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Canjin yanayi a Girka

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

yanayin Girka yana canzawa ta hanyar karuwar fari, ambaliyar ruwa, gobarar daji da hauhawar matakin teku. Wadannan matsanancin yanayi na iya zama masu yawa kuma a sakamakon haka za a shafi shimfidar wurare da bambancin halittu.[1] Canjin yanayi zai kuma haifar da ayyukan ɗan adam kamar canjin amfani da ƙasa, birane da lalacewar ƙasa don ci gaba da shafar yanayin halittu na Girka.[2] Tsarin halittu a Girka sun riga sun kasance a wurin da suke, kusa da iyakokin muhalli.[2] Gwamnatin Girka ta sanya manufofi da dokoki don kokarin gudanar da waɗannan batutuwan.

Rashin iskar gas

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Jimlar hayaki na GHG daga 1851 zuwa 2021 a Girka.

A cikin shekara ta 2021, Girka ta ba da gudummawar tan miliyan 59.73 na iskar gas mai guba (GHG). [3] Daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa shekarar 2021, iskar carbon dioxide daidai da iskar gas (GHG) da ke fitowa daga Girka ta ragu sosai. A shekara ta 2005, Girka ta kai matsayi mafi girma na fitar da hayaki, a tan 132.57. Tun daga wannan lokacin, hayakin GHG na kowane mutum ya ragu fiye da rabi.[3] Girka fitar da hayaki ga kowane mutum ya ragu da sauri fiye da EU gabaɗaya fitar da hayakin mutum daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa Shekarar 2015.

Girman GDP na Girka a cikin alaƙa da hayakin CO2 na Girka.

Babban mai ba da gudummawa ga hayakin GHG a Girka shine 2" href="./Carbon_dioxide" id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide (CO2) , sannan nitrous oxide (N<sub id="mwNw">2</sub>) (N2O) da methane (CH4) . A cikin shekara ta 2021, hayakin CO2 ya kai kusan kashi 95% na duk hayakin GHG na Girka, a tan miliyan 56.31. Idan aka kwatanta da matakan fitarwa na duniya, Girka tana fitar da 0.15% na fitar da CO2 a duniya yayin da China, mafi girman mai ba da gudummawa, ke fitar da 14.36%, tun daga shekarar 2021.[3]

An kuma gano cewa fitar da CO2 na Girka yana da alaƙa da Ci gaban tattalin arziki, don haka lokacin da fitar da CO2, Girka ya ragu, haka GDP.[3] Girka tana aiki don rarraba ci gaban GDP tare da hayakin su, kamar yadda wasu kasashe da yawa suka yi nasara a baya.

Ta hanyar sashi

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matakin mutum, fitar da GHG na kowane mutum a Girka har zuwa 2021 ya kai tan 5.93. Ta hanyar bangare, manyan hanyoyin samar da hayaki guda uku sun hada da wutar lantarki da zafi, sufuri, da jirgin sama da jigilar kaya.[4]

Sassan daban-daban a Girka da kuma yadda kowannensu ke ba da gudummawa ga fitar da GHG na Girka

A mafi yawan ma'aunin amfani da makamashi, akwai abubuwa uku - zafi, wutar lantarki, da sufuri. Wadannan bangarorin guda uku sun hada da mafi girman bangaren da ke fitar da hayaki na GHG daga 1990-2019 a Girka.

Wutar lantarki da zafi

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Daga shekara ta 1990-2, babbar bangaren Girka da ke fitar da hayaki na GHG ita ce wutar lantarki da zafi. A cikin shekara ta 2022, Girka ta cinye sa'o'i 52.44 na makamashi. Wadannan hayaki galibi sun hada da hayaki na CO2. Wadannan hayaki suna faruwa ne saboda konewar burbushin burbushin halittu, kamar kwal, mai, da iskar gas, don samar da makamashi. A cikin shekara ta 2021, an gano cewa kashi 79.84% na makamashi na Girka ya fito ne daga man fetur, kuma daga wannan, sama da rabi ya fito ne da mai.[5]

Koyaya, kashi 19.39% na makamashi na Girka ya fito ne daga hanyoyin samar da makamashi, tun daga shekarar 2021. Daga shekara ta 2007 zuwa Shekarar 2021, rabon makamashi na farko da ke fitowa daga hanyoyin sabuntawa ya karu da sama da 15% .

Ya zuwa 2, kashi 56.69% na samar da wutar lantarki a Girka ya fito ne daga man fetur. Wannan yana nufin cewa 43.31% na samar da wutar lantarki ya fito ne daga fasahar makamashi mai sabuntawa. Wata hanyar da za a rage hayakin CO2 da karuwar gurɓataccen iska ita ce sauya wutar lantarki zuwa wani tushen carbon mai ƙarancin kamar makamashi na nukiliya. Koyaya, Girka ba ta bincika wannan zaɓi na makamashi ba tukuna

Ɗaya daga cikin manyan cikas da za a shawo kan lokacin da ake sauyawa zuwa tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa shine matsalar Tsibirin Girka da ba su da alaƙa da juna (NII). A halin yanzu, suna samun wutar lantarki galibi daga Janareto na diesel marasa inganci. A matsakaici, farashin samar da wutar lantarki a cikin NII ya ninka sau 2.5 fiye da yankunan da aka haɗa da babban grid na wutar lantarki. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] Saboda buƙatun yanayi na yawon buɗe ido, rashin sararin ajiya, da ƙuntatawa na fasaha saboda babban damar hasken rana da iska na canji, shigar da makamashi mai sabuntawa ya zama da wuya a kan NII. Don haka, a cikin shekaru goma na Shekara ta 2021 zuwa shekarar 2030, waɗannan tsibirai suna aiki don haɗuwa da tsarin wutar lantarki na ƙasa, rage buƙatar shigo da mai. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2021, an kammala hanyar haɗin wutar lantarki tsakanin ƙasar da tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri.[6] Wadannan haɗin suna ba da fa'idodi guda biyu ga NII, kamar yadda za'a iya samar da wutar lantarki mai rahusa ga tsibirai, kuma za'a sake gina ƙarin sabuntawa saboda haɗin yana ba da damar daidaita yawan makamashi saboda ƙarni mai canzawa da buƙata daban-daban. [ana buƙatar hujja]

Sufuri (ciki har da jirgin sama da jigilar kaya)

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Gudummawar CO2 daidai da hayaki daga bangarori daban-daban na sufuri a Girka.

