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Canjin yanayi a Indonesia

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Canjin yanayi a Indonesia
climate change by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na canjin yanayi
Ƙasa Indonesiya
Yankunan bakin teku masu ƙasƙanci da yawan jama'a a Jakarta. Birnin yana daya daga cikin biranen da suka fi fuskantar tasirin canjin yanayi a duniya.

Saboda bambancin ƙasa da na halitta, Indonesia tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da ke da saukin kamuwa da tasirin Canjin yanayi.[1] Wannan yana goyan bayan gaskiyar cewa an lissafa Jakarta a matsayin Birni mafi rauni a duniya, game da canjin yanayi.[2][3] Har ila yau, babban mai ba da gudummawa ne ga ƙasashen da suka ba da guddina mafi yawa ga hayakin gas saboda yawan lalacewar gandun daji da dogaro da wutar lantarki.

Ya ƙunshi fiye da tsibirai 17,000 kuma tare da tsawo na bakin teku, Indonesia tana da matukar damuwa ga tasirin hauhawar matakin teku da kuma Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi irin su ambaliyar ruwa, fari, da guguwa. Yankunan gandun daji masu zafi suna da mahimmanci wajen daidaita canjin yanayi ta hanyar ɗaukar carbon dioxide daga yanayi.[4] Tasirin da aka tsara a bangaren noma na Indonesia, Tattalin arzikin kasa da kiwon lafiya suma batutuwa ne masu mahimmanci.

Indonesia ta yi alkawarin rage hayakin ta a cikin tsarin Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen da Yarjejeniyar Paris. Duk da tasirin canjin yanayi a kasar, binciken ya nuna cewa Indonesia tana da babban rabo na Masu musanta canjin yanayi.

Rashin iskar gas

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Rarraba hayakin gas mai guba ta ƙasa

Indonesia tana daya daga cikin manyan masu fitar da iskar gas a duniya saboda babban lalacewar gandun daji da lalacewar daji. Tun daga shekara ta 2010, Indonesia ta kasance tana da hannu sosai a cikin REDD+" id="mwOA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="REDD and REDD+">Shirin REDD+ + (Rage Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation), wanda ke karfafa Kasashe masu tasowa don rage lalacewar gandun daji da lalacewar daji don rage hayakin gas. Kasar tana ƙoƙari ta cimma waɗannan manufofi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da masu ruwa da tsaki na ƙasa da na gida, kafa tsarin saka idanu don bin diddigin hayaki da rufe gandun daji, da haɗa manufofi da tsarin hukumomi. Ba wai kawai wannan shirin na REDD + yana rage hayakin gas na Indonesia ba, amma kuma yana kare bambancin halittu da amfanin al'ummomin yankin. Duk da yake shirin yana da kyau ga nan gaba, aiwatarwa a Indonesia ta sami cikas daban-daban, kamar rashin shugabanci da ikon hukumomi, rashin isasshen kudade, da batutuwan zama.[5]

Baya ga REDD+ +, Indonesia tana da damar yin amfani da wasu matakan rage sauyin yanayi na gandun daji kamar kula da gandun daji mai ɗorewa da agroforestry. Wannan yana da mahimmanci saboda yana tabbatar da cewa ana sarrafa gandun daji ta hanyar da ke daidaita manufofin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da muhalli. Suna yin hakan ta hanyar inganta kiyayewa da amfani mai ɗorewa na albarkatun gandun daji yayin da suke kula da kadarorinsu na carbon.

Duk da burin rage hayakin gas da kashi 29% a ƙarshen 2030, Indonesia ta sami ci gaba kaɗan wajen rage hayakin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Ana iya gano wannan zuwa rashin tallafin kuɗi, yaduwar tashoshin wutar lantarki, da kuma ci gaba da sare daji. Daga 2014 zuwa 2019, hayaki na Indonesia ya karu da kashi 2.2% . [6] Don magance duk waɗannan ƙalubalen, gwamnatin Indonesia tana da niyyar kara amfani da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa da ƙoƙarin kawar da kwal. Don cimma wannan, akwai buƙatar ƙarin aiki na kankare da manufofi masu tasiri don magance hayakin gas.[6][7]

Tasirin yanayi

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Yanayin zafi da canjin yanayi

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Indonesia kusan dukkanin yanayi ne na wurare masu zafi tare da danshi na iska har zuwa 90% da kuma matsakaicin Yanayin zafi na 28 ° C a yankuna masu zafi.[8] Ruwan sama yafi wanzu a ƙananan yankuna da yankuna masu tsawo tare da yanayin sanyi. A lokacin El Niño, akwai karancin hazo kuma a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na La Niña, akwai karin ruwan sama. Ana iya raba yanayin zuwa lokutan rigar daga Nuwamba zuwa Afrilu da lokutan bushewa daga Mayu zuwa Oktoba. 

