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Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Kanada[1][kanadaf ƙasa ce a Arewacin Amurka. Lardunanta guda goma da yankuna uku sun tashi daga Tekun Atlantika zuwa Tekun Pasifik da kuma arewa zuwa Tekun Arctic, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama kasa ta biyu mafi girma a duniya bisa ga fadin duniya baki daya, tare da bakin teku mafi tsayi a duniya. Iyakarsa da Amurka ita ce iyakar kasa mafi tsayi a duniya. Ƙasar tana da nau'o'in nau'o'in yanayin yanayi da yankunan ƙasa. Tana da yawan jama'a sama da miliyan 41, tana da yawan jama'a daban-daban, tare da yawancin mazauna birane da manyan yankunan ƙasar ba su da yawa. Babban birnin Kanada shine Ottawa kuma manyan yankuna uku ne na Toronto, Montreal, da Vancouver.

’Yan asalin ƙasar sun ci gaba da zama a ƙasar Kanada har tsawon dubban shekaru. Tun daga karni na 16, balaguron Burtaniya da Faransa sun yi bincike kuma daga baya suka zauna a bakin tekun Atlantika. Sakamakon rikice-rikice na makamai daban-daban, Faransa ta ba da kusan dukkanin yankunan Arewacin Amirka a 1763. A 1867, tare da haɗin gwiwar Birtaniya ta Arewa guda uku


Asalinta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban labarin: Sunan Kanada Yayin da aka gabatar da ra'ayoyi iri-iri don asalin asalin ƙasar Kanada, yanzu an karɓi sunan kamar yadda ya fito daga kalmar St. Lawrence Iroquoian kanata, ma'ana "kauye" ko "matsuwa".[2] cikin 1535, 'yan asalin mazauna yankin Qebec na yanzu sun yi amfani da kalmar don jagorantar mai binciken Faransa Jacques Cartier zuwa ƙauyen Stadacona.[3] Daga baya Cartier ya yi amfani da kalmar Kanada don komawa ba kawai ga wannan ƙauyen ba amma ga dukan yankin da ke ƙarƙashin Donnacona (shugaba a Stadacona);,[4] ta 1545, littattafan Turai da taswira sun fara magana game da wannan ƙaramin yanki kusa da kogin Saint Lawrence a matsayin Kanada.[5] [6] Daga na 16 zuwa farkon karni na 18, Kanada tana magana akan ɓangaren New Faransa da ke gefen kogin Saint Lawrence.[7]Bayan mamayar da Birtaniyya ta yi wa sabuwr Faransa, wannan yanki an san shi da lardin Quebec na Burtaniya daga 1763 zuwa 1791.[8] A cikin 1791, yankin ya zama yankunan Burtaniya biyu da ake kira Upper Canada da Lower Canada. Wadannan yankuna guda biyu ana kiran su a matsayin Kanada har sai da hadin gwiwarsu a matsayin lardin Kanada a 1841.[9] Bayan Ƙungiya a cikin 1867, an karɓi Kanada a matsayin sunan doka na sabuwar ƙasa a taron London kuma an ba da kalmar mulki a matsayin taken ƙasar.[10] A cikin shekarun 1950, Burtaniya ta daina amfani da kalmar Dominion of Canada, wacce ta dauki Kanada a matsayin "sarauniyar Commonwealth".[11] [12] ][13] [14] [15] [16]