A lokacin yawon bude ido na shekara a Girka, wanda ya fadi daga Mayu zuwa Agusta, hayaki daga sufuri kamar jiragen ruwa, motoci, da jiragen sama suna mafi girma, wanda ke ci gaba da bayyana a cikin shahararrun wuraren yawon bude hankali kamar a yankin Bahar Rum.

A cikin 2017, hanyar sufuri CO2-daidai da hayaki ya kai kashi 22.6% na jimillar hayaƙin Girka.[1] Dangane da ƙayyadaddun hayaƙi na sufuri na Girka a cikin 2017, jigilar hanya ta ɗauki 51.8% na jimlar CO2 daidai da hayaƙi.[1] Tsakanin 1990 da 2017, iskar CO2 daidai gwargwado ta fannin hanya ya karu da kusan 25%, daga 12,000 zuwa kusan kilo-ton 15,000 (kt).[1] Har ila yau Girka tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke da manyan motocin motoci a cikin EU, tare da matsakaicin shekarun abin hawa na shekaru 13.5 a cikin 2015.[1] Waɗannan tsofaffin motoci suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga hayaƙi fiye da sababbin ƙira saboda sabbin ƙirar ƙirar fasaha mara ƙarancin hayaki da madadin mai da za a iya amfani da su.

GHG hayaki daga jirgin sama da jigilar kayayyaki suma suna da mahimmanci saboda hauhawar duniya a cikin jiragen cikin gida da na duniya da kuma jiragen ruwa na teku da kewayawar kasuwanci na gargajiya. A cikin 2, jirgin sama ya ba da gudummawa 11.6% na iskar CO2 daidai da Girka.<sup about="#mwt32" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":2"},"body":{"html":"Paschalidou, A.K., Petrou, I., Fytianos, G. <i id=\"mwA_w\">et al.</i> Anatomy of the atmospheric emissions from the transport sector in Greece: trends and challenges. <i id=\"mwA_0\">Environ Sci Pollut Res</i> 29, 34670–34684 (2022). <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18062-5\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\" class=\"external free\" id=\"mwA_4\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18062-5</a>"}}' id="cite_ref-:2_7-5" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Climate_change_in_Greece#cite_note-:2-7 [1]] Dukkanin kamfanonin jiragen sama da ke tashi a ciki da waje daga Girka suna bin tsarin kasuwancin fitar da hayaki na EU (EU ETS), inda ake buƙatar su rubuta da kuma bayar da rahoton hayaki ga EU kuma za su iya siyan wasu matakan izinin hayaki, duk adadin zuwa iyakar da EU ta saita akan yawan CO2 da za a iya fitarwa a cikin shekara guda. Kamfanoni na iya kasuwanci don mafi girma ko ƙananan alawus na fitarwa. Ya zuwa yanzu, wannan tsarin ya taimaka wajen rage sawun carbon na sashin jirgin sama da tan miliyan 17 a kowace shekara.[7] Idan aka kwatanta, a cikin shekara ta 2017, kewayawa ya ba da gudummawa har zuwa kashi 36.1% na iskar CO2 daidai da Girka.[7] Wannan ɓangaren sufuri ba shi da tsari fiye da hanya da jirgin sama, amma a cikin shekara ta 2018, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta yi gyare-gyare ga EU ETS don jaddada buƙatar ɗaukar mataki don rage hayaki daga jigilar kaya.

Tasirin da ke tattare da yanayin halitta

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Hawan zafin jiki

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Tun daga shekarun 1960, matsakaicin zafin jiki na Girka yana karuwa. Bugu da kari, daga shekara ta 2000 zuwa 2020, matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki na kasar Girka ya kai 0.047°C, wanda ya kai 0.011°C sama da matsakaicin duniya.[1] Idan aka yi la’akari da yawan hayakin GHG a duniya ya kasance mai girma, ana samar da yanayin zafi a lokacin rani da kaka fiye da na bazara, tare da yankunan babban yankin da ke fuskantar dumamar yanayi fiye da tsibiran a duk yanayi in banda lokacin kaka.[1]

Wadannan hauhawar zafin jiki suna haifar da barazana ga samar da wutar lantarki, saboda karuwar zafi zai sanya damuwa a kan tashoshin wutar lantarki, rage inganci da kara bukatar ruwan sanyi. Jama'ar Girka za su iya buƙatar ƙarin wutar lantarki don sanyaya iska a lokacin matsanancin yanayin zafi wanda zai iya haifar da katsewar wutar lantarki kamar yadda aka gani a cikin shekara ta 2017 da shekarar 2020.[8]

Matsayin ambaliyar ruwa, fari da guguwa na wurare masu zafi a Girka, 2000-2020

Wutar

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Yawancin gandun daji na Girka sun dace da wuta, duk da haka karuwar wuta saboda canjin yanayi yana barazana ga daidaitattun yanayi na yanayin halittu. Wutar a cikin gandun daji na Girka na halitta ne, tare da yawancin tsire-tsire da ke daidaita wuta kuma suna da mahimmanci a ci gaban yanayin halittu na Girka.[9] Tare da hauhawar yanayin zafi, gobara a Girka za ta zama gama gari kuma mai tsanani, sama da ma'auni na halitta, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa mai tsawo.[9] Canjin yanayi yana haɓaka yiwuwar gobarar daji saboda hauhawar yanayin iska, canje-canje na amfani da ƙasa da rashin ruwan sama.[10] An sami canje-canje a cikin raguwar lokaci tsakanin gobara da ke biyowa da lokacin lokacin gobara.[10] Yankin yanzu yana ganin lokacin wuta mai tsawo tare da mafi girma da ƙarfi.[10]

Ana sa ran lokacin wuta zai karu da 15% da 70%, tare da raguwar 10% zuwa 30% na kwanaki na ruwan sama.[1] Wannan, tare da karuwar damar guguwar zafi zai kara haifar da rushewa ga gandun daji na Girka, yana shafar yanayin halittu.