Dangane da tsinkayen yanayi, matsakaicin yanayin zafi zai tashi da 1.6 ° C ta shekara ta 2050 kuma da 3.9 ° C ta 2100 a ƙarƙashin yanayin fitarwa mai yawa ba tare da iyakancewa a cikin fitar da iskar gas ba.[8] Ƙididdigar Ruwan sama tana da rikitarwa a ƙarƙashin duk abubuwan da suka faru saboda tsarin yanki daban-daban da za'a iya samu a duk faɗin ƙasar.  

An kiyasta cewa, a karkashin wani babban yanayin fitarwa wanda aka tsakiya a 2050 dangane da lokacin tunani 1985-2014, za a sami kusan 8% mafi tsawo zafi tare da karuwar 98% a cikin yawan zafi wanda ya haifar da abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi kamar fari da karuwar hanyoyin runoff da ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da sauran hanyoyin lalacewa.[8]

Tsarin halittu na ruwa

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Kamar yadda Indonesia ta zama mafi girma a duniya, mahalli na ruwa suna da matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwar rayuwa da Tsaro na abinci na miliyoyin mutane. Tare da sauye-sauyen yanayin yanayi, waɗannan yanayin halittu suna da tasiri sosai.

Rashin zafi da wadatar teku a cikin maida hankali ga CO2 saboda mafi girman iskar gas a cikin yanayi yana shafar lafiyar yankunan coral reef kuma yana iya haifar da bleaching [9] da kuma mutuwar yanayin halittu. Wannan kuma yana shafar kiwon lafiya, bambancin da yawan jinsuna a cikin wannan yanki da kuma abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa na ƙasar. Ba wai kawai acidisation na ruwan teku yana haifar da lahani na dindindin ga coral reefs ta hanyar bleaching ba amma kuma yana haifar da raguwa a cikin yalwar plankton gabaɗaya. Wannan yana haifar da canjin ma'auni a cikin dukkanin yanar gizo na abinci tun lokacin da plankton ke aiki a matsayin tushen abinci ga kwayoyin ruwa iri-iri.[10]

Saboda karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi kamar guguwa da guguwa waɗanda aka annabta don yanayin gaba, [8] yanayin ruwa mai rauni kamar coral reefs za su sami ƙarin lalacewa.

Hawan matakan teku sun riga sun zama ƙalubale ga Indonesia. Kimanin ya nuna cewa kusan mutane miliyan 42 da ke zaune kasa da mita 10 sama da matakin teku suna fuskantar barazana.[11] Wannan zai haifar da sakamako kamar Rushewar bakin teku, ambaliyar ruwa da asarar wuraren zama masu mahimmanci ga bambancin halittu kamar gandun daji na mangrove wanda ke haifar da wuraren kiwo ga kifi da sauran nau'ikan ruwa da yawa. Idan waɗannan yankuna masu yawa sun ragu a cikin girman da yawa, yawan kifaye za su ragu.[12]

Karin yanayin zafi tare da sauye-sauyen yanayin yanayi na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan raƙuman teku da rarraba yawan kifaye, haifar da canji a cikin wadata da rarraba kayayyaki.[12] Wannan yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin tsarin yanar gizo na abinci.

Yanayi na ƙasa

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  Tasirin Canjin yanayi a kan yanayin ƙasa na Indonesia ya bambanta. Indonesia tana da daya daga cikin mafi girman yawan sare daji a duniya, wanda yawancin su masana'antun noma da katako ne ke motsa su. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2022 ya kiyasta cewa tasirin hayaki daga gobarar daji a Indonesia da Brazil ya kasance 3.7 (±0.4) da 1.9 (±0.2) Gt CO2eq a cikin 2019 da 2020, bi da bi.[13] Sakamakon haka, yanayin ƙasa na Indonesia ya sha wahala daga canje-canje na ƙasa, sare daji, canje-canje ga teburin Ruwa na ƙasa, raguwa a cikin bambancin halittu da canje-canjen tsarin halittu. Karin abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi saboda canjin yanayi, musamman gobarar daji a Indonesia sun kara ba da gudummawa ga fitar da iskar gas.[14]

An auna tasirin da aka kiyasta a kan yankuna ta hanyar amfani da nazarin sawun mutum. Sawun ɗan adam shine ma'auni na matsin lamba daga yawan mutane, kayan aikin sufuri, gidaje da sauye-sauyen ƙasa akan amincin tsarin halitta da mahalli. Tsakanin 2012 da 2017, an ruwaito cewa sawun mutum na duk yankuna masu rai a cikin wuraren shakatawa na kasa da kuma a cikin yanki mai nisan kilomita 10 a waje da wurin shakatawa ya karu a Indonesia.[15] 

Kimanin Ha miliyan 2.2 na gandun daji da suka lalace sun wanzu a cikin 'yanki masu kariya' a Indonesia, wanda ya kai kimanin kashi 10% na jimlar wuraren kariya.[15] Yawancin tuddai a Indonesia sun kasance ƙarƙashin katako, fadada aikin gona da shuka wanda ya haifar da zubar da tuddai.[16] Rashin ruwa na peatlands yana da alaƙa da karuwa a cikin rushewa, sakin carbon dioxide saboda fallasa kayan kwayoyin halitta, asarar bambancin halittu da canje-canje a cikin yanayin wuri mai faɗi saboda matakai kamar raguwa.[17]