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban labarin: Tarihin Kanada Ƙarin bayani: Timeline na tarihin Kanada da Tarihin Kanada Mutanen asali Mazaunan Arewacin Amurka gabaɗaya ana hasashen cewa sun yi ƙaura daga Siberiya ta hanyar gadar ƙasar Bering kuma sun ƙalla shekaru 14,000 da suka wuce.[17] Wuraren binciken kayan tarihi na Paleo-Indiya a Old Crow Flats da Bluefish Caves sune biyu daga cikin tsoffin wuraren zama na ɗan adam a Kanada.[[18] al'ummomin ƴan asalin sun haɗa da matsuguni na dindindin, aikin noma, sarƙaƙƙiya na al'umma, da hanyoyin kasuwanci.[19] ][20] [21] wasu daga cikin waɗannan al'adu sun rushe a lokacin da masu binciken Turai suka zo a ƙarshen 15th da farkon ƙarni na 16 kuma an gano su ne kawai ta hanyar binciken kayan tarihi.[22] ’Yan asalin ƙasar Kanada a yau sun haɗa da al’ummai na farko, Inuit, da Métis, [23] na ƙarshe na zuriyar gauraye waɗanda suka samo asali a tsakiyar ƙarni na 17 lokacin da Al’ummar Farko suka auri mazauna Turai da zuriyarsu daga baya suka haɓaka ainihinsu.[24] [25] [26] Taswirar Kanada da ke nuna adadin asalin ɗan asalin da aka ba da rahoton kai (Al'ummai ta Farko, Inuit, Métis) ta ɓangaren ƙidayar jama'a, bisa ga ƙidayar Kanada ta 2021[27] An kiyasta yawan ƴan asalin ƙasar a lokacin ƙauyukan Turai na farko tsakanin 200,000[28] da miliyan biyu, [29] tare da adadi na 500,000 da Hukumar Sarauta ta Kanada kan Jama'ar Aboriginal ta yarda.[30] Taswirar Kanada da ke nuna adadin asalin ɗan asalin da aka ba da rahoton kai (Al'ummai ta Farko, Inuit, Métis) ta ɓangaren ƙidayar jama'a, bisa ga ƙidayar Kanada ta 2021[31] An kiyasta yawan ƴan asalin ƙasar a lokacin ƙauyukan Turai na farko tsakanin 200,000[23] da miliyan biyu, [32]] tare da adadi na 500,000 da Hukumar Sarauta ta Kanada kan Jama'ar Aboriginal ta yarda.[33] [34] [35] [36] [37]

Turawan mulkin mallaka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Taswirar iƙirarin yanki a Arewacin Amurka ta 1750. Mallakar Biritaniya Amurka (ruwan hoda), Sabuwar Faransa (blue), da New Spain (orange); California, Pacific Northwest, da Great Basin ba a nuna su ba.[38] ][39]sunyi imani da cewa farkon rubuce-rubucen Turai don gano gabar gabashin Kanada shine mai binciken Norse Leif Erikson.[40] A cikin kusan 1000 AD, Norse ya gina wani ɗan gajeren zango wanda ya kasance yana zama na ɗmokaci tsawon shekaru 20 a L'Anse aux Meadows a arewacin Newfoundland.[41] ba a sake yin wani bincike na Turai ba har zuwa 1497, lokacin da ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa John Cabot ya bincika bsbbbkuma ya yi ikirarin gabar tekun Atlantika na Kanada da sunan Henry VII na Ingila.[42] a shekara ta 1534, wani ɗan ƙasar Faransa mai binciken Jacques Cartier ya binciko mashigin tekun Saint Lawrence inda a ranar 24 ga Yuli, ya dasa giciye mai tsayin mita 10 (33 ft) mai ɗauke da kalmomin, "Ranka ya daɗe da rai", kuma ya mallaki ƙasar Sabuwar Faransa da sunan Sarki Francis I.[43] A farkon karni na 16 ya ga ma'aikatan ruwa na Turai tare da dabarun kewayawa da Basque da Portuguese suka kafa wuraren kifin kifi na yanayi da kamun kifi a bakin tekun Atlantika.[44] gabadaa, ƙauyuka na farko a lokacin Age of Discovery sun bayyana cewa ba su daɗe ba saboda haɗuwa da matsanancin yanayi, matsalolin kewaya hanyoyin kasuwanci da gasa a cikin Scandinavia.[45] [46] [47] A <cikin 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, ta ikon sarautar Sarauniya Elizabeth I, ya kafa St John's, Newfoundland, a matsayin zangon lokacin Turanci na farko na Arewacin Amurka.[48] [39] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56]

