Cali-cali
Mai wasan kwaikwayo ko mai ban ba'a-linkid="97" href="./Laughter" id="mwDA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Laughter">dariya mutum ne wanda ke jin daɗin masu sauraro ta hanyar yin su dariya ta hanyar ban dariya, yanayi mai ban dariya, ko wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya.
Suna yin rayuwa da kuma ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai ciki har da fim, talabijin, rediyo, rikodin sauti, da Intanet, tare da wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin babban nau'in wasan kwaikwayo.
Masu wasan kwaikwayo sun wanzu tun zamanin d ̄ a, tare da Aristophanes daga cikin farkon sanannun marubuta na wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da wasan kwaikwayo na zamani ya samo asali ne daga al'adun da suka hada da wasan kwaikwayo ya Amurka, vaudeville, da kuma Gidan kiɗa na Burtaniya.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Helenawa na
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya gano 'yan wasan kwaikwayo zuwa 425 BC, lokacin da Aristophanes, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayon, ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na dā. Ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo 40, 11 daga cikinsu sun tsira kuma har yanzu ana yin su. Halin wasan kwaikwayo na Aristophanes ya ɗauki nau'in wasan kwaikwayo na satyr.
Wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespeare
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mawallafin Ingilishi kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo William Shakespeare ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo da yawa. Wani wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespeare shine wanda ke da ƙarshen farin ciki, yawanci ya haɗa da aure tsakanin haruffa marasa aure, da sautin da salon da ya fi ƙarfin zuciya fiye da sauran wasannin Shakespeare.
Zamanin zamani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka ya samo asali ne a cikin shekarun 1840 daga nau'ikan wasan kwaikwayo guda uku, nau'ikan nunawa iri-iri na minstrel (ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na Jim Crow); Frederick Douglass ya soki waɗannan wasan kwaikwayon don cin riba daga da ci gaba da wariyar launin fata.[1] Minstrelsy monologists sun yi aiki na biyu, maganganun magana daga cikin minstrel nuna har zuwa 1896.[2][3] Har ila yau, Amurkawa sun fito ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na vaudeville daga shekarun 1880 zuwa 1930, tare da irin waɗannan wasan kwaikwayo kamar W. C. Fields, Buster Keaton da Marx Brothers.
Wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya ya samo asali ne a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na 1850, inda Charlie Chaplin, Stan Laurel, da Dan Leno suka fara yin wasan kwaikwayo, [4] wanda mai wasan kwaikwayo da mai wasan kwaikwayo na gidan wasan kwaikwayo Fred Karno ya jagoranci, wanda ya haɓaka wani nau'i na wasan kwaikwayo ba tare da tattaunawa ba a cikin shekarun 1890 kuma ya fara wasan kwaikwayo na slapstick.
Kafofin watsa labarai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A zamanin zamani, yayin da fasaha ta samar da nau'ikan Kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a, an daidaita su da nishaɗi da masu wasan kwaikwayo da suka dace da sabbin kafofin watsa labarai, wani lokacin suna sauyawa zuwa sababbin siffofi yayin da aka gabatar da su.
Tsaya sama
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Comedy mai ban dariya ne mai ban dariya da aka yi tsaye a kan mataki.[5] Bob Hope ya zama sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarni na 20 a cikin kusan shekaru 80 da suka haɗa da rawar fim din wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a cikin shekaru biyar a cikin rediyo, talabijin, da kuma nishaɗin dakarun soja ta hanyar USO. Sauran sanannun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sun hada da Lenny Bruce, Billy Connolly, George Carlin, Richard Pryor, Victoria Wood, Joan Rivers, Whoopi Goldberg da Jo Brand.
Rubuce-rubucen sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasu daga cikin rikodin sauti na kasuwanci na farko sun kasance ne daga masu wasan kwaikwayo irin su Cal Stewart, waɗanda suka rubuta tarin maganganunsa masu ban dariya a kan Edison Records tun farkon 1898, da sauran lakabi har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1919.
Bandleader Spike Jones ya rubuta kundin wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa 15 wanda ke ba da labari game da kiɗa na gargajiya daga 1950 zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1965. Tom Lehrer ya rubuta kuma ya rubuta kundi biyar na waƙoƙi da ke ba da labarin siyasa da zamantakewa daga 1953 zuwa 1965. Mai kiɗa Peter Schickele, wanda Jones ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, ya yi waƙoƙin gargajiya tare da kundi 17 na kiɗansa wanda ya gabatar kamar yadda "P.D.Q. Bach" (ɗan almara na Johann Sebastian Bach) ya rubuta daga 1965 zuwa 2007.
