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CHIPS da Dokar Kimiyya

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CHIPS da Dokar Kimiyya
Asali
Asalin suna Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America Act
Characteristics
Harshe Turanci
Muhimmin darasi semiconductor manufacturing equipments (en) Fassara

Dokar CHIPS da Kimiyya doka ce ta tarayya ta Amurka da Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka ta 117 ta kafa kuma Shugaba Joe Biden ya sanya hannu a cikin doka a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2022. Dokar ta ba da izini kusan dala biliyan 280 a cikin sabon kudade don bunkasa bincike na cikin gida da masana'antun semiconductors a Amurka, wanda ya ba da dala biliyan 52.7 . [1] [2][3] Dokar ta haɗa da dala biliyan 39 a cikin tallafi don masana'antar kwakwalwa a ƙasar Amurka tare da ƙididdigar harajin saka hannun jari na 25% don farashin kayan aikin masana'antu, da dala biliya 13 don binciken semiconductor da horar da ma'aikata, tare da manufar biyu na ƙarfafa ƙarfin sarkar samar da Amurka da kuma magance China. [4] : 1 Har ila yau, yana saka hannun jari na dala biliyan 174 a cikin tsarin halittu na binciken bangaren jama'a a kimiyya da fasaha, ci gaba da jirgin sararin samaniya na ɗan adam, lissafin lissafi, kimiyyar kayan aiki, kimiyyyar rayuwa, kimiyya ta gwaji, tsaro na zamantakewa da la'akari da ɗabi'a, ci gaban ma'aikata da bambancin, daidaito, da ƙoƙarin hadawa a NASA, NSF, DOE, NIST" EDA, da NIST.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

Dokar ba ta da gajeren lakabi na hukuma gaba ɗaya amma an raba ta zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku tare da gajerun sunayensu: Sashe na A shine Dokar CHIPS ta 2022 (inda CHIPS ke tsaye ga tsohon "Creating Helpful Incentives to Producing Semiconductors" don Dokar Amurka" [11]); Sashe na B shine Dokar Bincike da Ci Gaban, Gasar, da Innovation; kuma Sashe na C shine Dokar Kudin Tsaro ta Kotun Koli ta 2022.[12]

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, masu sharhi sun kiyasta cewa dokar ta karfafa tsakanin ayyukan 25 zuwa 50 daban-daban, tare da jimlar saka hannun jari na dala biliyan 160-200 da sabbin ayyuka 25,000-45,000. Koyaya, waɗannan ayyukan suna fuskantar jinkiri wajen karɓar tallafi saboda matsalolin bureaucratic, ƙarancin ƙwararrun ma'aikata, da yarjejeniyar tallafin majalisa waɗanda suka iyakance ko yanke tanadin bincike na Dokar da dubban biliyoyin daloli.[13][14]

Tarihi

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Dokar CHIPS da Kimiyya ta haɗu da takardun kudi guda biyu: Dokar Ƙayyadadden Ƙasa, [15] wanda aka tsara don haɓaka saka hannun jari a cikin binciken fasaha na cikin gida, da Dokar CHIPS don Amurka, [16] wanda aka tsara domin kawo masana'antar semiconductor zuwa Amurka. Dokar tana da niyyar yin gasa da China.[17]

An gabatar da Dokar Ƙayyadadden Ƙayyadaddun ga Sanatoci Chuck Schumer (D-NY) da Todd Young (R-IN) ta Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati Keith Krach a watan Oktoba 2019, a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun Tsaro na Tattalin Arziki na Duniya don haɓaka saka hannun jari a cikin bincike mai zurfi wanda ke da muhimmanci ga tsaron ƙasa na Amurka.[18][19] Shirin ya bunkasa dala biliyan 150 a cikin kudaden R&D na gwamnati a cikin saka hannun jari na dala biliyan 500, tare da daidaita saka hannun jari daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da hadin gwiwar abokan hulɗa na fasaha da ake kira "Techno-Democracies-10" (TD-10). [19][20] A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2020, Sanatoci Young da Schumer, tare da 'yan majalisa Ro Khanna (D-CA) da Mike Gallagher (R-WI.), sun gabatar da Dokar Ƙasashen Ƙasashen Waje ta Bipartisan, Bicameral don ƙarfafa jagorancin Amurka a cikin sababbin kimiyya da fasaha ta hanyar ƙara saka hannun jari a cikin ganowa, halitta, da kasuwanci na fannonin fasaha na gaba.[21]  

