da branle biyu. Saitunan wannan sun bayyana a cikin littafin lute Le trésor d'Orphée na Anthoine Francisque (1600) da tarin tarin Terpsichore na Michael Praetorius (1612).
A cikin littafin John Marston mai suna The Malcontent (1604), act 4, scene 2, halin Guerrino ya bayyana matakan rawa mai suna Beanchaes brawl (Bianca's branle):
Kawai dai guda biyu ne a hagu, biyu a dama, biyu a gaba, uku a jere, zagaye shida: yi haka sau biyu, gefe guda uku, dabarar galliard ta ashirin, saurin gudu; adadi na takwas, guda uku sun lalace, zo vp, hadu da biyu biyu, fada baya, sannan girmamawa.
Buɗewar ta yi kama da ta Maltese branle da Arbeau ya bayyana, amma farawa da "ɓangaren mutum uku", akwai haɗakar "wani abu da ake ganin ya fi dacewa da motsa jiki". Ɗan rawa namijin ya rabu da abokin aikinsa kafin ya yi "wasa mai ban dariya ta ashirin" - a bayyane yake cewa akwai wasu tsalle-tsalle ko tsalle-tsalle a cikin salon wasan kwaikwayo - kafin ya koma ƙarshen al'ada. [10]
Farfadowa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Francis Poulenc ya haɗa da Bransle de Champagne da Bransle de Bourgogne a cikin Suite Française (1935).
- Igor Stravinsky ya haɗa da Bransle Simple, Bransle Gay, da Bransle de Poitou (Double) a cikin littafinsa na Agon (1957).
- An daidaita sararin samaniyar "Branle de l'Official" na Arbeau don waƙar Kirsimeti ta Ingila ta ƙarni na 20 mai suna " Ding Dong Merrily on High ".
- Gidan Capriol Suite na mawakin Birtaniya Peter Warlock yana ɗauke da bransles a matsayin motsi na huɗu. Wannan waƙa ta ƙunshi raye-rayen gargajiya guda shida da aka shirya da farko don piano mai hannu huɗu, amma daga baya Warlock ya shirya ta don ƙungiyar makaɗa da kuma ƙungiyar makaɗa.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Arena, Antonius (Autumn 1986) [1529]. "Rules of Dancing". Dance Research. 4 (2): 3–53. doi:10.2307/1290725. JSTOR 1290725.
- 1 2 3 "Branle, dance". Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
- 1 2 Heartz, Daniel (2001). "Branle [brande, brawl, brall, brangill]". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780195170672.
- 1 2 3 4 Scholes, Percy A. (1970). "Branle". The Oxford Companion to Music, tenth, revised and rest edition, edited by John Owen Ward. London and New York: Oxford University Press.
- 1 2 Arena 1986.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Arbeau 1967.
- 1 2 Semmens, Richard T. (1997). "Branles, Gavottes and Contredanses in the Later Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries". Dance Research 15, no. 2 (Winter):35–62 (p. 36).
- 1 2 Tyler, James. "The Mandore in the 16th and 17th Centuries". Early Music 9, no. 1 (January 1981: Plucked-String Issue 1):22–31 (p. 26).
- 1 2 Dolmetsch, Mabel (1959). Dances of England and France, from 1450 to 1600, with Their Music and Authentic Manner of Performance (2nd ed.). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Reprinted in New York: Da Capo Press, 1975. ISBN 9780306707254.
- 1 2 Craig-McFeely, Julia (2000) [1993]. English Lute Manuscripts and Scribes 1530–1630 (PDF) (Thesis). Oxford University. Chapter 2, note 22.
- 1 2 Marston, John (1999). The Malcontent, edited by George K. Hunter, with a new introduction, together with a revised reading text and commentary notes. Revels Plays. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-3094-3. p. 107, editor's note.