Ruwa mai zafi

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Zuwa shekara ta 2050 ana sa ran Girka za ta sha wahala daga guguwar zafi 15-20 a cikin shekara guda.[1] An bayyana zafi a matsayin rana inda zafin jiki ya zama mafi girma fiye da kashi 90 na yanayin zafi na yankin.[1] Wannan zai ba da gudummawa ga 'Urban Heat Islands', yana haifar da yankuna a cikin birane don samun bambanci a cikin kimanin digiri 8 zuwa 10.[1] Wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin wuraren kore da rashin iska.[1] Don haka, biranen Girka za su ji ƙarin matsin lamba yayin canjin yanayi fiye da yankunan karkara.[1] A lokacin 1971-2000 matsakaicin adadin zafi ya kasance 1.4, kuma ana sa ran wannan zai tashi zuwa matsakaicin 6 a cikin shekaru 25 masu zuwa.[1]

Hawan matakin teku

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Yankin bakin teku na Girka yana da tsawon kilomita 18,400 ga babban yankin da kilomita 9,835 ga tsibirin.[11] Yawan jama'a a cikin bakin tekun yana da yawa, tare da kashi 33% na yawan mutanen Girka da ke zaune a yankunan bakin tekun 1-2 km daga bakin tekun kuma kashi 85% suna zaune 50km daga bakin tekuna.[12] Yankin bakin teku yana ba da kayayyaki masu mahimmanci da ayyuka daga albarkatun kasa.[12] Wannan yanki yana da fa'ida sosai ga ayyukan tattalin arziki na Girka tare da 80% na ayyukan masana'antu, 90% na yawon bude ido da 35% na aikin gona da ke faruwa a yankunan bakin teku.[12] Rushewar bakin teku da ta haifar da hauhawar matakin teku babbar matsala ce ga Girka.

Girka tana cikin barazanar lalacewar bakin teku, kasancewar ita ce ƙasa ta 4 mafi rauni a Turai tare da sama da 20% na bakin tekun Girka a cikin barazana (EUROSION, 2004). [12] Akwai karuwar rauni na wannan lalacewar bakin teku saboda hauhawar matakin teku.[13] Tasirin hauhawar matakin teku zai faru ne ta hanyar ambaliyar ruwa da rushewa.[13] Yankin kudancin Girka zai kasance mai saukin kamuwa da waɗannan tasirin fiye da gefen arewa saboda yanayin yankin.[13] Rushewar rairayin bakin teku zai kasance mai lahani ga rairayin rairayin kan teku na Girka saboda rairayin tsaunuka suna da rauni saboda ƙananan girman su, halaye na yanayi da kuma kasafin kuɗi mara kyau.[14] A cikin Bahar Rum, binciken yana nuna hauhawar matakin teku na 1.1 - 1.3 mm / shekara.[15] A ƙarshen ƙarni an kiyasta cewa za a sami koma baya a bakin teku sama da 280m. A cikin 1990 Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yi gargadi game da waɗannan tasirin yana mai cewa 'yana yiwuwa cewa tasirin canjin yanayi zai fara jin a cikin tsarin albarkatun ruwa na Bahar Rum". [16]

Za a kalubalanci dorewar bangaren yawon bude ido na rairayin bakin teku; karuwar lalacewa da ambaliyar ruwa za su haifar da karfin ɗaukar waɗannan rairayin kankara masu yawa don zama masu hankali.[14] Ba wai kawai bangaren yawon bude ido zai shafi ba, amma kuma tattalin arzikin da ke dogaro da bakin teku kamar noma. Kimanin farashin hauhawar matakin teku ya nuna farashin biliyan 24.9 don hauhawar 0.5m da biliyan 265.2 don hauhawa 1m a matakin teku.[12]

Tsarin halittu na duniya

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Girka tana da ɗayan yankuna masu yawa a Duniya, kasancewar wuri ne mai zafi. Girka gida ce ga kashi 22% na nau'in halittu na Bahar Rum kuma gida ce ga nau'in nau'in da yawa sau 25 fiye da yadda ƙasarsa za ta nuna cewa zai iya samu.[17] Matsayin Girka a cikin tafkin Bahar Rum shine dalilin da ya sa kasar ke da matakai masu yawa na halittu.[17] Karin 3.6 a cikin zafin jiki na duniya na iya haifar da asarar sama da 50% na nau'in shuke-shuke a cikin Bahar Rum.[2]

Koyaya, matsayin Girka a cikin tafkin Bahar Rum ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi rauni ga canjin yanayi.[18] Canjin yanayi yana faruwa a hankali a Girka a ƙarni na ƙarshe tare da hunturu da lokacin rani sannu a hankali.[18] Yanayin zafi yana ƙaruwa, amma ruwan sama na yankin yana raguwa a hankali.[18]

dazuzzukan Girka suna da nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu yawa masu jurewa da fari don haka an yi tunanin cewa waɗannan bishiyoyi za a fi so tare da karuwar yanayin zafi.[18] Koyaya, wani fari mai tsanani a gabashin Girka ya kashe yawancin bishiyoyin Mediterranean masu jurewa da fari.[18] Karin yanayin zafi zai shafi yadda rikice-rikice na kwari da yaduwar pathogen ke faruwa.[18]