Yankunan dutse da wuta

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A Indonesia, tuddai sun fara tarawa bayan lokacin glacial na ƙarshe sakamakon yanayin yanayi mai laushi. Mutum na iya samun tsakanin 160 da 2.000 km2 na peatlands wanda mafi girman ɓangaren yana kan ƙananan ƙasashen bakin teku. Ba wai kawai suna gida ne ga nau'o'i da yawa ba, amma suna aiki ne a matsayin sink na carbon na halitta, ana amfani da su don noma da ƙauyuka, suna aiki azaman tsarin sarrafawa, da kuma daidaita yanayin ƙasa game da rushewa.[18] A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, faruwar lalacewa mai yawa, saboda ayyukan ɗan adam, a Indonesia ya karu, wanda ya haifar da al'ummar ta zama mai ba da gudummawa ta huɗu ga hayakin carbon dioxide.[19] 

Wutar daji a Borneo da Sumatra tana haifar da haukahaze

Filayen ciyayi suna da mahimmancin yanayin muhallin dausayi akan ƙasa, inda yanayin shuka ruwa ke hana cikkaken ruɓewar kayan shuka. Abubuwan kwayoyin halitta suna tarawa azaman peat, wanda zai iya adana babban adadin carbon. An san ciyayi na ƙasa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen rage sauye-sauyen yanayi saboda iyawarsu ta keɓewar carbon daga yanayi. [20] [21] Amma a cikin shekaru 20 na ƙarshe (2001-2021), an sami karuwar gobara wanda ya haifar da raguwar 18% na murfin bishiyar a Indonesia, yana samar da 19.7 Gt na CO 2 hayaki. [22] Fiye da kashi 90% na wannan asarar murfin bishiyar yana faruwa ne saboda sare bishiyoyi . [22] Kona ciyayi shine babban abin da ke haifar da hayakin carbon, sakin carbon dioxide da sauran iskar gas da ke haifar da canjin yanayi. Wadannan gobarar peat suna da alhakin kusan kashi 5% na yawan hayakin da ake fitarwa kowace shekara a duniya, da kuma gurbacewar iska da ka iya yin illa ga lafiya ga al'ummomin yankin. Don haka, yana da mahimmanci a samar da ingantattun dabaru don hanawa da sarrafa konewar ƙasa a yanzu da kuma nan gaba. [23]

Biodiversity

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Indonesia gida ce ga tsire-tsire da dabbobi iri-iri. Babban abubuwan da ke shafar asarar bambancin halittu a Indonesia sune lalacewa mazaunin, raguwa, gabatar da nau'o'in, wuce gona da iri, canjin yanayi, gobara da rikicin tattalin arziki da siyasa.[24]

Indonesia gida ce ga kusan 12% na dabbobi masu shayarwa na duniya (nau'in 515), wanda ke matsayi na biyu don bambancin dabbobi bayan Brazil.[24] Sakamakon canjin yanayi da ayyukan ilimin ɗan adam sun ba da gudummawa ga raguwar yawan dabbobi da bambancin halittu a Indonesia. An kiyasta cewa kashi 25% na dabbobi masu shayarwa na ƙasar Indonesia suna cikin haɗari.[25] An kiyasta yawan Giwaye na Sumatra ya ragu da kashi 35% tun daga shekarun 1990.[26] Tigers da Sumatran primates yawan jama'a ba a kiyaye su a yankunan da aka kare ba.[27] Sumatran tigers da Orangutans suma dabbobi ne masu haɗari a Indonesia, duk da ƙoƙarin ƙara yawan gandun daji a wuraren shakatawa.[28]

Maido da mazaunin mangrove bayan sare daji. Mangroves suna samar da mazauni ga nau'o'in da suka hada da biri, giwa mai zurfi, nau'o-nau'in kifi irin su mudskippers da kewayon tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe.

A Indonesia, an kiyasta kashi 80% na bala'o'i saboda Canjin yanayi daga 1998 zuwa 2018 ambaliyar ruwa ce (18%), guguwar iska (26%), rushewar ƙasa (22%) da fari (8%). Ƙarin yawan irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi na iya samun tasiri kai tsaye da kai tsaye akan wadatar jinsuna ta hanyar lalacewar mazaunin, raguwa, asarar mazaunin da canza tsarin yanayin halittu. Indonesia tana da kusan 10% na nau'ikan shuke-shuke na duniya, 16% na dabbobi masu rarrafe na duniya da 17% na jimlar nau'ikan tsuntsaye.[29] Duk da Indonesia matsayi mai yawa a kan wadatar jinsuna da bambancin jinsuna, katako, sare daji, ayyukan noma da bala'o'i suna sanya jinsuna a ƙarƙashin barazana.[30]

Hawan matakin teku saboda canjin yanayi an haɗa shi da asarar mazaunin gandun daji. Indonesia ta ƙunshi kashi 24% na gandun daji na mangrove na duniya.[31] A cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, kashi 40% na mangroves sun lalace ko sun ɓace.[32] Wadannan gandun daji suna samar da wurin kiwo ga kifi da yawa, nau'in ruwa, tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Lalacewar gandun daji a gabashin gabar Arewacin Sumatra ya haifar da kashi biyu bisa uku na nau'in kifi na yankin ya zama da wuya a kama.[33] Indonesia ta aiwatar da matakai da yawa don dawo da wuraren zama na mangrove a kokarin adana yanayin halittu da kuma daidaita yawan dabbobi da ke dogaro da mangroves a matsayin mazauninsu kamar biri na proboscis da crocodile na estuarine.

