Bread and Roses (collective)
 Bread and Roses | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Iri | ma'aikata |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
Bread and Roses ƙungiya ce ta 'yancin mata masu zaman kansu a Boston a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sanya wa kungiyar suna ne bayan taken yajin aikin masana'antu na Lawrence na 1912, tare da Gurasa yana nuna albashi mai kyau kuma Roses yana nufin gajeren sa'o'i da karin lokacin hutu. Babban jigon asalin Bread and Roses ya shafi samun kwanciyar hankali da mutunci ga mata a duk faɗin ma'aikata. [1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An kafa kungiyar ne a lokacin rani na 1969 ta hanyar Meredith Tax da Linda Gordon. Haraji ya ce, "Ba za mu iya magana game da 'yan uwa ba tare da fahimtar cewa matsayi na manufa a cikin al'umma na mafi yawanmu ya bambanta da na uwaye masu zaman kansu, na baƙar fata na uwayemu masu farin, da na mata a ƙasashe na uku. 'Yan uwa suna nufin ba da faɗar gwagwarmayarsu gwagwarmu ce gwagwarmaya ce, amma suna yin ta gwagwarsu. " [2] A cikin 1970, ƙungiyar ta fara neman sararin jiki kuma a shekara ta 1971, sun kwace ɗayan gine-ginen da ba a Jami'ar Harvard ba su da ba don ba su da aka taɓa aiki ba don ba don ba da aji, bita, da kula da yara. Wannan sarari ya dauki kwanaki 10 kawai. Bayan karɓar gudummawa, ƙungiyar ta sami damar kafa sabon sarari a watan Janairun 1972, wanda gida ne a Cambridge mai suna Cibiyar Mata.[3] Wannan rukuni ya kunshi kusan mambobi 250, ciki har da Jean Tepperman, Frans Ansley, Judy Ullman da Trude Bennett, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa juyin juya hali ya zama dole don samun 'yancin mata. Wadannan mambobi sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, misali, lafiyar mata.[4] Kungiyar ta kasance har zuwa 1973.
Ayyukan hadin gwiwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lafiyar mata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wani sanannen aikin da kungiyar Bread and Roses ta samar an kira shi Mata da Jikin su: Darasi, wanda daga baya aka haɓaka cikin Jikinmu, Mu.[5] An buga wannan darasi a cikin 1970 a ƙarƙashin sunan Boston Women's Health Collective kuma ya haɗu da labaran mata tare da bayanan gaskiya game da batutuwan mata da lafiyar mata. Batutuwan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan darasi sune Mata, Magunguna, da Kasuwanci, Darasi na Gabatarwa; Anatomy da Physiology; Jima'i; Wasu tatsuniyoyi game da Mata; Cututtukan Venereal; Kula da Haihuwa; Zubar ciki; Shirya Haihuwar; Bayan haihuwa; da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya. Wannan darasi galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin farkon yunkurin kiwon lafiyar mata na kasa da na duniya.
Aiki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangane da taken da aka samo sunan kungiyar, wani sanannen gudummawar kungiyar Bread and Roses shine ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata 9 zuwa 5, wanda yanzu aka sani da 925 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata ta Duniya. Halitta wannan ƙungiyar ta zo ne saboda yawan ma'aikatan malamai a cikin rukuni waɗanda aka biya su da ƙarancin albashi kuma suna fuskantar rashin girmamawa daga ma'aikatansu.