A shekara ta 1968, ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta rediyo mai suna The Firesign Theatre ta sauya manufar kundin wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce da yin rikodin wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo da ke amfani da tasirin sauti da rikodin hanyoyi da yawa, wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Robin Williams ya kira "daidaitaccen sauti na zanen Hieronymus Bosch. "Duo mai ban dariya Cheech da Chong sun rubuta kundin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin irin wannan tsari daga 1971 zuwa 1985.
Fim din
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Karno ya ɗauki Chaplin da Laurel a tafiye-tafiye biyu zuwa Amurka don yawon shakatawa na vaudeville. A karo na biyu, masana'antar fina-finai masu shiru ce ta dauki su. Chaplin ya zama sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na allo na farkon rabin karni na 20. Chaplin da Stan Laurel sun kasance masu karewa na Fred Karno, mai gabatar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ingila na zauren kiɗa na Burtaniya, kuma a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa Laurel ya ce, "Fred Karno bai koya wa Charlie [Chaplin] da ni duk abin da muka sani game da wasan kwaikwayo ba. " Ya koya mana mafi yawan abin da ya faru. Chaplin ya rubuta fina-finai kamar Modern Times da The Kid . Fim dinsa har yanzu suna da babban tasiri a kan wasan kwaikwayo a fina-finai a yau.[6]
Laurel ta sadu da Oliver Hardy a Amurka kuma ta haɗu a matsayin Laurel da Hardy . Keaton ya kuma fara yin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya.
Fields ya bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway, fina-finai uku a cikin 1915 da 1925, kuma a cikin fina-fukkuna masu sauti tun daga 1926. Har ila yau, 'yan uwan Marx sun yi canji zuwa fim a 1929, ta hanyar waƙoƙi biyu na Broadway.
Sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa sun yi fina-finai masu sauti, kamar Bob Hope (duka biyu kadai, kuma a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na "Hanyar zuwa ..." tare da abokin tarayya Bing Crosby), mai magana da baki Edgar Bergen, da Jerry Lewis (duka tare da kuma ba tare da abokin aiki Dean Martin ba).
Wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da suka shiga fim sun fadada ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayon su zama' yan wasan kwaikwayo, ko kuma sun fara ne a matsayin' yan wasan kwaikwayon da suka kware a matsayin masu ban dariya, kamar Dick Van Dyke, Paul Lynde, Michael Keaton, Bill Murray da Denis Leary.
Rediyo
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo ya fara ne a Amurka lokacin da Raymond Knight ya ƙaddamar da The Cuckoo Hour a kan NBC a cikin 1930, tare da gabatarwar cibiyar sadarwa ta 1931 na Stoopnagle da Budd a kan CBS. Yawancin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood waɗanda ba su zama' yan wasan kwaikwayo ba (misali Bergen, Fields, Groucho da Chico Marx, Red Skelton, Jack Benny, Fred Allen, Judy Canova, Hope, Martin da Lewis), sun sauya zuwa rediyo na Amurka a cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940. Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna da shirye-shirye na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Hollywood don zanawa daga, gami da cream na ƙwarewar Gidan kiɗa na Burtaniya.
An hana shi da dabi'u masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na mai watsa shirye-shiryen kasar (BBC), wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo bai bunkasa a Burtaniya ba har sai ƙarni daya daga baya, lokacin da halin yaƙi ya bukaci karfafawa kan nishaɗi mai sauƙi.[7] Shahararrun shirye-shiryen sun haɗa da Danger - Maza a Aiki!Hadari - Maza a Aiki!, ITMA, da kuma Ƙaddamarwa da yawa a cikin Marsh. Wadannan sun haifar da ci gaban bayan yakin irin waɗannan abubuwan kamar The Goon Show da Hancock's Half Hour . Rediyo ya zama wurin tabbatarwa ga masu wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya da yawa daga baya. Chris Morris ya fara aikinsa a 1986 a Rediyon Cambridgeshire, kuma Ricky Gervais ya fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo a 1997 a gidan rediyo na Landan XFM . The League of Gentlemen, Mitchell da Webb da The Mighty Boosh duk sun sauya zuwa talabijin bayan watsa shirye-shirye a BBC Radio 4.
