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Bruce Alberts

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Bruce Alberts
Rayuwa
HaihuwaChicago, 14 ga Afirilu, 1938 (88 shekaru)
ƙasaTarayyar Amurka
MazauniFaransa
Karatu
MakarantaJami'ar Harvard
Harvard College (mul) Fassara
Matakin karatudoctorate (en) Fassara
Thesis directorPaul M. Doty (en) Fassara
HarsunaTuranci
Sana'a
Sana'abiochemist (en) Fassara, university teacher (en) Fassara, anthropologist (en) Fassara da biologist (en) Fassara
EmployersPrinceton University (mul) Fassara
University of California, San Francisco (en) Fassara
Muhimman ayyukaMolecular Biology of the Cell (en) Fassara
Kyaututtuka
MambaThe Royal Society (mul) Fassara
National Academy of Sciences (en) Fassara
European Academy of Sciences and Arts (en) Fassara
American Academy of Arts and Sciences (en) Fassara
Russian Academy of Sciences (en) Fassara
Romanian Academy (en) Fassara
Indian National Science Academy (en) Fassara
Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL (en) Fassara
Academia Europaea (mul) Fassara

Bruce Michael Alberts (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1938, a Chicago, Illinois ) ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar halittu ne na Amurka kuma Shugaban Jagorancin Chancellor na Emeritus a fannin Biochemistry da Biophysics don Kimiyya da Ilimi a Jami'ar California, San Francisco . [1] Ya yi aiki mai mahimmanci wajen nazarin hadaddun furotin waɗanda ke ba da damar kwafi chromosomes lokacin da ƙwayoyin halitta masu rai suka rabu. An san shi a matsayin marubucin asali na "littafin kimiyya mai kyau, tasiri, kuma mafi sayarwa" Molecular Biology of the Cell, [2] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Editan Mujallar Kimiyya . [3] [4] An ba shi lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Kimiyya saboda "shugabancin ilimi da kirkire-kirkire na gwaji a fannin kwafi DNA, da kuma sadaukarwa mara misaltuwa don inganta ilimin kimiyya da haɓaka manufofin jama'a na tushen kimiyya" a cikin 2014.

Alberts ya kasance shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa daga 1993 zuwa 2005. [2] An san shi da aikinsa wajen tsara manufofin jama'a na kimiyya, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Wakilin Kimiyya na Amurka a Pakistan da Indonesia. [5] [6] Ya bayyana cewa "Ilimin kimiyya ya kamata ya kasance game da koyon tunani da warware matsaloli kamar masanin kimiyya - yana dagewa, ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa, cewa a kimanta maganganu ta amfani da shaida da dabaru kamar yadda masana kimiyya ke kimanta maganganu." [7] Shi ne Babban Jami'in Daraja na Kwalejin St Edmund, Cambridge . [8]

Ilimi

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Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta New Trier da ke Winnetka, Illinois, Alberts ya halarci Kwalejin Harvard, a matsayin babban digiri na farko kafin magani. [2] [9] Saboda gajiyar da aka yi masa a "azuzuwan girki na dakin gwaje-gwaje", ya nemi a tsallake buƙatun dakin gwaje-gwajen sinadarai na zahiri, kuma aka ba shi izinin yin aiki tare da malaminsa Jacques Fresco, a dakin gwaje-gwajen Paul M. Doty . Binciken bazara ya haifar da buga takardu biyu masu nasara kan kurakuran da ba su dace ba a cikin tsarin helical na DNA da RNA, [10] [11] kuma Alberts ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da ilimin halittu. [2] Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin kimiyyar sinadarai, summa cum laude, a 1960. [2]