Hawan matakin teku da raguwar ƙasa

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Matsakaicin hauhawar matakin teku a duniya ya kasance 3-10 mm a kowace shekara, yayin da raguwar Jakarta ta kasance kusan 75-100 mm a kowace tawen, yana sa hauhawar dangi a matakin teku kusan 10 cm a kowace shekara.[34] Ci gaba da fitar da carbon a cikin 2019 kudi, a hade tare da cire Ruwa na ƙasa ba tare da lasisi ba, an yi hasashen cewa zai nutse 95% na Arewacin Jakarta nan da shekara ta 2050.[35]   

Wasu binciken sun ba da shawarar cewa canjin yanayi ya haifar da hauhawar matakin teku na iya zama kadan idan aka kwatanta da hauhawarsa da aka haifar da rashin ababen more rayuwa da saurin ci gaban birane.[36] Gwamnatin Indonesia tana kallon raguwar ƙasa, galibi saboda yawan fitar da ruwan kasa, a matsayin babbar barazana ga ababen more rayuwa da ci gaban Jakarta.[37] Shirye-shiryen birane na Dutch yana da babban bangare don alhakin rikicin ruwa a yau sakamakon hanyoyin da aka gina a lokacin mulkin mallaka wanda da gangan ya raba birnin, ya raba 'yan asalin ƙasar da Turawa, yana ba da damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da ababen more rayuwa kusan ga mazauna Turai.[38][39][40] Saboda rashin samun ruwa mai tsabta a Jakarta a waje da al'ummomin da suka fi arziki, an tura mazauna da yawa don cire ruwan kasa ba tare da izini ba.[41] Yawan jama'ar Jakarta da saurin ci gaban birane suna cinyewa a aikin gona da ke kewaye da su suna kara lalata ambaliyar ruwa, kamar gandun daji, da kuma gurɓata tsarin kogin da yawancin mazauna yankin suka dogara da su tura mutanen da suka ce su dogara da ruwan kasa.[42] A cikin 2019, bututun ruwa a Jakarta ya kai kashi sittin cikin dari na yawan jama'a.[41]

Duk da cewa wannan lamari ne mai matukar damuwa a cikin birni, kusan rabin yawan mutanen yankin ba su san ko kuma ba a san su da alaƙar da ke tsakanin raguwar ƙasa ba, cire su da karuwar ambaliyar ruwa suna sa tsarin tsari ga wannan batun ya fi wuya.[43] Batun ya ci gaba har tsawon lokaci har Indonesia ta tabbatar da motsi na babban birnin kasarsu, Jakarta, zuwa sabon birni a Gabashin Kalimantan a tsibirin Borneo, yana mai da hankali kan batun raguwar ƙasa a matsayin babban dalili.[44] Motsi na babban birnin zuwa Borneo, a wani bangare, yana rage tasirin bala'o'i saboda matsayinsa na dabarun, amma saurin saurin da aka shirya na iya kara matsalolin muhalli a tsibirin a nan gaba, musamman asarar halittu.[45]

Tasirin da aka yi wa mutane

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Ginin kofi a Bukit Barisan.

Sashin noma yana gina tushen samun kudin shiga don rayuwar miliyoyin 'yan Indonesiya. Babban kayayyakin fitarwa na kasar sune Man dabino, koko, kofi, shinkafa, kayan yaji, shayi, kwakwa, 'ya'yan itace da taba.[46]

Yanayin zafi, wanda zai iya tashi har zuwa 1.5 ° C a shekara ta 2050 a cikin yanayin fitarwa mai yawa, [8] yana da tasiri kai tsaye akan yawan aikin gona kuma ta haka ne tsaron abinci na gida. Babban damuwa na zafi tare da fari mai tsawo da karuwa yana haifar da raguwar amfanin gona kuma yana zuwa tare da mafi girman abin da ya faru na kwari da cututtukan shuke-shuke.[8] 

Dangane da yankin, tsinkayen yanayi na gaba suna nuna bambancin ruwan sama mai rikitarwa. Abubuwan da ke kara tsanani kamar ambaliyar ruwa da matsakaicin ruwan sama na cikin gida zasu haifar da yawan ruwa, yayin da yawan zafin jiki tare da fari mai tsanani zai haifar da manyan rashi. Wadannan bambance-bambance za su shafi aikin gona kai tsaye da kuma yawan da ingancin kayayyakin da za a iya girbewa.[8]