Talabijin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A talabijin akwai shirye-shiryen magana na wasan kwaikwayo inda masu wasan kwaikwayo ke yin ba'a da labarai na yanzu ko batutuwa masu shahara. Irin waɗannan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da Jay Leno, Conan O'Brien, Graham Norton, Jim Jefferies, James Corden, John Oliver, Jonathan Ross, David Letterman, da Chelsea Handler. Akwai zane-zane na wasan kwaikwayo, kamar Mr. Show tare da Bob da David da Monty Python waɗanda suka kirkiro wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Monty Python's Flying Circus (wasan kwaikwayo na BBC wanda ya rinjayi Asabar Night Live), da kuma sitcoms, kamar Roseanne, Only Fools and Horses, da Not Going Out, da kuma shahararrun wasan kwaikwayo na panel kamar The Big Fat Quiz of the Year, Have I Got News for You, da Celebrity Juice. Mafi shahararrun sitcoms sun hada da Seinfeld da Cheers . [8]
Intanet
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana jin daɗin wasan kwaikwayo a kan layi. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa sun fara ne ta hanyar intanet kamar Bo Burnham . Masu wasan kwaikwayo suna watsa bidiyo na su sun hada da Bridget Christie, Louis C.K. da Daniel Kitson .
Abin takaici
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai tsarin da aka kafa da yawa don yin wasa. Misali daya shine pun ko sau biyu-entendre, inda ake musayar irin waɗannan kalmomi. Ronnies guda biyu galibi suna amfani da puns da sau biyu.[9] Stewart Francis da Tim Vine misalai ne na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na yanzu waɗanda ke amfani da maganganu da yawa. Wasan da suka danganci puns suna da sauri sosai kuma suna da sauƙin narkewa, wanda wani lokacin yakan haifar da wasu nau'ikan ban dariya da ake watsi da su, misali a cikin Kyautar Farin Ciki na Fringe. Sauran ban dariya na iya dogaro da rikitar da tsammanin masu sauraro ta hanyar saitin yaudara (wanda aka sani da 'karkatar da baya da bayyana' a Burtaniya da kuma 'jagora' a Amurka). [10] Ed Byrne misali ne na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya yi amfani da wannan dabarar.[10] Wasu ban dariya sun dogara ne akan ad absurdum extrapolations, misali yawancin Richard Herring da Ross Noble.[11] A cikin ba'a mai ban dariya akwai rashin daidaituwa da gangan tsakanin saƙo da kuma hanyar da aka isar da shi (alal misali aikin Danielle Ward). Sauran siffofin ban dariya sun haɗa da lura (Michael McIntyre), whimsy (David O'Doherty), rashin mutunci (Robin Williams) da kuma parody (Diane Morgan).
Halayen mutum
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin binciken Janairu 2014, wanda aka gudanar a cikin British Journal of Psychiatry, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa masu wasan kwaikwayo suna da manyan halaye na halayyar halayyar mutum. A cikin binciken, masu bincike sun bincika maza 404 da mata 119 daga Ostiraliya, Burtaniya, da Amurka. An tambayi mahalarta su kammala tambayoyin kan layi wanda aka tsara don auna halaye na psychotic a cikin mutane masu lafiya. Sun gano cewa masu wasan kwaikwayo sun sami "mafi girma a kan nau'ikan halaye huɗu na psychotic idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar sarrafawa ta mutanen da ba su da ayyukan kirkira".Gordon Claridge, farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar gwaji a Jami'ar Oxford kuma shugaban binciken ya yi iƙirarin, "abubuwan kirkirar da ake buƙata don samar da ban dariya suna da kama da waɗanda ke nuna salon fahimta na mutanen da ke fama da psychosis - duka schizophrenia da rikicewar bipolar. "Koyaya, lakafta halayen halayen 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin "mai hankali" ba yana nufin cewa mutum mai hankali ne, tunda ilimin halayyar mutum ya bambanta da psychosis, kuma ba yana nufin halayensu ba lallai bane.