An san kwari, wanda ke da yawa a cikin Parnitha National Park da Dutsen Taygetos, don haifar da mutuwar miliyoyin Firtrees.[18] Tasirin canjin yanayi a kan waɗannan kwari zai haifar da fadada waɗannan kwari.[18] Wannan fadada tare da saukin kamuwa da cutar a cikin gandun daji na iya haifar da karin barkewar cutar.[18] Canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki da hazo za su ba da damar kwari su bunƙasa a cikin yanayin fari mai yawa, yayin da suke ƙara yawan itatuwan da kwari ke kamuwa da su.[18] fari yana raunana ƙarfin itace wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar cututtuka da / ko kara yawan wuta.[18] Karin kamuwa da kwari tare da karuwar kamuwa da wuta yana inganta man fetur wanda ke haifar da mummunar tasirin gandun daji na Girka.[18]

Tsarin halittu na ruwa

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Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, sama da kashi 84% na samar da Kiwon kifi na Turai ya fito ne daga rayuwar ruwa da ake nomawa a teku, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli wanda ke hake da ikon ɗan adam. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan wuraren noma shine Tekun Bahar Rum wanda ke kewaye da ƙasar Girka da duk tsibirai. Aquaculture a cikin Bahar Rum yana da mahimmanci saboda Yawan kamun kifi da ya faru a yankunan shekaru da yawa. Fiye da haka, an yi amfani da kifi na halitta na bakin teku, sole, da ja mullet.[19]

Ayyukan kiwon kifi na Bahar Rum da aka fi sani da su shine aikin noma na Ruwa, kuma kashi 95% na jimlar samarwa ya ƙunshi ruwan teku na Turai da ruwan teku mai zinariya. Girka ita ce babbar mai samar da EU ga waɗannan nau'ikan kifi guda biyu, tare da samar da shekara-shekara sama da tan 135,000, wanda ya kai kashi 60% na wadatar EU da kashi 24% na wadatar duniya.[20] Wannan masana'antar tana da mahimmanci ga lafiyar tattalin arzikin Girka.

Saboda karancin musayar ruwa tare da manyan tekuna da kuma yanayin musamman na Basin Bahar Rum da ke kewaye da teku, yana daya daga cikin yankunan da canjin yanayi ya shafa sosai. A cikin Bahar Rum, yanayin zafi yana ƙaruwa da 20% da sauri fiye da matsakaicin duniya. Karin yanayin zafi saboda canjin yanayi an haɗa shi da canje-canje a cikin shekarun kifi a lokacin balaga, lokacin haifuwa, da girma. A matakin mutum, kifi na iya amfana daga yanayin zafi mai zafi dangane da isa girman kasuwanci da sauri saboda saurin girma.[20] Koyaya, a matakin yawan jama'a, karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi, kamar ambaliyar ruwa, guguwa, da guguwa na iska, na iya rage fa'idodin da suka haifar da saurin girma.[20] Ba tare da la'akari da karuwar ci gaba ba saboda yanayin zafi, ana sa ran nau'in kifi na ruwa mai dumi suyi sauye-sauye kuma su motsa zuwa arewa, kuma nau'in kifaye na ruwa mai sanyi zai ragu.

Hoton posidonia oceanica.

Wani bangare na rayuwar teku ta Bahar Rum da ke cikin haɗari ya haɗa da nau'ikan da ke aiki a matsayin sinks na carbon kamar 2" href="./Posidonia_oceanica" id="mwAcw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Posidonia oceanica">posidonia oceanica, wani nau'in ciyawa wanda ke ba da fa'idodi da yawa ga yanayin halittu na ruwa. An kiyasta cewa filayen Posidonia suna adanawa tsakanin 11-42% na jimlar hayaki na CO2 daga Basin Bahar Rum tun lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu. Posidonia yana ba da iskar oxygen a cikin teku kuma yana ba da wurin zama ga 20% na nau'in ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum.[21] Yayin da guguwa da guguwar suka zama masu yawa da tsanani, filayen posidonia sun rage ikon raƙuman ruwa da raƙuman, kuma a cikin kaka, rassan da suka mutu suna iyo zuwa farfajiya kuma suna kare sake lalacewar bakin teku.[21] Koyaya, canjin yanayi yana haifar da raguwa mai tsanani a cikin nau'in posidonia. Saboda karuwar yanayin zafi, posidonia yana cikin damuwa kuma yana canza rarraba shi a cikin ruwan teku. Wadannan yanayin zafi mafi girma kuma suna jan hankalin nau'ikan algae masu mamayewa da kifi masu cin ganyayyaki, wanda zai iya barin makiyaya na posidonia gaba ɗaya. Hawan matakan teku na iya shafar wannan nau'in, yana haifar da koma baya saboda karancin haske da ya kai ga makiyaya don photosynthesis.[21] Raguwar wannan nau'in yana haifar da mummunan sake zagayowar saboda yayin da makiyaya ke mutuwa saboda yanayin zafi, ana fallasa carbon da suke riƙe da shi, yana fitar da CO2 cikin yanayi kuma yana ci gaba da bunkasa dumamar duniya.

2" href="./Heat_wave" id="mwAeU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Heat wave">Ruwa mai zafi zai iya haifar da yawan mutuwar nau'o'in da ke ƙasa a kan jerin abinci kamar kwayoyin da ba su da ƙwayoyin cuta. Ƙarin matakan CO2 a cikin ruwa zai kuma rage matakan calcium carbonate, wanda hakan zai shafi ci gaban kwarangwal na manyan nau'ikan ruwa, kamar murjani. Tun da yake waɗannan nau'o'in suna a kasan jerin abinci, raguwar su na iya shafar waɗanda ke sama da jerin abinci waɗanda ke dogara da shi.