Turawan mulkin mallaka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Taswirar iƙirarin yanki a Arewacin Amurka ta 1750. Mallakar Biritaniya Amurka (ruwan hoda), Sabuwar Faransa (blue), da New Spain (orange); California, Pacific Northwest, da Great Basin ba a nuna su ba.[57] An yi imani da cewa farkon rubuce-rubucen Turai don gano gabar gabashin Kanada shine mai binciken Norse Leif Erikson.[58] A cikin kusan 1000 AD, Norse ya gina wani ɗan gajeren zango wanda ya kasance yana zama na ɗan lokaci tsawon shekaru 20 a L'Anse aux Meadows a arewacin Newfoundland.[m[59] Ba a sake yin wani bincike na Turai ba har zuwa 1497, lokacin da ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa John Cabot ya bincika kuma ya yi ikirarin gabar tekun Atlantika na Kanada da sunan Henry VII na Ingila.[60] A shekara ta 1534, wani ɗan ƙasar Faransmai binciken Jacques Cartier ya binciko mashigin tekun Saint Lawrence inda a ranar 24 ga Yuli, ya dasa giciye mai tsayin mita 10 (33 ft) mai ɗauke da kalmomin, "Ranka ya daɗe da rai", kuma ya mallaki ƙasar Sabuwar Faransa da sunan Sarki Francis I.[61] A farkon karni na 16 ya ga ma'aikatan ruwa na Turai tare da dabarun kewayawa da Basque da Portuguese suka kafa wuraren kifin kifi na yanayi da kamun kifi a bakin tekun Atlantika.[42] Gabaɗaya, ƙauyuka na farko a lokacin Age of Discovery sun bayyana cewa ba su daɗe ba saboda haɗuwa da matsanancin yanayi, matsalolin kewaya hanyoyin kasuwanci da gasa a cikin Scandinavia.[43]

A cikin 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, ta ikon sarautar Sarauniya Elizabeth I, ya kafa St John's, Newfoundland, a matsayin zangon lokacin Turanci na farko na Arewacin Amurka.[44] [39]

Arewacin Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Zanen Janar Wolfe yana mutuwa a gaban tutar Birtaniyya yayin da hafsoshi da abokansa na asali suka halarta Mutuwar Benjamin West na Janar Wolfe (1771) ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo game da mutuwar James Wolfe a lokacin yakin filayen Ibrahim a birnin Quebec.[62] Sanarwar Sarauta ta 1763 ta kafa haƙƙin yarjejeniya ta Ƙasa ta Farko, ta ƙirƙiri lardin Quebec daga New Faransa, kuma ta haɗa tsibirin Cape Breton zuwa Nova Scotia.[63] St. Jte colony a shekara ta 1769.,,[64] Don kawar da rikici a Quebec, Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ta zartar da Dokar Quebec ta 1774, ta faɗaɗa yankin Quebec zuwa Babban Tafkuna da Kwarin Ohio.[65] mafi mahimmanci, dokar Quebec ta ba da yancin kai na musamman na Quebec da haƙƙin gudanar da kai a lokacin da Turawan Mulkin Mallaka goma sha uku ke ƙara tada jijiyar wuya ga mulkin Birtaniya.[66] Ta sake kafa harshen Faransanci, bangaskiyar Katolika, da dokokin faransanci a can, tare da hana ci gaban yunkurin 'yancin kai sabanin Turawan Mulki goma sha uku[55]. 6]

Bayan nasarar yakin Amurka na samun 'yancin kai, yarjejeniyar Paris ta 1783 ta amince da 'yancin kai na sabuwar Amurka da aka kafa tare da kafa sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya, inda ta keɓe yankunan Biritaniya ta Arewacin Amirka kudu da manyan tabkuna da gabashin kogin Mississippi zuwa sabuwar ƙasa.[56]. Yaƙin samun 'yancin kai na Amurka ya kuma haifar da ƙaura mai yawa na 'yan kishin aminci, waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da 'yancin kai na Amurka. Mutane da yawa sun ƙaura zuwa Kanada, musamman Atlantika Kanada, inda zuwansu ya canza rabe-raben alƙaluma na yankunan da ake da su. [57]