Rikici
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsakanin wurare
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Winifred Breines farar fata ce wacce ke aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar 'yan mata a cikin shekarun 1960. Ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi intersectionality, ko rashin shi, a cikin yanayin mata na Boston ciki har da Gwagwarmayar Haɗi: White da Black Feminism a cikin Motsi Shekaru, Menene soyayya da ita? Me soyayya take da shi? fararen mata, baƙar fata mata, da mata a cikin shekarun motsi, da Koyon game da wariyar launin fata: White Socialist Feminism da Gurasa da Roses. A lokacin wannan motsi, manyan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sune Gurasa da Roses Collective, galibi sun haɗa da fararen fata, manyan ɗalibai, mata masu ilimi, da kuma Combahee River Collective, wanda shine ƙungiyar baƙar fata. Breines ya bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan mata baƙar fata sun ji cewa mata masu yawa ba su da hankali game da batutuwan da suka shafi kabilansu da jinsi, suna ci gaba da "samar da cewa' yan mata masu daraja na iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan damuwa na mutum, ba za su iya fahimtar cewa ga' yan mata baƙar kai kabilanci da aji suna da mahimmanci kamar nuna bambancin jima'i ba. "[6]
Akwai kasa ta kowa tsakanin Black da White mata a lokacin da White maza ne masu zalunci, duk da haka, bayan da akwai rashin jituwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na ƙungiyoyin mata. Babban darajar 'yan mata masu fata shine kin amincewa da zamantakewar mata. Wannan shine imanin cewa an haɗa 'yan mata da mata don cika matsayin uwaye da mata, maimakon cin nasara a cikin ayyukansu. Ga 'yan mata na Black, wannan ba shi da iko a gare su saboda matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye ba su ware su daga shiga cikin ma'aikata ba. Wani batu na jayayya shine ra'ayin dangin nukiliya. Masu fafutukar mata sun kalli manufar dangin nukiliya a matsayin babban mai zalunci yayin da yake aiki don kiyaye maza a matsayin iko da mata a matsayin matan gida. Wannan babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Bread and Roses da kuma dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta zaɓi bayar da kula da yara. Ga mata baƙar fata da yawa, iyalin ma'aikata ce mai tsarki kuma mai ban sha'awa yayin da suke neman kare nasu daga wariyar launin fata a duniya.
Gwagwarmaya ta ciki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Abin da ya haifar da saurin rushewar Gurasa da Roses Collective (1969-1971), masanin Yahudawa Joyce Antler ya bayyana, shi ne cewa akwai rashin hangen nesa, tsari, da kuma kafa shugabanci wanda zai iya motsa burin rukuni gaba. Duk da yake wannan ya kasance ne saboda ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu, masu adawa da sake fasalin, daga baya ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mambobi saboda fifiko ga 'yan uwa mata na ƙarya akan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Riordan, Christine A.; Kowalski, Alexander M. (2021). "From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory". ILR Review (in Turanci). 74 (3): 580–606. doi:10.1177/0019793920970868. ISSN 0019-7939. S2CID 228850414.
- ↑ Breines, Winifred (2007). "Struggling to Connect: White and Black Feminism in the Movement Years". Contexts. 6 (1): 18–24. doi:10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.18. ISSN 1536-5042.
- ↑ "Collection: Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records | Archives and Special Collections". archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
- ↑ Spain, Daphne (2011). "Women's Rights and Gendered Spaces in 1970s Boston". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 32 (1): 152–178. doi:10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152. ISSN 0160-9009. JSTOR 10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152. S2CID 143280818.
- ↑ Ewing, Tess. "Bread and Roses: "A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s"" (PDF). Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program at Boston University.
- ↑ Breines, Wini (2002). "What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society (in Turanci). 27 (4): 1095–1133. doi:10.1086/339634. ISSN 0097-9740. S2CID 144139580.
Bayanan littattafai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Antler, Joyce (2018). "'Conscious Radicals': The Jewish Story of Boston's Bread and Roses". Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women's Liberation Movement. 3. NYU Press. pp. 115–153. ISBN 978-0-8147-0763-0. JSTOR j.ctvwrm564.
- Breines, Wini (2002). "What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years". Signs. 27 (4): 1095–1133. doi:10.1086/339634. ISSN 0097-9740. JSTOR 10.1086/339634. S2CID 144139580.
- Lee, Choonib (2017). "Women's Liberation and Sixties Armed Resistance". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 11 (1): 25–52. doi:10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025. ISSN 1930-1189. JSTOR 10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025. S2CID 151547883.
- Wells, Susan (2008). "Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reading the Written Body". Signs. 33 (3): 697–723. doi:10.1086/523710. ISSN 0097-9740. JSTOR 10.1086/523710. S2CID 143466088.