Tasirin mutane

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Sashin noma a Girka yana da kashi 13% na ma'aikata a Girka, tare da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na fitarwa a Girka daga kayan aikin gona.[22] Canjin yanayi an saita shi don kara matsakaicin zafin jiki wanda ke haifar da karuwa mai kyau a cikin yawan kwanakin zafi da dare da kwanakin sanyi don raguwa.[22]

However, the entire agriculture sector as a whole is not expected to be entirely affected negatively by climate change.[1] The extension of the growing season due to increased temperatures will allow further cultivation of certain crops. This will give certain crops the opportunity to expand, for example the cotton plantations as increased temperature will benefit their growth. [1] Greece is one of the biggest cotton producers in Europe.[23] Greece accounts for almost 80% of the European Union's total cotton production.[23] Climate change is set to reduce the water balance of the Mediterranean region and lead to a higher chance of climatic events.[23] These weather changes will lead cotton ball retention being curtailed.[23] The rise of CO2 in the atmosphere due to climate change will lead to more fruiting structures and cotton bolls (i.e. more CO2 equals more plant growth), however other climatic variables such as droughts will negatively impact productivity overall.[23]

Zubirrai muhimman kayayyaki ne a bangaren noma a Girka.[24] Itacen zaitun yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan bishiyoyi da aka fi nomawa a yankin Bahar Rum.[24] Girka, a matsayin ƙasa a cikin Bahar Rum, tana da yanayi mai matsakaici.[24] Wannan yana nufin cewa nau'ikan shuke-shuke suna buƙatar wasu buƙatun sanyi don cimma amfanin gona na yau da kullun.[24] Itacen zaitun yana da tsayayya sosai ga fari, saboda haka dalilin da ya sa yake bunƙasa a Girka. Koyaya saboda hunturu zai fi dumi, za a sami rashin yanayin sanyi da ake buƙata don itatuwan zaitun su yi fure.[1] Canjin zafin jiki yana shafar itacen zaitun, fure yana farawa a lokacin rani, sannan yanayin sanyi na hunturu ya fara lokacin barci.[24] Bayan barci dole ne a fallasa itacen zaitun zuwa yanayin zafi mafi girma don karya barci kuma ya kunna ci gaban shuke-shuke.[24] Ba tare da isasshen lokacin sanyi ba, yawan da ingancin fure a kan itacen zaitun yana da mummunar tasiri wanda zai shafi samar da zaitun.[24] Canjin yanayi zai yi tasiri ga ci gaban itatuwan zaitun kuma daga baya ya shafi tattalin arzikin da ke kewaye da shi.

Yawon shakatawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido a Girka, Santorini, an saita shi don fuskantar lalacewar yanayin ta'aziyya mafi kyau.[25] Duk da yake yankin Bahar Rum yana da matukar shahara tare da masu yawon bude ido, yankin kuma yana da matukar damuwa ga canjin yanayi.[25] Tsibirin Girka yawanci suna da yanayin yanayi mai kyau tare da yanayin zafi da yanayin rana.[25] Koyaya, binciken yana nuna cewa zafin jiki na ta'aziyya na iya raguwa a lokacin rani, amma yana ƙaruwa a cikin bazara, kaka da hunturu, wanda zai iya canza masana'antar yawon bude ido.[25] Wadannan binciken sun nuna cewa za a sami sauye-sauye zuwa yanayin zafi mai zafi a lokacin rani tare da tsawo na lokacin zafi da zafi.[25] Kwanakin rashin jin daɗi saboda matsanancin yanayin zafi an saita su don ƙaruwa sosai a yankunan bakin teku da tsibirai.[25] Dangane da Cibiyar Yanayin Yanayi ta Yawon Bude Ido an saita don canzawa zuwa yanayin da aka yarda da shi a nan gaba.[25] Tare da wannan lalacewar kwanakin da suka dace, bangaren yawon bude ido na iya tsammanin sake rarraba a cikin zirga-zirgar yawon bude hankali a lokacin babban lokacin yanzu zuwa baya da kuma daga baya (canja zuwa bazara da kaka). [25] Duk da yake lokacin rani na iya ganin raguwar yawon bude ido, tsawo na yanayi mai kyau da kuma sauyawa zuwa cikin bazara, kaka da hunturu na iya ƙara yawan yawon bude hankali a Girka.

Yankin Bahar Rum yana daya daga cikin yankunan da aka fi ziyarta a duniya, yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido miliyan 214.9 ko 19% na yawon bude hankali a duk duniya (UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2015). [26] Girka da aka haɗu da Spain da Turkiyya suna jan hankalin kashi 60% na masu yawon bude ido a duk duniya.[26] Wannan ya sa masana'antar yawon bude ido ta Girka ta kasance mai saukin kamuwa da matsalar da canjin yanayi ke haifar.[26] Tasirin karuwar zafin jiki a kan tattalin arziki ya fi girma a Girka idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen Turai. Hakanan ana iya sa ran raguwar yawon bude ido saboda gaskiyar cewa yanayi "yana bayyana tsawon da ingancin lokutan yawon bude hankali, yana shafar ayyukan yawon bude jiki, kuma yana rinjayar yanayin muhalli wanda ke jan hankalin da hana baƙi".[26]

Ragewa da daidaitawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Alkawuran kasa da kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jerin lokaci na tarurruka na kasa da kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin tsari cewa Girka ta zama jam'iyya ga yarjejeniyar ko yarjejeniya, ba tare da la'akari da ko yarjejeniyar ko ladabi ta fara aiki ba tukuna: [27]

Yarjejeniyar Paris yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa tare da burin rage yawan hayaki na GHG don iyakance karuwar zafin jiki na duniya zuwa 2 ° C, tare da burge mai mahimmanci don iyakancewa karuwar zabin jiki na duniya da 1.5 ° C. Duk da yake Yarjejeniyar Kyoto har yanzu tana aiki, Yarjejeniyar Paris ta maye gurbin Yarjejeniyar京都 a matsayin babbar yarjejeniyar da ke jagorantar martani na duniya ga canjin yanayi.Taron Rio

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekara ta 1992, an karɓi Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi kuma an buɗe ta don sanya hannu a Rio de Janeiro a Yarjejeniyar Rio. Wannan taron ya zama babban yarjejeniya na farko tsakanin kasashe masu sanya hannu da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don rage tasirin da aka yi hasashen canjin yanayi zai kasance a duniya. Girka ta sanya hannu kan wannan yarjejeniya a 1992 kuma ta tabbatar da shi a 1994, ta karɓi Shirin Kasa na 1 don Canjin Yanayi a shekarar 1995. Wannan shirin ya yi la'akari da sigogi na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa kuma ya sanya ƙuntatawa ga Girka don rage gudummawar da suka bayar ga karuwar hayaki mai guba, galibi CO2, N2O da CH4, da kashi 15% ta hanyar a shekarar 2000.[28]