Yan Kanada sune babban gaba a yakin 1812 tsakanin Amurka da Ingila. Zaman lafiya ya zo a 1815; Ba a canza iyakoki ba.[60] Shige da fice ya koma matsayi mafi girma, inda sama da 960,000 suka shigo daga Biritaniya tsakanin 1815 zuwa 1850.[61] Sabbin masu zuwa sun haɗa da 'yan gudun hijirar da suka tsere daga Babban Yunwar Irish da kuma 'yan Scots masu jin Gaelic da aka kora daga matsugunin Highland Clearances.[62] Cututtuka masu yaduwa sun kashe tsakanin kashi 25 zuwa 33 na Turawa da suka yi hijira zuwa Kanada kafin 1891.[23].

Sha'awar gwamnati mai alhakin ya haifar da zubar da jini na 1837.[63] Rahoton Durham daga baya ya ba da shawarar gwamnati mai alhakin da kuma haɗa mutanen Kanada na Faransa cikin al'adun Ingilishi.[16] Dokar Tarayyar ta 1840 ta haɗa Kanadas zuwa lardin Kanada mai haɗin kai kuma an kafa gwamnati mai alhakin duk lardunan Biritaniya ta Arewa da ke gabas da Tafkin Superior ta 1855.[64] Rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Oregon da Biritaniya da Amurka suka yi a shekara ta 1846 ya kawo karshen takaddamar kan iyaka ta Oregon, ta mika kan iyaka zuwa yamma tare da daidaici na 49. Wannan ya ba da hanya ga mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya a tsibirin Vancouver (1849) da kuma a cikin British Columbia (1858).[65] Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Rasha ta Saint Petersburg (1825) ta kafa iyaka a bakin tekun Pasifik, amma, ko da bayan siyan Alaska na Amurka na 1867, an ci gaba da jayayya game da ainihin ƙayyadaddun iyakar Alaska-Yukon da Alaska-British Columbia.[66]

Ƙungiya da faɗaɗawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Koma zuwa taken Taswirar rayayye wanda ke nuna girma da canji na larduna da yankuna na Kanada tun daga Tarayyar Turai a 1867[67] Bayan tarurrukan tsarin mulki guda uku, Dokar Arewacin Amurka ta Biritaniya, 1867 a hukumance ta ba da sanarwar Tarayyar Kanada a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1867, da farko tare da larduna huɗu: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, da New Brunswick.[68] Kanada ta karbi ikon Rupert's Land da yankin Arewa maso Yamma don samar da yankunan Arewa maso Yamma, inda korafe-korafen Métis ya haifar da Tawayen kogin Red River da kuma samar da lardin Manitoba a cikin Yuli 1870.[69]. British Columbia da tsibirin Vancouver (wanda aka haɗe a cikin 1866) sun shiga ƙungiyar a cikin 1871 akan alƙawarin layin dogo mai wucewa zuwa Victoria a cikin lardin a cikin shekaru 10, [70] yayin da tsibirin Prince Edward ya shiga cikin 1873.[71]. A cikin 1898, a lokacin Klondike Gold Rush a cikin Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma, Majalisar ta kirkiro yankin Yukon. Alberta da Saskatchewan sun zama larduna a cikin 1905.[71] Tsakanin 1871 da 1896, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na al'ummar Kanada sun yi ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa Amurka.[72]

Don buɗe Yamma da ƙarfafa shige da fice na Turai, Gwamnatin Kanada ta ɗauki nauyin gina layin dogo guda uku masu wucewa (ciki har da layin dogo na Kanada na Pacific), ya zartar da dokar ƙasa ta Dominion don daidaita matsuguni kuma ta kafa 'yan sanda na Arewa maso Yamma don tabbatar da ikon yankin.[73]