Haɗe da ɓace ko yawan ruwan sama, lalacewar ƙasa yana rage yawan amfanin ƙasa sabili da haka yawan aikin gona yana haifar da asarar tattalin arziki.[47]

Don samar da girbi yadda ya kamata, yana da mahimmanci don haɓaka ingantaccen dabarun ruwa don ban ruwa na amfanin gona. A halin yanzu, fiye da rabin jimlar yankin noma da aka yi ban ruwa an kiyasta cewa ba su da isasshen tsarin samar da ruwa. Ganin cewa ana kiyasta bukatar ruwan gona tana ƙaruwa zuwa 52.1%, waɗannan yanayin sarrafa ruwa marasa isasshen suna haifar da matsala da barazana ga yawan ruwan da za a iya bayarwa da ingancin sa.[8] Ga yankunan da suka dogara sosai da tsarin ban ruwa, wannan matsala ce sosai.

A cikin 2024, Shugaban Indonesia Joko Widodo ya bayyana wani shiri na tura famfo na ruwa 20,000 a duk fadin kasar don kare amfanin gona daga matsanancin yanayi da kuma karfafa Tsaro na abinci. Za a mayar da hankali kan yankunan da ke samar da shinkafa, abinci mai mahimmanci ga 'yan Indonesiya sama da miliyan 270. [48]

Kifi

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Masunta tare da jiragen kamun kifi na gargajiya da kayan aiki a Jimbaran a tsibirin Bali, Indonesia

Bangaren kamun kifi na Indonesiya ya ba da gudummawar kashi 2.77% na GDPn ƙasar a shekarar 2021 [49] kuma yana ɗaukar mutane kusan miliyan 12 aiki kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice. [50] Tare da fiye da 5.8 miliyan kilomita 2 na teku, Indonesiya gida ne ga wurare daban-daban irin su coral reefs, mangroves, estuaries da zurfin teku wanda ke ba da damar ayyukan kifi iri-iri. Tare da shi ya zo wuce gona da iri, kamun kifi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma a wurare da yawa rashin isasshen ikon sarrafa kamun kifi. [51]

Saboda Canjin yanayi, za a sami ƙididdigar raguwar yiwuwar kama kifi da kusan 20.3% idan yanayin zafi ya tashi da 1.5 ° C har zuwa 2050 [8] kuma tare da mahalli mai dumi, ƙarancin teku yana ƙaruwa sosai. 

A cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kamun kifi yana wakiltar wani muhimmin bangare na al'adun Indonesiya. Hanyoyin gargajiya da kayan aiki ba za su kasance masu aminci ba ko isasshen a sassa da yawa na ƙasar saboda yanayin yanayi da kuma mafi girman rauni ga bala'o'i. Sabili da haka, ya kamata a karfafa aikace-aikacen hanyoyin daidaitawa don karamin kamun kifi mai ɗorewa don samun wadatar kansa a nan gaba.[52] A cikin shekarun 2020, aikin gona na teku a bakin tekun Gabashin Indonesia ya sami mummunar tasiri ta hanyar ci gaba da canjin yanayi, tare da raguwar kudaden shiga da girbi na teku da ke faruwa a sakamakon haka.

Ana iya lura da ci gaba mai sauri a cikin tsarin canji na tsarin halittu na mangrove zuwa raka'a na Kiwon kifi. Samun mafi girman ɗaukar hoto a duniya, lalacewa da lalata gandun daji na yanayin mangrove na Indonesia, yana da matsala musamman kamar yadda wannan nau'in yanayin halittu ke aiki a matsayin babban sink carbon kuma yana haifar da shingen halitta wanda ke kare yankunan cikin gida idan akwai mummunan yanayi.[53]

Infrastructure

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Karin yawan ambaliyar ruwa, abubuwan da suka faru na guguwa mai tsanani da hauhawar matakin teku sune manyan barazanar canjin yanayi a kan ababen more rayuwa a Indonesia. A halin yanzu, hauhawar matakin teku kusan 3.9 ± 0.4 mm ne a kowace shekara.[54][55] Masana sun yi hasashen cewa kafin 2050, dubban tsibirai da gidaje da ke kusa da yankunan bakin teku a Indonesia za su ɓace.[56] Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da daya daga cikin manyan jaridu na Indonesia ya gudanar ya kiyasta 199 daga cikin birane da gundumomi 514 na iya shafar ambaliyar ruwa nan da shekara ta 2050. [33] Rushewa a kan gidaje, nutsewa, gangara na gine-gine da batutuwan da ke tattare da magudanar ruwa misalai ne na matsalolin ababen more rayuwa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ambaliyar ruwa da raguwa.[57] Ƙarin yawan guguwa mai tsanani yana da alaƙa da lalacewar ababen more rayuwa, asarar gini da ƙaurawar mutane daga gidajensu da ayyukansu. Za a buƙaci kashewa don saka hannun jari a cikin dabarun kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa, sake gina hanyoyi da gine-gine da sake rarraba mutane daga yankin da abin ya shafa. 