Dokar Innovation da Competition ta Amurka ta 2021 (USICA) (S. 1260), wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Ƙayyadadden Ƙasa, doka ce ta Amurka da shugaban Majalisar Dattijai Chuck Schumer da Sanata Young suka tallafawa wanda ya ba da izini ga dala biliyan 110 don bincike na asali da ci gaba a cikin shekaru biyar. Zuba jari a cikin bincike na asali da na ci gaba, kasuwanci, da ilimi da shirye-shiryen horo a cikin hankali na wucin gadi, semiconductors, lissafin lissafi, sadarwa mai ci gaba, biotechnology da makamashi mai ci gaba. Fiye da dala biliyan 10 an ba da izini don ba da gudummawa don tsara cibiyoyin fasahar yanki goma da ƙirƙirar shirin amsa Rikicin sarkar samarwa.[22]   

Sashe na Dokar CHIPS don Amurka ya samo asali ne daga Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati Krach da tawagarsa da ke ba da dala biliyan 12 a kan shoring na TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) don tabbatar da jerin samar da kayan aiki na ƙwarewar semiconductors, a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 2020.[23][24] Shirye-shiryen da Krach ya bayyana shi ne yin amfani da sanarwar TSMC a matsayin abin motsawa don karfafa amintaccen sarkar samarwa ta hanyar jan hankalin tsarin halittu na masu samar da kayayyaki na TSMC; shawo kan wasu kamfanonin guntu don samarwa a Amurka, musamman Intel da Samsung; karfafa jami'o'i don haɓaka tsarin aikin injiniya da ke mai da hankali kan masana'antar semiconductor da tsara lissafin bipartisan (CHIPS don Amurka) don samar da kudade da ake buƙata. [25] Wannan ya haifar da Krach da ƙungiyarsa ta kusa da haɗin gwiwa wajen ƙirƙirar ɓangaren CHIPS don Amurka tare da sanatoci John Cornyn (R-TX) da Mark Warner (D-VA). [26] A watan Yunin 2020, Sanata Warner ya shiga Sanata na Amurka John Cornyn wajen gabatar da Dokar CHIPS biliyan 52 don Amurka. An kuma haɗa abubuwa na Dokar Bincike da Ci Gaban Bioeconomy ta 2021.[27]  

Dukkanin takardun kudi sun haɗu cikin Dokar Innovation da Competition ta Amurka (USICA). A ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2021, USICA ta wuce 68-32 a Majalisar Dattijai tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyun biyu. Dokar Majalisar, Dokar COMPETES ta Amurka ta 2022 (H.R. 4521), ta wuce a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2022. Majalisar Dattijai ta zartar da dokar da aka gyara ta hanyar maye gurbin rubutun HR 4521 tare da rubutun USICA a ranar 28 ga Maris, 2022. An buƙaci taron Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar don sulhunta bambance-bambance, wanda ya haifar da Dokar CHIPS da Kimiyya ta jam'iyya biyu, ko "[./CHIPS_and_Science_Act#cite_note-32 [1]] Kudin ya wuce Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka da kuri'un 64-33 a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2022. A ranar 28 ga watan Yulin, lissafin dala biliyan 280 ya wuce Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka da kuri'un 243-187-1 . A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, 2022, mujallar EE Times (Injiniyan lantarki) da ake kira Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati Keith Krach (kamar yadda ya kasance a watan Fabrairun 2023), yanzu Shugaban Cibiyar Krach ta Tech Diplomacy a Jami'ar Purdue) masanin gine-ginen CHIPS da Dokar Kimiyya.[25] Shugaba Joe Biden ne ya sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2022.[28]

Tarihi da tanadi

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Shugaba Joe Biden ya ba da jawabai game da Dokar CHIPS da Kimiyya a wani masana'antar kirkirar semiconductor a Clay, New York, Afrilu 25, 2024.

Dokar ta zama shirin manufofin masana'antu wanda ke faruwa ne a kan asalin wani AI Cold War tsakanin Amurka da China, kamar yadda fasahar fasaha ta wucin gadi ta dogara da semiconductors. An yi la'akari da dokar a cikin karancin semiconductor na duniya kuma an yi niyyar samar da tallafi da kudaden haraji ga masu yin kwakwalwa tare da ayyuka a Amurka. Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci ta Amurka an ba ta ikon rarraba kudade bisa ga shirye-shiryen kamfanoni na ci gaba da bincike, gina wurare, da horar da sabbin ma'aikata

