Bust na Nefertiti
 Bust na Nefertiti | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
sculpture (en)  da archaeological find (en) | ||||
 | ||||
| Bayanai | ||||
| Farawa | 1350 "BCE" | |||
| Laƙabi | Büste der Königin Nofretete | |||
| Mamallaki |
James Simon (mul) , Freistaat Preußen (mul) , Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz (mul) da Gidan Tarihi na Masar na Berlin | |||
| Nau'in |
bust (en) | |||
| Maƙirƙiri |
Thutmose (en) | |||
| Kayan haɗi |
limestone (en) , stucco (en) da quartz (en) | |||
| Depicts (en) |
Nefertiti (en) , mace da Uraeus | |||
| Collection (en) |
Neues Museum (en) | |||
| Inventory number (en) | ÄM 21300 | |||
| Zangon lokaci | Sabuwar Masarautar Masar | |||
| Mai ganowa ko mai ƙirƙira |
Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft (en) | |||
| Time of discovery or invention (en) | 6 Disamba 1912 | |||
| Location of discovery (en) |
Amarna (en) | |||
| Fabrication method (en) |
polychromy (en) | |||
| Copyright status (en) |
public domain (en) | |||
| Wuri | ||||
| ||||
Nefertiti Bust wani bus ne mai ado da dutse mai Kashi na Nefertini, Babban Matar Sarauta na Fir'auna Akhenaton na Masar . [1] Ana nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Masar na Berlin .
An yi imanin cewa Thutmose ne ya yi aikin a cikin 1345 BC saboda an samo shi a cikin bita a Tell-el Amarna, Misira.[2] Yana daya daga cikin ayyukan da aka fi kwafa a tsohuwar Misira. Nefertiti ta zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mata na duniya ta dā kuma gunkin kyawawan mata.[3]
Wata ƙungiyar masu binciken archaeological ta Jamus karkashin jagorancin Ludwig Borchardt ta gano bus ɗin a cikin 1912 a cikin bita na Thutmose. An ajiye shi a wurare daban-daban a Jamus tun lokacin da aka gano shi, gami da ɗakin ajiya na banki, ma'adinin gishiri a Merkers-Kieselbach, Gidan kayan gargajiya na Dahlem, gidan kayan tarihi na Masar a Charlottenburg da Gidan kayan gargajiya na Altes . [4] An nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Neues a Berlin, inda aka nuna shi da farko kafin Yaƙin Duniya na II.[4] Masar ta yi kira ga dawo da bus din, inda ta ambaci tanadin da ya hana duk wani abu mai daraja daga barin Masar. Masar ta zargi Borchardt da "rufe bust don ɓoye darajarta da fitar da ita daga ƙasar".[5]
Nefertiti Bust ya zama ba kawai alama ce ta tsohuwar Misira ba, har ma alama ce ta tasirin da mulkin mallaka na Turai ya yi a tarihin Masar da al'adun Masar. Ya kasance batun jayayya tsakanin Masar da Jamus game da bukatun Masar don dawowa da shi, wanda ya fara a 1924, da zarar an fara nuna bus din ga jama'a, kuma gabaɗaya ya haifar da tattaunawa game da rawar da gidajen tarihi ke takawa wajen kawar da mulkin mallaka.[6] A yau, Masar ta ci gaba da neman dawo da bus din, yayin da jami'an Jamus da Gidan Tarihi na Berlin suka tabbatar da mallakar su ta hanyar ambaton yarjejeniyar hukuma, wanda masu binciken Jamus da kuma Ofishin Tarihin Masar na Faransa suka sanya hannu a lokacin.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sharar fage
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Nefertiti (ma'ana "kyakkyawan da ya fito") ita ce Babban Matar Sarauta ta ƙarni na 14 BC (babban abokiyar aure) ta Fir'auna Akhenaton na Daular Masar ta goma sha takwas . AkhenAten ya fara sabon nau'in ibada guda daya da ake kira Atenism wanda aka keɓe ga Diski na Sun Aten . [7] Ba a san komai game da Nefertiti ba. Ka'idoji sun nuna cewa tana iya zama sarauniyar Masar ta haihuwa, yarima ta kasashen waje ko 'yar wani babban jami'in gwamnati mai suna Ay, wanda ya zama Fir'auna bayan Tutankhamun. Wataƙila ta kasance mai mulkin Masar tare da Akhenaten, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1352 BC zuwa 1336 BC.[7] Nefertiti ta haifi 'ya'ya mata shida ga Akhenaten, daya daga cikinsu, Ankhesenpaaten (wanda aka sake masa suna Ankhesenamun bayan murkushe addinin Aten), ya auri Tutankhamun, ɗan Nefertita. Duk da yake an taɓa tunanin cewa Nefertiti ta ɓace a shekara ta goma sha biyu ta mulkin Akhenaten saboda mutuwarta ko kuma saboda ta ɗauki sabon suna, har yanzu tana da rai a shekara ta sha shida ta mulkin mijinta bisa ga rubutun dutse da aka samo a Deir Abu Hinnis [7] "a gefen gabas na Nilu, kimanin kilomita goma arewacin Amarna", a cikin Gwamnatin Al-Minya [8] Nefertitis na iya zama Fir'auna a cikin mutuwar mijinta na yau.
An yi imanin cewa an yi amfani da bus din Nefertiti game da 1345 BC ta hanyar mai zane-zane Thutmose . [7][9] Bust din ba shi da wani rubutu, amma tabbas ana iya gano shi a matsayin Nefertiti ta hanyar kambi na musamman, wanda ta sa a wasu abubuwan da suka tsira (kuma a bayyane suke), misali "altare na gida".