A shekara ta 2002, Girka ta karɓi Shirin Kasa na 2 don Canjin Yanayi, wanda ya kara matakai ga Girka don cika burin da Kyoto Protocol ta kafa ta hanyar saita ƙuntatawa a kan ƙarin iskar gas guda uku, hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) , perfluorochemicals (PFC) , da sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) . An ba Girka aikin rage hayakin su daga waɗannan iskar gas guda uku, tare da iskar gas uku daga shirin na farko, da kashi 25 cikin dari. Shirin Kasa na 2 ya kuma nuna bukatar Girka ta bunkasa ababen more rayuwa masu dacewa don sarrafa makamashi ta hanyar iskar gas da kuma ci gaba da bincika hanyoyin samar da makamashi masu sabuntawa waɗanda aka iya aiwatarwa.[28]

Yarjejeniyar Kyoto

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kirkiro yarjejeniyar Kyoto ne a shekara ta 1997, amma ba a amince da ita gaba daya ba kuma ta fara aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2005. Yarjejeniya ce ta bin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi ta hanyar tsara manufofin kasashe masu arzikin masana'antu don takaita fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da rage dumamar yanayi. Kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu ana yiwa lakabi da kasashe Annex 1, yayin da duk sauran kasashen da ke cikin wannan yarjejeniya ana yiwa lakabi da Non-Annex 1, kuma ana bukatar su ne kawai su bayar da rahoton fitar da hayakinsu amma ba a sanya su ga wata iyaka ba. An rarraba Girka a matsayin ƙasa ta Annex 1. Girka ta amince da wannan yarjejeniya a shekara ta 2002. A shekara ta 2005, kasashe 192 ne suka amince da yarjejeniyar, kuma wannan yarjejeniya ta fara aiki.[1]

Kasashe na iya amfani da matakan kasa don cimma burin fitar da su. Koyaya, wani muhimmin bangare na Yarjejeniyar Kyoto shine gabatar da hanyoyin kasuwa bisa ka'idar izinin fitar da hayaki.[29]

Akwai lokutan sadaukarwa guda biyu na Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, daya daga shekara ta 2008 zuwa shekarar 2012, kuma daya daga shekara ta 2013 zuwa shekarar 2020.

Yarjejeniyar Paris

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yarjejeniyar Paris yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa tare da burin rage yawan hayaki na GHG don iyakance karuwar zafin jiki na duniya zuwa 2 ° C, tare da burge mai mahimmanci don iyakancewa karuwar zabin jiki na duniya da 1.5 ° C. Duk da yake Yarjejeniyar Kyoto har yanzu tana aiki, Yarjejeniyar Paris ta maye gurbin Yarjejeniyar京都 a matsayin babbar yarjejeniyar da ke jagorantar martani na duniya ga canjin yanayi.

Wannan yarjejeniyar tana buƙatar ƙasashe membobin su aika a cikin shirye-shiryen yanayi na ƙasa a kowace shekara, in ba haka ba an san su da gudummawar da aka ƙayyade a ƙasa (NDCs) , tare da kowane sabon NDC yana nuna matakin canji da raguwar fitarwa fiye da shekarar da ta gabata.[30] Wannan yana bawa kasashe damar daukar mataki da yardarsu don mayar da martani ga canjin yanayi kamar yadda ya saba da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, wacce ta tilasta iyakoki. NDCs ba su da bin doka, ma'ana cewa ƙasashe ba su da cimma kowane mataki a cikin NDC.[31]

Ayyukan cikin gida

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dokar canjin yanayi a Girka an daidaita ta tare da umarnin EU masu dacewa don tabbatar da cewa kasar tana da niyyar irin wannan canje-canje ga fitarwa. Shirin Makamashi da Yanayi na Kasa (ENCP) shiri ne na shekaru goma wanda kasashe membobin Turai suka ba da umarni.[32] Manufar ita ce Turai ta hadu da burinta na iskar gas.[32] Wannan shirin yana da niyya ga hayakin carbon, ingancin makamashi, tsaro na makamashi da kirkire-kirkire. A matsayin jam'iyya ga wannan Shirin, Girka ta gabatar da manufofi da dokoki don tabbatar da cewa za a cika manufar shirin.

Shirye-shiryen Kasa don Daidaitawa ga Canjin Yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kammala dabarun daidaitawa na ƙasar Girka (NAS) a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016 kuma majalisar ta amince da shi a watan Agustan shekara ta 2016. [33] A halin yanzu yana cikin shekaru 10 na aiwatarwa, wanda za a biye da bita.[33] NAS shine babban takarda wanda ke bayyana manufofi, ka'idoji da fifiko don daidaita yanayin yanayi a Girka.[34] Wannan shirin manufofin ya lissafa matakan daidaitawa ga dukkan bangarori a Girka waɗanda ake sa ran canji zai shafi su sosai.[33] Takaddar dabarun ce, tana ba da jagora a cikin sauyin yanayi.[33] An haɓaka NAS a cikin Shirye-shiryen Ayyuka na Yankin 13 (RAAPs), kowane nau'i ya haɗa da matakan daidaitawa a matakin yanki.[33]

Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Makamashi (MEEN) ita ce mai iko don tsara NAS, ƙungiyar da ke kula da sake fasalin dabarun.[35] Kwamitin Canjin Yanayi na Kasa (NCCAC) yana da wakilai daga bangarori daban-daban na gwamnati, suna samar da rukuni wanda ke haɓaka da tallafawa manufofi na daidaitawa.[36] Wannan ƙungiyar kwamitin ita ce mai ba da shawara ga MEEN.[36]