Gidajen daji da hakar ma'adinai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rufin daji (%) na Indonesia

Indonesia ƙasa ce mai wadataccen albarkatun ƙasa, tare da masana'antu masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke da alaƙa da gandun daji da hakar ma'adinai. Wadannan masana'antu sun sha wahala sosai ta hanyar Canjin yanayi (karin zafin jiki, canji a cikin yanayin hazo, lalacewar gandun daji, yawan wuta mai tsanani).

Wannan kuma ya yi tasiri sosai ga muhalli. Misali, sare daji yana ba da gudummawa ga fitar da iskar gas a duniya wanda ke hanzarta canjin yanayi har ma da lalata wuraren zama na dabbobi da bambancin halittu. Irin waɗannan tasirin canjin yanayi sun haifar da barazana kai tsaye ga masana'antar gandun daji ta Indonesia, suna hana ci gabanta da iyakance damarta.[58][59]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "The Importance of Mangroves to People : a Call to Action" (PDF). UNEP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-12. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  2. ↑ "Climate change: the cities most at risk". The Week UK (in Turanci). 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  3. ↑ "Photos: Where once were mangroves, Javan villages struggle to beat back the sea". Mongabay Environmental News (in Turanci). 2017-07-03. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  4. ↑ Chiappetta Jabbour, Charbel Jose; Seuring, Stefan; Lopes de Sousa Jabbour, Ana Beatriz; Jugend, Daniel; De Camargo Fiorini, Paula; Latan, Hengky; Izeppi, Wagner Colucci (2020-06-15). "Stakeholders, innovative business models for the circular economy and sustainable performance of firms in an emerging economy facing institutional voids". Journal of Environmental Management (in Turanci). 264: 110416. Bibcode:2020JEnvM.26410416C. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110416. ISSN 0301-4797. PMID 32217311. S2CID 214679425. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  5. ↑ Qiao, Yaning; Dave, Eshan; Parry, Tony; Valle, Omar; Mi, Lingyun; Ni, Guodong; Yuan, Zhenmin; Zhu, Yuefeng (2019). "Life Cycle Costs Analysis of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Under Future Climate". Sustainability (in Turanci). 11 (19): 5414. Bibcode:2019Sust...11.5414Q. doi:10.3390/su11195414. ISSN 2071-1050.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Indonesia". climateactiontracker.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  7. ↑ Lushan, Huang (2022-12-19). "Indonesia's new climate plan: Slow progress but change imminent". China Dialogue (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 "Indonesia". G20 Climate Risk Atlas (in Turanci). 2021-10-19. Archived from the original on 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  9. ↑ Lam, Vicky W. Y.; Chavanich, Suchana; Djoundourian, Salpie; Dupont, Sam; Gaill, Françoise; Holzer, Guillaume; Isensee, Kirsten; Katua, Stephen; Mars, Frank; Metian, Marc; Hall-Spencer, Jason M. (2019-04-01). "Dealing with the effects of ocean acidification on coral reefs in the Indian Ocean and Asia". Regional Studies in Marine Science (in Turanci). 28: 100560. Bibcode:2019RSMS...2800560L. doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100560. ISSN 2352-4855. S2CID 134902725.
  10. ↑ Cripps, Gemma; Flynn, Kevin J.; Lindeque, Penelope K. (2016-04-15). "Ocean Acidification Affects the Phyto-Zoo Plankton Trophic Transfer Efficiency". PLOS ONE (in Turanci). 11 (4): e0151739. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1151739C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151739. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4833293. PMID 27082737.
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  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Rizal, A.; Anna, Z. (2019). "Climate change and its possible food security implications toward Indonesian marine and fisheries". World News of Natural Sciences (in Turanci). 22.
  13. ↑ Datta, Aparajita; Krishnamoorti, Ramanan (2022). "Understanding the Greenhouse Gas Impact of Deforestation Fires in Indonesia and Brazil in 2019 and 2020". Frontiers in Climate. 4. Bibcode:2022FrCli...4.9632D. doi:10.3389/fclim.2022.799632. ISSN 2624-9553.
  14. ↑ "Wildfires and Climate Change". Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Dwiyahreni AA, Fuad HAH, Muhtar S, Soesilo TEB, Margules C, Supriatna J. (2021). "Changes in the human footprint in and around Indonesia's terrestrial national parks between 2012 and 2017". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 4510. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.4510D. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83586-2. PMC 7904793. PMID 33627682 Check |pmid= value (help).CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ L. Kiely; V. Spracklen; S. R. Arnold; E. Papargyropoulou; L. Conibear; C. Wiedinmyer; C. Knote; H. A. Adrianto (2021). "Assessing costs of Indonesian fires and the benefits of restoring peatland". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 7044. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.7044K. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27353-x. PMC 8639972 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34857766 Check |pmid= value (help).