'Yan wasan kwaikwayo da aka fi biyan kuɗi
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Forbes ta buga jerin shekara-shekara na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu cin nasara a duniya, kamar yadda suka yi da jerin Celebrity 100. Tushen bayanan su sun haɗa da Nielsen Media Research, Pollstar, Box Office Mojo da IMDb . [12] Jerin ya kasance a saman Jerry Seinfeld daga 2006 har zuwa 2015, wanda ya rasa taken ga Kevin Hart a 2016. [13] A wannan shekarar, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo takwas da aka biya mafi girma sun fito ne daga Amurka, gami da Amy Schumer, wacce ta zama mace ta farko da aka lissafa a cikin manyan goma.[14] Manyan goma na 2016 sune kamar haka:[lower-alpha 1]
| Matsayi | Sunan | Kudin shekara-shekara (USD) | Ƙasar | Shekaru | Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kevin Hart | dala miliyan 87.5 | Amurka | 38 | Kevin Hart: Bari in bayyana, Tafiya Tare, Asirin Rayuwar DabbobiRayuwar Asirin Dabbobi |
| 2 | Jerry Seinfeld | dala miliyan 43.5 | 63 | Seinfeld, The Marriage Ref, Ina gaya muku a Lokaci na Ƙarshe | |
| 3 | Terry Fator | dala miliyan 21 | 52 | Amurka ta sami baiwa | |
| 4 | Amy Schumer | dala miliyan 17 | 36 | Trainwreck, A ciki Amy Schumer, 2015 MTV Movie AwardsKyautar Fim ta MTV ta 2015 | |
| 5 | Jeff Dunham | dala miliyan 13.5 | 55 | Hasken Hauka, Tattaunawa da kaina, Jeff Dunham's Very Special Christmas SpecialJeff Dunham ta Musamman Kirsimeti | |
| 6 | Dave Chappelle | dala miliyan 13 | 44 | Dave Chappelle's Block Party, Half Baked, Chappelle ta ShowHoton Chappelle | |
| 7 | Jim Gaffigan | dala miliyan 12.5 | 51 | Jim Gaffigan: Mr. Universe, Jim Gaff Michigan Show, Yana da wani nau'i na Labari mai ban dariyaYana da wani irin labari mai ban dariya | |
| 8 | Gabriel Iglesias | dala miliyan 9.5 | 41 | Hot da Fluffy, Fim din Fluffy, Gabriel Iglesias ya gabatar da juyin juya hali | |
| 9 | Russell Peters | dala miliyan 9 | Kanada | 47 | Red, White da Brown, Outsourced, BreakawayRarrabawar |
| 10 | John Bishop | dala miliyan 7 | Ƙasar Ingila | 51 | Biritaniya ta John Bishop, The John Bishop Show, Panto! |
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Nau'o'in wasan kwaikwayo
- Halin ban dariya
- Mai ra'ayi
- Jerin masu wasan kwaikwayo
- Jerin masu ban dariya
- Jerin masu wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa
- Satire
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Parker, Bethany (12 September 2008). "Probing Question: What are the roots of stand-up comedy?". PennState News. The Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
American stand-up comedy has its beginnings in the minstrel shows of the early 1800s
- ↑ "Forms of Variety Theater". Library of Congress (exhibit). Retrieved 24 January 2021.
[T]he minstrel show was the most popular form of public amusement in the United States from the 1840s through the 1870s. It virtually ended, in its original form, by 1896, although vestiges lasted well into the twentieth century. Much humor in later comedy forms originated in minstrelsy and adapted itself to new topics and circumstances. The minstrel show also provided American burlesque and other variety forms with a prototypical three-part format. The minstrel show began with a 'walk around' with a verbal exchange between the 'end' men and the interlocutor. An 'olio,' or variety section, followed. Finally, a one-act skit completed the show.
- ↑ Oliar, Dotan; Sprigman, Christopher (2008). "There's No Free Laugh (Anymore): The Emergence of Intellectual Property Norms and the Transformation of Stand-Up Comedy". Virginia Law Review. 94 (8): 1843. JSTOR 25470605. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
Stand-up's early roots can also be traced back to minstrel, a variety show format based in racial stereotypes which was widely performed in America between the 1840s and the 1940s. Minstrel acts would script dedicated ad-lib moments for direct actor-audience communication: these spots often were used for telling quick jokes.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "Karno". - ↑ "'stand-up comedy' definition". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
- ↑ Sigler, Michael S (1 May 2001). "Charlie Chaplin Biography". Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
- ↑ "The role of radio and cinema during the war - Keeping up morale - WJEC - GCSE History Revision - WJEC". BBC Bitesize (in Turanci). Retrieved 2026-02-19.
- ↑ Meslow, Scott (January 8, 2015). "Is Seinfeld the funniest sitcom of all time?". The Week (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-02-27.
- ↑ "Ronnie Corbett Christmas return: Puns upon a time". BBC News. December 24, 2010.
- 1 2 Bennett, Alex (22 Sep 2010). "Missing a trick". Chortle.
- ↑ Turner, Dave (Jan 3, 2011). "Richard Herring on Russell Howard's Good News Extra - Series 3". YouTube. Archived at Ghostarchive[permanent dead link] and the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Forbes (27 September 2016). "The World's Highest-Paid Comedians 2016". Forbes.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ↑ Berg, Madeline (27 September 2016). "The Highest-Paid Comedians 2016: Kevin Hart Dethrones Jerry Seinfeld As Cash King Of Comedy With $87.5 Million Payday". Forbes.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ↑ Desta, Yohana (27 September 2016). "Amy Schumer Is the First Woman to Land on Forbes' Highest-Paid Comedians List~". Forbes.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ↑ The Forbes 2016 list appears to exclude people often regarded as comedians who are better known for other professions, despite having earned more than some in the list's top ten, including actors Adam Sandler and Melissa McCarthy, and late-night talk show hosts Stephen Colbert and Jimmy Fallon.
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