Dokar Yanayi ta Kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gabatar da Dokar Yanayi ta Kasa ta Girka a watan Mayun shekarar 2022 kuma ta kafa burin dogon lokaci na sannu a hankali na Girka zuwa tsaka-tsaki na carbon a shekara ta 2050. [37] Manufar ita ce cimma wannan a hanyar da ta fi dacewa da muhalli.[37] Dokar ta bayyana tsaka-tsaki na yanayi a matsayin ma'auni na hayakin gas mai guba daga tushe da kuma shawo kansu ta hanyar sinks na carbon.[37] Wannan Dokar Kasa ta shiga tsakani tare da wasu matakan majalisa a kasar don tabbatar da cimma burin.[37] Ana yin wannan ta hanyar tsarawa da karɓar dabarun ƙasa a cikin tsare-tsaren yanki. Bugu da ƙari ta hanyar kafa cibiyoyin gwamnati don sauyawa mai kyau zuwa tsaka-tsaki na yanayi, mai da hankali kan kafa tsarin kasafin kuɗi na carbon.[37] A ƙarshe burin shine a cimma shi ta hanyar ƙirƙirar manufofi da matakan da ke da niyyar rage hayaki daga manyan fannoni masu fitarwa kamar gine-gine, sufuri da kasuwanci.[37]

Abubuwan da ke kusa da su an saita su don raguwa da hayakin da aka samu ta hanyar anthropogenic greenhouse ta akalla:

  • 55% zuwa shekara ta 2030
  • 80% ta shekara ta 2040 [37]

Akwai takamaiman matakan bangarori na Dokar Yanayi ta Kasa waɗanda aka gabatar kuma za a gabatar da su don cimma burin tsaka-tsaki na yanayi wanda shine kamar haka:

  • Samar da wutar lantarki
  • Motocin Zero-Emission
  • Shirye-shiryen Rage fitarwa na Municipal
  • Rage fitarwa daga Gine-gine
  • Hanyar Muhalli
  • Rage fitarwa daga shigarwa
  • Rage fitarwa daga Kasuwanci
  • Canjin Tsibirin zuwa Tsayawa tsakanin Yanayi [37]

Shirin Makamashi da Canjin Yanayi na Kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shirin Makamashi da Canjin Yanayi na Kasa (NECP) shine shirin manufofi na dabarun don cimma takamaiman makamashi da manufofin yanayi nan da shekara ta 2030.[38] Wannan shirin ya tsara abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a Girka kuma yana da niyyar zama babban kayan aiki wajen tsara manufofin makamashi da yanayi na kasa a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.[38] Manufofin sune kamar haka:

  • (a) Rashin iskar gas ya ragu da fiye da 42% idan aka kwatanta da fitar da 1990 kuma fiye da 56% idan aka kwatanta le fitar da shekarar 2005
  • (b) Tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa (RES) don kasancewa a mafi ƙarancin rabo na 35%. An yi tanadi don rabon RES a cikin amfani da wutar lantarki ya wuce 60%
  • (c) Abu na ƙarshe don amfani da makamashi a cikin shekara ta 2030 ya zama ƙasa da wanda aka rubuta a cikin shekara ta 2017.[39]

Akwai jigogi bakwai wanda NECP ke da niyyar cimma burinta. Wadannan jigogi bakwai sune: (1) Canjin yanayi, hayaki da cire iskar gas, (2) Tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa, (3) Ingantaccen ingancin makamashi, (4) Tsaro na samar da makamashi، (5) Kasuwar Makamashi, (6) Aikin gona, jigilar kayayyaki, yawon bude ido da (7) Bincike, kirkire-kirkire da gasa.[39]

Shirin Farfadowa da Resilience na Kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haɓaka bayan annobar COVID-19, shirin farfadowa d reda juriya yana ƙarfafa saka hannun jari wanda zai taimaka wa Girka a duk lokacin canjin kore da dijital. Shirin yana da shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari 106, gyare-gyare 68 kuma zai sami tallafin Yuro biliyan 17.77 da Yuro biliyar 12.73. [40][41]

Girka da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai sun amince da kafa asusun Yuro biliyan 5 a watan Satumbar 2021 don tallafawa farfadowa da ci gaba na kasar daidai da Shirin Farfadowa na Girka kuma albarkatu ne ke tallafawa daga Cibiyar Farfadowar da Resilience. Wadannan sun hada da saka hannun jari na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a cikin sake farfado da birane, sufuri mai ɗorewa, ingancin makamashi da makamashi mai sabuntawa, don tallafawa canjin kore da dijital.[42]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samfuri:Climate change regions