Daga nan Alberts ya yi aiki tare da Paul M. Doty kan ayyukan digirin PhD mai "girma sosai", da farko ya yi ƙoƙarin warware lambar kwayoyin halitta ta amfani da nazarin maƙwabta mafi kusa bayan an yi wa DNA magani da sauye-sauye daban-daban, sannan ya yi ƙoƙarin gwada samfurin ka'idarsa don yadda DNA polymerase zai iya kwafi samfurin DNA mai helical biyu. [9] Bayan ya kasa gwajin baki na farko a bazara ta 1965, ya kammala bincikensa na Ph.D. a kaka ta 1965. [5] [12] [13] Jami'ar Harvard ta ba shi digirin digirgir a fannin biophysics a ƙarshe a 1966. Alberts ya danganta gazawarsa ta farko da koyar da shi fiye da nasarorin da ya samu. [12] "Wannan wani muhimmin gogewa ce ta koyo a gare ni. Na yanke shawarar cewa dabarun gwaji shine komai a kimiyya, kuma babu wanda ya taɓa gaya mini wani abu game da wannan." [5]

Sana'a

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Bayan kammala karatunsa, Alberts ya tafi Institut de Biologie Moléculaire [14] a Jami'ar Geneva a matsayin jami'in digiri na uku, kuma ya yi aiki tare da Richard H. Epstein kan kwayoyin halittar da ke da hannu wajen kwafi DNA na phage T4 . Epstein da ɗalibansa sun nuna cewa akwai akalla sunadaran guda bakwai daban-daban da ake buƙata don kwafi DNA na T4. Alberts ya yanke shawarar yin wani abu da babu wanda yake yi, kuma ya ƙirƙiri ginshiƙin DNA don tsarkake sunadaran da ke ɗaure da DNA. [5] Wannan ya ba shi damar tsarkake sunadaran T4 Bacteriophage Gene 32, don haka ya gano furotin na farko mai ɗaure DNA mai ɗaure ɗaya - wani nau'in furotin da aka sani yanzu yana cikin dukkan ƙwayoyin halitta. [15]

A shekarar 1966, Alberts ya shiga sashen kimiyyar sinadarai a Jami'ar Princeton a matsayin mataimakin farfesa. A shekarar 1971, ya zama farfesa na biyu kuma a shekarar 1973 cikakken farfesa ne, inda ya rike mukamin Farfesa na Damon Pfeiffer a fannin kimiyyar rayuwa daga 1975 zuwa 1976. [14] [16] A Princeton, ya ci gaba da aiki a fannin sinadaran sinadarai na furotin, daga karshe ya sake gina tsarin kwafi na DNA a cikin bututun gwaji daga sunadaran guda bakwai masu tsabta. [5]

A shekarar 1976, Alberts ya karɓi muƙamin farfesa kuma mataimakin shugaban sashen ilimin sinadarai da kimiyyar halittu a Jami'ar California, San Francisco . Haka kuma a shekarar 1976, shi da ɗalibansa sun sami damar ƙara dukkan sunadaran guda bakwai zuwa DNA mai nau'i biyu a cikin isasshen sinadarin magnesium don yin DNA. An shafe shekaru da yawa ana bincike don fahimtar cikakkun bayanai game da halayen da ke cikin "inji" mai suna 7-protein wanda ya kwafi DNA. Wani muhimmin mataki na fahimtar haɗakar DNA shine gano cewa an haɗa babban sinadarin DNA polymerase da DNA polymerase mai lagging strand. [5] [17]

An zaɓe Alberts a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1978. [18] Daga 1981 zuwa 1985, Alberts ya riƙe matsayin Farfesa a fannin Bincike na Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka, wanda aka ba shi har tsawon rayuwarsa har zuwa 1980. [14] Daga 1985 zuwa 1990, ya kasance shugaban sashen ilimin sinadarai da kimiyyar halittu a Jami'ar California, San Francisco, kuma daga 1990 zuwa 1993 ya sake riƙe matsayin Farfesa a fannin Bincike na Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka. [19]

Kimiyya da ilimi

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Alberts ya yi aiki a matsayin cikakken shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa na tsawon wa'adi biyu, inda ya koma Washington, DC daga 1993 zuwa 2005. [14] [20]