Bincike da cirewa daga Masar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An gano bus din ne a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba 1912 a Amarna ta hanyar ƙungiyar masu binciken tarihi da Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft">Kamfanin Gabashin Jamus (Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft - DOG) ya ba da kuɗin, ƙungiyar sa kai da ɗaya daga cikin mutane masu arziki a Prussia, James Simon ya kafa, [5] wanda ya fitar da kayan tarihi sama da 20,000 daga Masar da Iraki. [10] Masanin binciken kayan tarihi na Jamus Ludwig Borchardt ne ya jagoranci tawagar. An samo bus din a cikin abin da ya kasance wurin bita na masanin zane-zane Thutmose, tare da sauran busts da ba a gama su ba na Nefertiti. Littafin Borchardt ya ba da babban labarin da aka rubuta game da binciken; ya ce, "Ba zato ba tsammani muna da mafi kyawun zane-zanen Masar a hannayenmu. Ba za ku iya bayyana shi da kalmomi ba. Dole ne ku gan shi. "
Bayyanawa da jarrabawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ginin yana da tsawon inci 48 (19 in) kuma yana da nauyin kilo 20 (44 . An yi shi ne da dutse mai laushi wanda aka rufe shi da yadudduka masu launi. Fuskar gaba ɗaya tana da daidaituwa kuma kusan cikakke, amma idon hagu ba shi da inlay da ke hannun dama. Iris na ido na dama yana da ma'auni da aka saka tare da fenti baƙar fata kuma an gyara shi da ƙudan zuma. Tushen ido-socket ne unorned limestone. Nefertiti tana sanye da kambinta mai launin shudi wanda aka sani da "Kwallo na Nefertini" tare da ƙungiyar zinariya da ke kewaye da ita kamar layin layi kuma tana haɗuwa a baya, da kuma Uraeus (cobra), wanda yanzu ya karye, a kan goshinta. Har ila yau, tana sanye da babban wuyan hannu tare da tsarin furanni. Kunnen sun sha wahala.[11] Gardner's Art Through the Ages ya nuna cewa "Tare da wannan busassun mai kyau, Thutmose na iya yin nuni da furen mai nauyi a kan tsintsiya mai laushi ta hanyar wuce gona da iri nauyin kawun da aka yi da kuma tsawon kusan wuyan maciji. "
Muhimmancin al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 1930, 'yan jaridar Jamus sun bayyana bust din a matsayin sabon sarkin su, suna nuna shi a matsayin sarauniya. A matsayin "'mafi daraja ... dutse a cikin saitin kambi' daga dukiyar fasaha ta 'Prussia Jamus'", Nefertiti zai sake kafa asalin ƙasar Jamus bayan 1918. [12] Hitler ya bayyana bus din a matsayin "wani abu ne na musamman, kayan ado, dukiya ta gaskiya", kuma ya yi alkawarin gina gidan kayan gargajiya don adana shi. A cikin shekarun 1970s, bust din ya zama batun asalin ƙasa ga Jihohin Jamus, Gabashin Jamus da Yammacin Jamus, waɗanda aka kirkira bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II. A cikin 1999, bus din ya bayyana a kan wata takarda ta zaben jam'iyyar siyasa mai suna Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen a matsayin alkawari ga yanayin duniya da al'adu da yawa tare da taken "Matasa masu ƙarfi ga Berlin!" A cewar Claudia Breger, wani dalili da ya sa bus din ya zama alaƙa da asalin ƙasar Jamus shine matsayinsa na abokin hamayyar Tutankhamun, wanda Birtaniya ta samu wanda ke sarrafa Masar yadda ya kamata.[13]
Bust din ya zama tasiri ga al'adun gargajiya, tare da aikin Jack Pierce akan salon gashi na Elsa Lanchester a fim din Bride na Frankenstein wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Nefertiti – Ancient History". History.com. 15 June 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ↑ e.V., Verein zur Förderung des Ägyptischen Museums und Papyrussammlung Berlin. "Nefertiti: (Society for the Promotion of the Egyptian Museum Berlin)". www.egyptian-museum-berlin.com. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
- ↑ Conrad, Sebastian (2024). "The Making of a Global Icon: Nefertiti's Twentieth-Century Career". Global Intellectual History (in Turanci): 1–32. doi:10.1080/23801883.2024.2303074. ISSN 2380-1883.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedTharoor - ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Egypt renews demands to retrieve Nefertiti bust from Germany". www.al-monitor.com (in Turanci). October 2020. Retrieved 2023-04-15. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "auto" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Diamond, Kelly-Anne (2019-04-06). "DO MUSEUMS PLAY A ROLE IN UNDOING COLONIALISM?". Hindsights (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-04-15.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Yakutchik, Maryalice. "Who Was Nefertiti?". Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2009. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "who" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Perre, Athena Van der. "A. VAN DER PERRE, 'Nefertiti's last documented reference [for now]', in F. Seyfried (ed.) In the Light of Amarna. 100 Years of the Nefertiti Discovery, (Berlin, 2012), 195-197" – via www.academia.edu.
- ↑ Dell'Amore, Christine (30 March 2009). "Nefertiti's Real, Wrinkled Face Found in Famous Bust?". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
- ↑ "The Hyperbolic Philanthropy of James Simon". The Forward (in Turanci). 2009-01-09. Retrieved 2023-04-15.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedsilver - ↑ Breger p. 291
- ↑ Breger p. 292