  17. ↑ Meseret Menberu, Ali Torabi Haghighi, Anna-Kaisa Ronkanen, Hannu Marttila (June 2018). "Effects of Drainage and Subsequent Restoration on Peatland Hydrological Processes at Catchment Scale".CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Rieley, J.; Page, S. E.; Setiadi, B. (1996-12-31). "Distribution of peatlands in Indonesia" (in English). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  19. ↑ Harris, Nancy; Minnemeyer, Susan; Sizer, Nigel; Mann, Sarah Alix; Payne, Octavia (2015-10-29). "With Latest Fires Crisis, Indonesia Surpasses Russia as World's Fourth-Largest Emitter" (in Turanci). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. ↑ "Peatlands and Climate". International Peatland Society (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  21. ↑ "What are peatlands?". International Peatland Society (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Vizzuality. "Indonesia Deforestation Rates & Statistics | GFW". www.globalforestwatch.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  23. ↑ Page, Susan E.; Rieley, John O.; Banks, Christopher J. (2011). "Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool: TROPICAL PEATLAND CARBON POOL". Global Change Biology (in english). 17 (2): 798–818. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02279.x. S2CID 86121682.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Unit, Biosafety. "Main Details". www.cbd.int (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  25. ↑ Ehrlich, Tobias (2020-06-03). "Deforestation in Indonesia: Palm Oil, Biodiversity Loss, and Global Warming". PROJECT PLANET ID (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  26. ↑ Marinelli, David (2020-08-17). "Sumatran Elephant – Endangered – 1,500 left". David Marinelli (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  27. ↑ Dwiyahreni, Asri A.; Fuad, Habiburrachman A. H.; Muhtar, Sunaryo; Soesilo, T. E. Budhi; Margules, Chris; Supriatna, Jatna (2021-02-24). "Changes in the human footprint in and around Indonesia's terrestrial national parks between 2012 and 2017". Scientific Reports (in Turanci). 11 (1): 4510. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.4510D. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83586-2. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7904793. PMID 33627682 Check |pmid= value (help).
  28. ↑ Luskin, Matthew Scott; Albert, Wido Rizki; Tobler, Mathias W. (2017-12-05). "Sumatran tiger survival threatened by deforestation despite increasing densities in parks". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 1783. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8.1783L. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01656-4. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5717059. PMID 29208916.
  29. ↑ Rintelen, Kristina von; Arida, Evy; Häuser, Christoph (2017-11-09). "A review of biodiversity-related issues and challenges in megadiverse Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries". Research Ideas and Outcomes (in Turanci). 3: e20860. doi:10.3897/rio.3.e20860. ISSN 2367-7163.
  30. ↑ Navjot S. Invalid |url-status=Gibson (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ↑ Arifanti, Virni Budi; Kauffman, John Boone; Subarno; Ilman, Muhammad; Tosiani, Anna; Novita, Nisa (2022). "Contributions of mangrove conservation and restoration to climate change mitigation in Indonesia". Global Change Biology (in Turanci). 28 (15): 4523–4538. Bibcode:2022GCBio..28.4523A. doi:10.1111/gcb.16216. ISSN 1354-1013. PMC 9325550 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35470521 Check |pmid= value (help).
  32. ↑ CIFOR (2015-07-28). "Mangroves: A global treasure under threat". CIFOR Forests News. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "In Sumatra, rising seas and sinking land spell hard times for fishers". Mongabay Environmental News (in Turanci). 2022-08-16. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  34. ↑ Erkens, G.; Bucx, T.; Dam, R.; de Lange, G.; Lambert, J. (2015-11-12). "Sinking coastal cities". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (in Turanci). 372: 189–198. Bibcode:2015PIAHS.372..189E. doi:10.5194/piahs-372-189-2015. ISSN 2199-899X.
  35. ↑ Dickinson, Leta (2019-05-01). "Indonesia might need a new capital because of climate change". Grist (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  36. ↑ Abidin, H. Z.; Andreas, H.; Gumilar, I.; Brinkman, J. J. (2015-11-12). "Study on the risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta". Proceedings of IAHS (in English). Copernicus GmbH. 372: 115–120. Bibcode:2015PIAHS.372..115A. doi:10.5194/piahs-372-115-2015.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  37. ↑ Colven, Emma (2020-07-02). "Subterranean infrastructures in a sinking city: the politics of visibility in Jakarta". Critical Asian Studies. 52 (3): 311–331. doi:10.1080/14672715.2020.1793210. ISSN 1467-2715. S2CID 221299850.
  38. ↑ Kehoe, Marsely L. (2015). "Dutch Batavia: Exposing the Hierarchy of the Dutch Colonial City". Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art (in Turanci). 7. doi:10.5092/jhna.2015.7.1.3. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  39. ↑ Kooy, Michelle; Bakker, Karen (2008-11-01). "Splintered networks: The colonial and contemporary waters of Jakarta". Geoforum. Placing Splintering Urbanism (in Turanci). 39 (6): 1843–1858. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.07.012. ISSN 0016-7185.