Alberts ya daɗe yana jajircewa wajen inganta ilimin kimiyya, yana ware mafi yawan lokacinsa ga ayyukan ilimi kamar City Science, wani shiri da ke neman inganta koyarwar kimiyya a makarantun firamare na San Francisco. [2] Ya yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Albarkatun Kimiyya ta Ƙasa, wani aikin haɗin gwiwa na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa da Cibiyar Smithsonian da ke aiki tare da malamai, masana kimiyya, da tsarin makarantu don inganta koyarwar kimiyya da kuma Kwamitin Ƙasa na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa kan Ma'auni da Kimantawa. Lokacin da yake shugaban Kwalejin, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta buga rahotanni sama da ɗari kan ilimi, ciki har da Ka'idojin Ilimi na Kimiyya na Ƙasa (NSES; NRC, 1996) da kuma Bincike da Ka'idojin Ilimi na Kimiyya na Ƙasa (NRC, 2000), [20] duka sun yi niyyar canza yadda ake koyar da kimiyya K-12. Daga 2005 zuwa 2024, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Haɗin gwiwar Bincike kan Ilimi Mai Dabaru (SERP), wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan gudanar da binciken ilimi mai amfani, wanda aka kafa bisa ga shawarwari a cikin rahoton 2003 daga Kwalejin Ƙasa .

Ƙungiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin Halitta ta Amurka ce ta bayar da kyautar Bruce Alberts don ƙwarewa a fannin Ilimin Kimiyya da sunansa ga waɗanda suka bayar da gudummawa mai kyau a fannin ilimin kimiyya. [21]

Ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a cikin kwamitin ba da shawara da edita, ciki har da shugaban Hukumar Kimiyyar Rayuwa, Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa . [2] Kafin a zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa a 1995, ya kasance shugaban da aka zaɓa na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Halittu da Halittu ta Amurka . [17] Daga 2007 zuwa 2008 ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Nazarin Halittu ta Amurka.

Ya yi aiki a matsayin amintaccen Kamfanin Carnegie Corporation na New York daga 2000 zuwa 2009, [22] [23] kuma a matsayin amintaccen Gidauniyar Gordon da Betty Moore daga 2005 zuwa 2021. Shi da wasu sun yi suka ga tsarin binciken likitanci, suna nuna abin da suke ɗauka a matsayin "kurakuran tsari" [24] kuma sun ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar Rescueing Biomedical Research Archived 2015-12-22 at the Wayback Machine, don "tattara da tsara bayanai don mafita" [25] ga matsalolin da suka gano da kansu [24] da sauransu. [26]

Alberts ya kasance babban editan mujallar American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science, tsawon shekaru biyar daga 2008 zuwa 2013. [27] Shi ne ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa mujallar Cell Biology Education . [20]

Tun daga shekarar 2013, Alberts ya shiga cikin Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Cibiyar Ilimi ta Ƙasa . [28]

Daga 2000 zuwa 2009, Alberts ya kasance shugaban Majalisar InterAcademy, wata cibiyar ba da shawara a Amsterdam wacce shugabannin makarantun kimiyya goma sha biyar daga ko'ina cikin duniya ke jagoranta. Tun daga lokacin aka sake sanya wa wannan ƙungiyar suna InterAcademy Panel for Policy, kuma yanzu tana cikin Trieste.

A jawabinsa na ranar 4 ga Yuni, 2009, a Jami'ar Alkahira, Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya sanar da wani sabon shirin Wakilin Kimiyya a matsayin wani bangare na "sabon farawa tsakanin Amurka da Musulmai a duk fadin duniya." A watan Janairun 2010, Bruce Alberts, Ahmed Zewail, da Elias Zerhouni sun zama jakadun kimiyya na farko na Amurka zuwa Musulunci, inda suka ziyarci kasashen da Musulmai suka fi yawa daga Arewacin Afirka zuwa Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.