  1. ↑ lish /ˈkænədə/ ⓘ,[8] French:
  2. ↑ AHistorical Dictionary of European Imperialism
  3. ↑ Rayburn, Alan (2001). Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names. University of Toronto Press. pp. 14–22. ISBN 978-0-8020-8293-0.
  4. ↑ Rayburn, Alan (2001). Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names. University of Toronto Press. pp. 14–22. ISBN 978-0-8020-8293-0
  5. ↑ Rayburn, Alan (2001). Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names. University of Toronto Press. pp. 14–22. ISBN 978-0-8020-8293-0
  6. ↑ Rayburn, Alan (2001). Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names. University of Toronto Press. pp. 14–22. ISBN 978-0-8020-8293-0
  7. ↑ Encyclopedia of Canada's People
  8. ↑ "Province of Quebec 1763-91". The Canadian Encyclopedia. May 14, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
  9. ↑ "An Act to Re-write the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the Government of Canada"
  10. ↑ "Dominion of the Gods: Religious continuity and change in a Canadian context"
  11. ↑ The New Elizabethan Age: Culture, Society and National Identity after World War II,
  12. ↑ Canada and the British Empire
  13. ↑ "An Act to Re-write the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the Government of Canada"
  14. ↑ "Dominion of the Gods: Religious continuity and change in a Canadian context"
  15. ↑ Buckner, Philip, ed. (2008). Canada and the British Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125. ISBN 978-0-19-927164-1
  16. ↑ O'Toole, Roger (2009). "Dominion of the Gods: Religious continuity and change in a Canadian context". In Hvithamar, Annika; Warburg, Margit; Jacobsen, Brian Arly (eds.). Holy Nations and Global Identities: Civil Religion, Nationalism, and Globalisation. Brill. p. 137. ISBN 978-90-04-17828-1
  17. ↑ Dillehay, Thomas D. (2008). The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory. Basic Books. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7867-2543-4. Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2016). World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction. Routledge. p. 124. ISBN 978-1-317-34244-1.
  18. ↑ Rawat, Rajiv (2012). Circumpolar Health Atlas. University of Toronto Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4426-4456-4
  19. ↑ Indigenous Difference and the Constitution of Canada
  20. ↑ Compact, Contract, Covenant: Aboriginal Treaty-Making in Canada
  21. ↑ "Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action"
  22. ↑ Sonneborn, Liz (January 2007). Chronology of American Indian History. Infobase Publishing. pp. 2–12. ISBN 978-0-8160-6770
  23. ↑ Graber, Christoph Beat; Kuprecht, Karolina; Lai, Jessica C. (2012). International Trade in Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Legal and Policy Issues. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 366. ISBN 978-0-85793-831-
  24. ↑ Graber, Christoph Beat; Kuprecht, Karolina; Lai, Jessica C. (2012). International Trade in Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Legal and Policy Issues. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 366. ISBN 978-0-85793-831
  25. ↑ Archived
  26. ↑ An Act to Re-write the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the Government of Canada". J.C. Fisher & W. Kimble. 1841. p. 20
  27. ↑ Wilson, Donna M; Northcott, Herbert C (2008). Dying and Death in Canada. University of Toronto Press. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-1-55111-873-4.
  28. ↑ Thornton, Russell (2000). "Population history of Native North Americans". In Haines, Michael R; Steckel, Richard Hall (eds.). A population history of North America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13, 380. ISBN 978-0-521-49666
  29. ↑ Thornton, Russell (2000). "Population history of Native North Americans". In Haines, Michael R; Steckel, Richard Hall (eds.). A population history of North America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13, 380. ISBN 978-0-521-49666
  30. ↑ "Native Populations of Canada"
  31. ↑ Marshall, Ingeborg (1998). A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 442. ISBN 978-0-7735-
  32. ↑ Thornton, Russell (2000). "Population history of Native North Americans". In Haines, Michael R; Steckel, Richard Hall (eds.). A population history of North America. Cambridge
  33. ↑ Wilson, Donna M; Northcott, Herbert C (2008). Dying and Death in Canada. University of Toronto Press. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-1-55111-873-4.
  34. ↑ Indigenous Intergenerational Resilience: Confronting Cultural and Ecological Crisis
  35. ↑ Indigenous Communities and Settler Colonialism: Land Holding, Loss and Survival in an Interconnected World
  36. ↑ Preston, David L. (2009). The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-8032-2549