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Γεωργακόπουλος, Θοδωρής (2021-12-15). "The Consequences Of Climate Change In Greece". Dianeosis (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-18.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Biodiversity in Greece". Climatechangepost.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-18.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (2020-05-11). "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data.
  4. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (2020-05-11). "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data.
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  6. ↑ "Greek islands are beautiful - but can they go green, too?". Energy Transition (in Turanci). 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Paschalidou, A.K., Petrou, I., Fytianos, G. et al. Anatomy of the atmospheric emissions from the transport sector in Greece: trends and challenges. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 34670–34684 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18062-5
  8. ↑ "Greece Climate Resilience Policy Indicator – Analysis". IEA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Angra, Dimitra; Sapountzaki, Kalliopi (January 2022). "Climate Change Affecting Forest Fire and Flood Risk—Facts, Predictions, and Perceptions in Central and South Greece". Sustainability (in Turanci). 14 (20): 13395. doi:10.3390/su142013395. ISSN 2071-1050.
  11. ↑ Komi, Apostolia; Petropoulos, Alexandros; Evelpidou, Niki; Poulos, Serafeim; Kapsimalis, Vasilios (November 2022). "Coastal Vulnerability Assessment for Future Sea Level Rise and a Comparative Study of Two Pocket Beaches in Seasonal Scale, Ios Island, Cyclades, Greece". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (in Turanci). 10 (11): 1673. doi:10.3390/jmse10111673. ISSN 2077-1312.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Kontogianni, A.; Tourkolias, C. H.; Damigos, D.; Skourtos, M. (2014-03-01). "Assessing sea level rise costs and adaptation benefits under uncertainty in Greece". Environmental Science & Policy (in Turanci). 37: 61–78. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2013.08.006. ISSN 1462-9011.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Mitra, G.; Poddar, M. K.; Ghosh, J. J. (December 1975). "Effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 34 (3): 525–528. doi:10.1016/0041-008x(75)90148-9. ISSN 0041-008X. PMID 1872.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Monioudi, Isavela N.; Karditsa, Aikaterini; Chatzipavlis, Antonios; Alexandrakis, George; Andreadis, Olympos P.; Velegrakis, Adonis F.; Poulos, Serafim E.; Ghionis, George; Petrakis, Stylianos; Sifnioti, Dafni; Hasiotis, Thomas; Lipakis, Michalis; Kampanis, Nikolaos; Karambas, Theophanis; Marinos, Emmanouel (2016-10-01). "Assessment of vulnerability of the eastern Cretan beaches (Greece) to sea level rise". Regional Environmental Change (in Turanci). 16 (7): 1951–1962. doi:10.1007/s10113-014-0730-9. ISSN 1436-378X. S2CID 10099348.
  15. ↑ Karymbalis, Efthimios; Chalkias, Christos; Chalkias, George; Grigoropoulou, Eleni; Manthos, George; Ferentinou, Maria (2012-12-01). "Assessment of the sensitivity of the southern coast of the Gulf of Corinth (Peloponnese, Greece) to sea-level rise". Open Geosciences (in Turanci). 4 (4): 561–577. Bibcode:2012CEJG....4..561K. doi:10.2478/s13533-012-0101-3. ISSN 2391-5447. S2CID 129460621.
  16. ↑ Doukakis, E. (2004-06-01). "Accelerated sea level rise and coastal vulnerability in the Hersonisos coastal region (Crete, Greece)". Mediterranean Marine Science (in Turanci). 5 (1): 35–42. doi:10.12681/mms.208. ISSN 1791-6763. S2CID 84518283.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :10
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 Chrysopolitou, V.; Apostolakis, A.; Avtzis, D.; Avtzis, N.; Diamandis, S.; Kemitzoglou, D.; Papadimos, D.; Perlerou, C.; Tsiaoussi, V.; Dafis, S. (2013-05-01). "Studies on forest health and vegetation changes in Greece under the effects of climate changes". Biodiversity and Conservation (in Turanci). 22 (5): 1133–1150. doi:10.1007/s10531-013-0451-2. ISSN 1572-9710. S2CID 254288996 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  19. ↑ "Mediterranean Sea - Economic aspects | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-02.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :17
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Mavromatis, Theodoros; Georgoulias, Aristeidis K.; Akritidis, Dimitris; Melas, Dimitris; Zanis, Prodromos (January 2022). "Spatiotemporal Evolution of Seasonal Crop-Specific Climatic Indices under Climate Change in Greece Based on EURO-CORDEX RCM Simulations". Sustainability (in Turanci). 14 (24): 17048. doi:10.3390/su142417048. ISSN 2071-1050.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Voloudakis, Dimitrios; Karamanos, Andreas; Economou, Garifalia; Kalivas, Dionissios; Vahamidis, Petros; Kotoulas, Vasilios; Kapsomenakis, John; Zerefos, Christos (2015-01-01). "Prediction of climate change impacts on cotton yields in Greece under eight climatic models using the AquaCrop crop simulation model and discriminant function analysis". Agricultural Water Management. Agricultural Water Management: Priorities and Challenges (in Turanci). 147: 116–128. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2014.07.028. ISSN 0378-3774.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 Grillakis, Manolis G.; Kapetanakis, Evangelos G.; Goumenaki, Eleni (2022-11-19). "Climate change implications for olive flowering in Crete, Greece: projections based on historical data". Climatic Change (in Turanci). 175 (1): 7. Bibcode:2022ClCh..175....7G. doi:10.1007/s10584-022-03462-4. ISSN 1573-1480. S2CID 253631629 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 Katavoutas, George; Founda, Dimitra; Kitsara, Gianna; Giannakopoulos, Christos (January 2021). "Climate Change and Thermal Comfort in Top Tourist Destinations—The Case of Santorini (Greece)". Sustainability (in Turanci). 13 (16): 9107. doi:10.3390/su13169107. ISSN 2071-1050.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Du, Ding; Ng, Pin (2018-04-01). "The impact of climate change on tourism economies of Greece, Spain, and Turkey". Environmental Economics and Policy Studies (in Turanci). 20 (2): 431–449. doi:10.1007/s10018-017-0200-y. ISSN 1867-383X. S2CID 254082913 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  27. ↑ "Environment - Greece in the UN-Geneva". www.mfa.gr. Retrieved 2023-05-14.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :19
  29. ↑ "What is the Kyoto Protocol?". United Nations Climate Change.
  30. ↑ "The Paris Agreement". UNFCC. Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  31. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :21
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Greece's National Energy and Climate Plan - Climate Change Laws of the World". climate-laws.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-17.[permanent dead link]
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 "Greece — English". climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  34. ↑ "ΥΠΕΝ Αρχική -". ypen.gov.gr (in Girkanci). Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  35. ↑ "CoR - Greece Environment". portal.cor.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "adaptivegreece.gr > Adaptation to climate change". www.adaptivegreece.gr. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 37.5 37.6 37.7 "Law 4936/2022: Greek Climate Law". www.ey.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "National energy and climate plans". commission.europa.eu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Greek National Energy and Climate Plan – Policies". IEA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  40. ↑ "Greece's recovery and resilience plan". commission.europa.eu (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  41. ↑ "Ελλάδα 2.0 - Εθνικό Σχέδιο Ανάκαμψης και Ανθεκτικότητας" (in Girkanci). Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  42. ↑ "Cohesion and regional development Overview 2023". European Investment Bank (in Turanci). 2023-05-17.
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