Littattafai

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Alberts ya yi aiki mai kyau a fannin kwafi na DNA da kuma rarraba ƙwayoyin halitta. Littafin karatunsa, Molecular Biology of the Cell, wanda yanzu yake cikin bugu na bakwai, shine littafin koyar da ilmin halittar ƙwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun a yawancin jami'o'i; bugu na huɗu yana samuwa kyauta daga Cibiyar Ba da Bayani ta Fasahar Zamani ta Ƙasa . An fassara wannan littafin da takwaransa ga ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri na farko, Essential Cell Biology, zuwa harsuna da yawa. [29]

Lambobin yabo da girmamawa

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Alberts memba ne na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka, [30] Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, [31] da kuma Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka . [32] A shekarar 2014, Shugaba Barack Obama ya ba Alberts lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Kimiyya.

Alberts ya sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa da yawa, gami da waɗannan:

  • 1975, Kyautar NAS a fannin Ilimin Halittar Kwayoyin Halitta, "Don ware sunadaran da ake buƙata don kwafi na DNA da sake haɗa kwayoyin halitta da kuma fahimtar yadda suke hulɗa da DNA." [33]
  • 1997, Kyautar Malami Mai Kyau, daga The Exploratorium da ke San Francisco [22]
  • 2005, Kwamandan Daular Burtaniya [34]
  • 2010, Kyautar Vannevar Bush [35]
  • 2010, Kyautar George Brown don Haɗin gwiwar Kimiyya ta Duniya [23]
  • 2014, Lambar Yabo ta Ƙasa ta Kimiyya
  • 2014, Lambar Yabo ta Shekarun Karni, Jami'ar Harvard [36] [37]
  • 2016, Kyautar Nasara ta Musamman ta Lasker-Koshland a Kimiyyar Likitanci [38]
  • 2022, Kyautar Maɓallin Zinare ta Sigma Xi