  40. ↑ Kooy, Michelle; Bakker, Karen (2008). "Technologies of Government: Constituting Subjectivities, Spaces, and Infrastructures in Colonial and Contemporary Jakarta: Technologies of government in colonial and contemporary Jakarta". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research (in english). 32 (2): 375–391. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00791.x.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Horman, Justin (2023). "The Phenomenon of Sinking Jakarta from groundwater usage and other drivers that affect its implication Geographically, Socially, Economically, and its Environment".
  42. ↑ Douglass, Michael (2010). "Globalization, Mega-projects and the Environment: Urban Form and Water in Jakarta". Environment and Urbanization ASIA (in Turanci). 1 (1): 45–65. doi:10.1177/097542530900100105. ISSN 0975-4253. S2CID 154479761.
  43. ↑ Takagi, Hiroshi; Esteban, Miguel; Mikami, Takahito; Pratama, Munawir Bintang; Valenzuela, Ven Paolo Bruno; Avelino, John Erick (2021-10-01). "People's perception of land subsidence, floods, and their connection: A note based on recent surveys in a sinking coastal community in Jakarta". Ocean & Coastal Management (in Turanci). 211: 105753. Bibcode:2021OCM...21105753T. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105753. ISSN 0964-5691.
  44. ↑ Shurrab, Hatem. "Indonesia passes law paving way to move capital to Borneo island". Indonesia passes law paving way to move capital to Borneo island (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-13.[permanent dead link]
  45. ↑ Van de Vuurst, Paige; Escobar, Luis E. (2020). "Perspective: Climate Change and the Relocation of Indonesia's Capital to Borneo". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 5. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8....5V. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00005. ISSN 2296-6463. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  46. ↑ Statista Research Department (Jan 24, 2023). "Agriculture industry in Indonesia- statistics & facts". Statista.
  47. ↑ Sulaeman, Dede; Westhoff, Thomas (2020-02-07). "The Causes and Effects of Soil Erosion, and How to Prevent It" (in Turanci). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  48. ↑ Cicilia, Rachel (June 14, 2024). "Jokowi Calls For Water Pumps to Protect Crops Against Heat Wave". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  49. ↑ "Indonesia: fisheries contribution to GDP". Statista (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  50. ↑ "Indonesia's Fisheries – Feeding the World". The Nature Conservancy (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  51. ↑ Cabral, Reniel B.; Mayorga, Juan; Clemence, Michaela; Lynham, John; Koeshendrajana, Sonny; Muawanah, Umi; Nugroho, Duto; Anna, Zuzy; Mira; Ghofar, Abdul; Zulbainarni, Nimmi; Gaines, Steven D.; Costello, Christopher (2018). "Rapid and lasting gains from solving illegal fishing". Nature Ecology & Evolution (in Turanci). 2 (4): 650–658. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2..650C. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0499-1. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 29572526. S2CID 256725893 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  52. ↑ Rahman, Moh Shadiqur; Toiba, Hery; Huang, Wen-Chi (2021). "The Impact of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies on Income and Food Security: Empirical Evidence from Small-Scale Fishers in Indonesia". Sustainability (in Turanci). 13 (14): 7905. Bibcode:2021Sust...13.7905R. doi:10.3390/su13147905. ISSN 2071-1050.
  53. ↑ Arifanti, V B (2020-04-01). "Mangrove management and climate change: a review in Indonesia". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 487 (1): 012022. Bibcode:2020E&ES..487a2022A. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/487/1/012022. ISSN 1755-1307. S2CID 219766773.
  54. ↑ "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal". climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  55. ↑ Triana, Karlina; Wahyudi, A'an Johan (2020-12-25). "Sea Level Rise in Indonesia: The Drivers and the Combined Impacts from Land Subsidence". ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development. 37 (3). doi:10.29037/ajstd.627. ISSN 2224-9028. S2CID 234414673 Check |s2cid= value (help). Archived from the original on 2023-05-09. Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  56. ↑ "The drowning land: Indonesia's climate crisis". Nikkei Asia (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  57. ↑ Andreas, Heri; Zainal Abidin, Hasanuddin; Pradipta, Dhota; Anggreni Sarsito, Dina; Gumilar, Irwan (2018). Roosmini, D.; Pribadi, K.; Sugeng, B.; Hadihardaja, I.K. (eds.). "Insight look the subsidence impact to infrastructures in Jakarta and Semarang area; Key for adaptation and mitigation". MATEC Web of Conferences. 147: 08001. doi:10.1051/matecconf/201814708001. ISSN 2261-236X.
  58. ↑ Alisjahbana, Armida S.; Busch, Jonah M. (2017-05-04). "Forestry, Forest Fires, and Climate Change in Indonesia". Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies (in Turanci). 53 (2): 111–136. doi:10.1080/00074918.2017.1365404. ISSN 0007-4918. S2CID 158119076.
  59. ↑ Thuy, Pham; Moeliono, Moira; Locatelli, Bruno; Brockhaus, Maria; Gregorio, Monica; Mardiah, Sofi (2014-08-22). "Integration of Adaptation and Mitigation in Climate Change and Forest Policies in Indonesia and Vietnam". Forests (in Turanci). 5 (8): 2016–2036. Bibcode:2014Fore....5.2016T. doi:10.3390/f5082016. ISSN 1999-4907.
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