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Johnson, Lamar (August 9, 2022). "Biden ends slog on semiconductor bill with signature". POLITICO (in Turanci). Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved August 9, 2022. Biden said Micron, an American-based company, announced a 10-year, $40 billion investment on Tuesday for factories and building memory chips as a result of the law. He also touted a Monday announcement by American companies Qualcomm and GlobalFoundries to invest $4 billion to produce semiconductors in the United States.
  2. ↑ Congressional Research Service (April 25, 2023). "Frequently Asked Questions: CHIPS Act of 2022 Provisions and Implementation". United States Congressional Research Service.
  3. ↑ Zimmerman, Alessandra (August 26, 2022). "R&D Funding Breakdown: CHIPS and Science Act" (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SJMN_2022-09-04
  5. ↑ Badlam, Justin; Clark, Stephen; Gajendragakar, Suhrid; Kumar, Adi; O'Rourke, Sara; Swartz, Dale (October 4, 2022). "The CHIPS and Science Act: Here's what's in it". McKinsey & Company. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
  6. ↑ Arcuri, Gregory; Shivakumar, Sujai (August 11, 2022). "A Look at the Science-Related Portions of CHIPS+". Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ↑ Meyer, Robinson (August 10, 2022). "Congress Just Passed a Big Climate Bill. No, Not That One". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
  8. ↑ Peterson, Andrea (September 16, 2022). "Workforce Diversity Initiatives in the CHIPS and Science Act". AIP. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  9. ↑ Bui, Vivien (August 10, 2023). "The CHIPS and Science Act: A Game-Changer in its First Year". Energy.gov. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  10. ↑ Guston, David (May 4, 2023). "Making the Most of the "Ethical and Societal Considerations" in the CHIPS and Science Act". Issues in Science and Technology. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  11. ↑ "CHIPS for America Seeks Public Input on Financial Incentives, New Institutes for Semiconductor Manufacturing". U.S. Department of Commerce. October 14, 2022. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved 2024-12-18.
  12. ↑ "Text – H.R.4346 – 117th Congress (2021–2022): Supreme Court Security Funding Act of 2022". U.S. Congress. August 9, 2022. Archived from the original on May 17, 2020. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
  13. ↑ Hourihan, Matt; Roberts Chapman, Melissa; Muro, Mark (June 29, 2023). "The bold vision of the CHIPS and Science Act isn't getting the funding it needs". Brookings. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  14. ↑ Mui, Christine (March 9, 2024). "How Congress defanged Biden's big science push". POLITICO. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
  15. ↑ "Congressional Bill". May 21, 2020. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  16. ↑ "Congressional Bill". June 11, 2020. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  17. ↑ "Bipartisan support for US science more likely in Senate than House". Physics Today (8): 6419. 2014. Bibcode:2014PhT..2014h6419.. doi:10.1063/pt.5.028154. ISSN 1945-0699. Archived from the original on May 3, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
  18. ↑ "Purdue Center for Tech Diplomacy Chairman Keith Krach and Director Bonnie Glick Counsel Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo on Securing Semiconductor Supply Chain". www.businesswire.com (in Turanci). March 21, 2022. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Krach, Keith (June 17, 2021). "The Senate just passed the next Apollo program". The Hill (in Turanci). Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  20. ↑ "Read @Kearney: The US–China high-tech competition is modernizing American industries: an interview with Keith Krach". Kearney (in Turanci). Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  21. ↑ "Young, Schumer Unveil Endless Frontier Act to Bolster U.S. Tech Leadership and Combat China | U.S. Senator Todd Young of Indiana". www.young.senate.gov (in Turanci). Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  22. ↑ "The Endless Frontier Act: Shifting the Focus from Defense to Offense". The National Law Review (in Turanci). Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  23. ↑ "Briefing with Under Secretary for Growth, Energy, and the Environment Keith Krach, Science and Technology Adviser to the Secretary Mung Chiang, and Assistant Secretary for International Security and Nonproliferation Christopher A. Ford On Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation's Intent to Invest $12 Billion In the U.S. and on the CCP's Ability to Undermine U.S. Export Controls". United States Department of State (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  24. ↑ "US woos Taiwan and its chipmakers in step toward trade pact". Nikkei Asia (in Turanci). Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Patterson, Alan (August 1, 2022). "Architect of CHIPS Act Speaks on Its Impact". EE Times. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-05. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":02" defined multiple times with different content
  26. ↑ "Purdue Center for Tech Diplomacy Chairman Keith Krach and Director Bonnie Glick Counsel Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo on Securing Semiconductor Supply Chain". www.yahoo.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  27. ↑ "How the CHIPS and Science Act Benefits Microbiology". ASM.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-05-02.
  28. ↑ "Remarks by President Biden at Signing of H.R. 4346, "The CHIPS and Science Act of 2022"". The White House (in Turanci). 2022-08-09. Archived from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
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