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Bruce Alberts, PhD". UCSF Profiles. University of California, San Francisco. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nuzzo, R. (21 June 2005). "Profile of Bruce Alberts: The education president". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (26): 9109–9111. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.9109N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504186102. PMC 1166644. PMID 15972327.
  3. ↑ Anon (2007). "Scientific publishing: Bruce Alberts Named Science Editor-in-Chief". Science. 318 (5858). doi:10.1126/science.318.5858.1852b. PMID 18096779. S2CID 28935473.
  4. ↑ Kirschner, M. (2008). "Profile: Bruce Alberts, Science's New Editor". Science. 319 (5867): 1199. doi:10.1126/science.1155869. PMID 18309070. S2CID 206511974.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gitschier, J. (2012). "Scientist Citizen: An Interview with Bruce Alberts". PLOS Genetics. 8 (5). doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002743. PMC 3364944. PMID 22693457.
  6. ↑ Walsh, Bari (2011). "A Conversation with Bruce Alberts" (PDF). Colloquy: Alumni Quarterly. Fall/Winter: 8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-08. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  7. ↑ Roberts, Jacob (2016). "Q&A The Reformer". Distillations. 2 (1): 37–39. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  8. ↑ "St Edmund's College – University of Cambridge". www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  9. 1 2 "Bruce Alberts on Becoming a Scientist". CSHL Digital Archives, Oral History. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  10. ↑ Fresco, Jacques R.; Alberts, Bruce M. (1960). "The accommodation of noncomplementary bases in helical polyribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acids". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 46 (3): 311–321. Bibcode:1960PNAS...46..311F. doi:10.1073/pnas.46.3.311. PMC 222832. PMID 16578484.
  11. ↑ Fresco, JR; Alberts, BM; Doty, P (8 October 1960). "Some molecular details of the secondary structure of ribonucleic acid". Nature. 188 (4745): 98–101. Bibcode:1960Natur.188...98F. doi:10.1038/188098a0. PMID 13701785. S2CID 36960556.
  12. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Yollin".
  13. ↑ Alberts, Bruce (October 28, 2004). "A wake-up call". Nature. 431 (7012): 1041. Bibcode:2004Natur.431.1041A. doi:10.1038/4311041a. PMID 15510128. S2CID 4304855.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "Moments in Academy History Bruce Michael Alberts 1993–2005 NAS President". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  15. ↑ ALBERTS, BRUCE M.; FREY, LINDA (26 September 1970). "T4 Bacteriophage Gene 32: A Structural Protein in the Replication and Recombination of DNA". Nature. 227 (5265): 1313–1318. Bibcode:1970Natur.227.1313A. doi:10.1038/2271313a0. PMID 5455134. S2CID 4274542.
  16. ↑ "Endowed Professorships and Other Designated Chairs". Princeton University. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  17. 1 2 Kresge, Nicole; Simoni, Robert D.; Hill, Robert L. (January 26, 2007). "DNA Polymerase and Leading and Lagging Strand Synthesis: the Work of Bruce Alberts" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (4): e3–e6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)72146-0.
  18. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "papers".
  20. 1 2 3 Labov, J. B. (1 September 2005). "From the National Academies: A Tribute to the Science Education Legacy of National Academy of Sciences President Bruce Alberts". Cell Biology Education. 4 (3): 185–188. doi:10.1187/cbe.05-06-0081. PMC 1200774.Labov, J. B. (1 September 2005). "From the National Academies: A Tribute to the Science Education Legacy of National Academy of Sciences President Bruce Alberts". Cell Biology Education. 4 (3): 185–188. doi:10.1187/cbe.05-06-0081. PMC 1200774.
  21. ↑ "Bruce Alberts Award for Excellence in Science Education". ASCB. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  22. 1 2 "Dr. Bruce Alberts Elected to the Board of Carnegie Corporation of New York". Carnegie Corporation of New York. March 7, 2000. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  23. 1 2 "Bruce Alberts, a former Carnegie Corporation trustee, honored with Award for Advancing Cooperation in Science". Carnegie Corporation of New York. September 10, 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  24. 1 2 Alberts, B.; Kirschner, M. W.; Tilghman, S.; Varmus, H. (14 April 2014). "Rescuing US biomedical research from its systemic flaws". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (16): 5773–5777. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.5773A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1404402111. PMC 4000813. PMID 24733905.
  25. ↑ "St Edmund's College – University of Cambridge". www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  26. ↑ Pickett, Christopher L.; Corb, Benjamin W.; Matthews, C. Robert; Sundquist, Wesley I.; Berg, Jeremy M. (2015-09-01). "Toward a sustainable biomedical research enterprise: Finding consensus and implementing recommendations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (35): 10832–10836. doi:10.1073/pnas.1509901112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4568264. PMID 26195768.
  27. ↑ "St Edmund's College – University of Cambridge". www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  28. ↑ "St Edmund's College – University of Cambridge". www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  29. ↑ "Molecular Biology of the Cell". Garland Science. Retrieved 21 September 2015., Click on "(Translations)" to see a list.
  30. ↑ "St Edmund's College – University of Cambridge". www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  31. ↑ "St Edmund's College – University of Cambridge". www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
  32. ↑ Pickett, Christopher L.; Corb, Benjamin W.; Matthews, C. Robert; Sundquist, Wesley I.; Berg, Jeremy M. (2015-09-01). "Toward a sustainable biomedical research enterprise: Finding consensus and implementing recommendations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (35): 10832–10836. doi:10.1073/pnas.1509901112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4568264. PMID 26195768.
  33. ↑ "NAS Award in Molecular Biology". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  34. ↑ "Bruce Alberts". Academy Europaea. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  35. ↑ Wang, Linda (April 5, 2010). "Bruce Alberts Wins Vannevar Bush Award". Chemical & Engineering News. 88 (14). Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  36. ↑ "GSAS Honors Four with Centennial Medals". 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  37. ↑ "Centennial Medalist Citations". Harvard Magazine. May 28, 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  38. ↑ "Discoveries in DNA replication, and leadership in science and education". Lasker Foundation. September 10, 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
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