  37. ↑ Asch, Michael (1997). Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada: Essays on Law, Equity, and Respect for Difference. UBC Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-7748-0581
  38. ↑ Wallace, Birgitta (October 12, 2018). "Leif Eriksson". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  39. ↑ Buckner, Phillip Alfred; Reid, John G. (1994). The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History. University of Toronto Press. pp. 55–56. ISBN 978-0-8020-6977-1. Hornsby, Stephen J (2005). British Atlantic, American frontier: spaces of power in early modern British America. University Press of New England. pp. 14, 18–19, 22–23. ISBN 978-1-58465-427-8.
  40. ↑ "L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site"
  41. ↑ Conflict and Compromise: Pre-Confederation Canada
  42. ↑ The Voyages of Jacques Cartier
  43. ↑ Historical Atlas of Canada: From the beginning to 1800
  44. ↑ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-107-50718
  45. ↑ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0. Wynn, Graeme (2007). Canada and Arctic North America: An Environmental History. ABC-CLIO. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-85109-437-0.
  46. ↑ Wars of the age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization
  47. ↑ , Linda S.; Lightfoot, Kent; McManamon, Francis; Milner, George (2009). "L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site". Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 27, 82. ISBN 978-0-313-02189-3.
  48. ↑ . Cod: The Ecological History of the North Atlantic Fisheries
  49. ↑ Kelley, Ninette; Trebilcock, Michael J. (September 30, 2010). The Making of the Mosaic: A History of Canadian Immigration Policy. University of Toronto Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8020-9536-7.
  50. ↑ The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West
  51. ↑ Tucker, Spencer C; Arnold, James; Wiener, Roberta (September 30, 2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 394. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8.
  52. ↑ Allaire, Gratien (May 2007). "From 'Nouvelle-France' to 'Francophonie canadienne': a historical survey". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (185): 25–52. doi:10.1515/IJSL.2007.024. ISSN 0165-2516.
  53. ↑ Wallace, Birgitta (October 12, 2018). "Leif Eriksson". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2020. Johansen, Bruce E.; Pritzker, Barry M. (2007). Encyclopedia of American Indian History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 727–728. ISBN 978-1-85109-818-7.
  54. ↑ Blake, Raymond B.; Keshen, Jeffrey; Knowles, Norman J.; Messamore, Barbara J. (2017). Conflict and Compromise: Pre-Confederation Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4426
  55. ↑ Kerr, Donald Peter (1987). Historical Atlas of Canada: From the beginning to 1800. University of Toronto Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-8020
  56. ↑ Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0. Wynn, Graeme (2007). Canada and Arctic North America: An Environmental History. ABC-CLIO. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-85109-437-0.
  57. ↑ Wallace, Birgitta (October 12, 2018). "Leif Eriksson". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2020. Johansen, Bruce E.; Pritzker, Barry M. (2007). Encyclopedia of American Indian History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 727–728. ISBN 978-1-85109-818-7.
  58. ↑ Cordell, Linda S.; Lightfoot, Kent; McManamon, Francis; Milner, George (2009). "L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site". Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 27, 82. ISBN 978-0-313-02189-3
  59. ↑ Blake, Raymond B.; Keshen, Jeffrey; Knowles, Norman J.; Messamore, Barbara J. (2017). Conflict and Compromise: Pre-Confederation Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4426-3553
  60. ↑ Blake, Raymond B.; Keshen, Jeffrey; Knowles, Norman J.; Messamore, Barbara J. (2017). Conflict and Compromise: Pre-Confederation Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4426
  61. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=tDNe7GOOwfwC&pg=PA209
  62. ↑ Buckner, Philip, ed. (2008). Canada and the British Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125. ISBN 978-0-19-927164
  63. ↑ Buckner, Philip, ed. (2008). Canada and the British Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–40, 56–59, 114, 124–125. ISBN 978-0-19-927164-
  64. ↑ British Journal of Canadian Studies
  65. ↑ Canada: an Encyclopaedia of the Country: The Canadian Dominion Considered in Its Historic Relations, Its Natural Resources, its Material Progress and its National Development, by a Corps of Eminent Writers and Specialists
  66. ↑ An Empire of Regions: A Brief History of Colonial British America
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