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Canjin yanayi a Iraki

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Canjin yanayi a Iraki
climate change by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Irak

 

A Iraki, Canjin yanayi ya haifar da tasirin muhalli kamar karuwar yanayin zafi, rage ruwan sama, lalacewar ƙasa, da karancin ruwa.[1] Canjin yanayi yana haifar da haɗari da yawa ga lafiyar ɗan adam, hanyoyin rayuwa, kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, da ci gaban ci gaba mai ɗorewa na ƙasar.[1] Haɗin abubuwan muhalli, rikice-rikice, rashin ƙarfi, da kuma ƙarfin da aka hana don rage canjin yanayi, ya sanya Iraki ta musamman a cikin haɗari ga mummunan tasirin canjin yanayi. [2] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanya su ƙasa ta 5 mafi rauni ga canjin yanayi . Hawan yanayin zafi, ƙarancin fari, raguwar hazo, hamada, salinization, da karuwar yaduwar guguwar ƙura ƙalubale ne fuskokin Iraki saboda mummunan tasirin canjin yanayi. Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa na kasa da na yanki da rikice-rikice sun sa ya zama da wahala a rage tasirin canjin yanayi, magance kula da ruwa na kasa da kasa, da kuma ci gaba da dorewa a Iraki. [1] Canjin yanayi ya yi mummunar tasiri ga yawan mutanen Iraki ta hanyar asarar damar tattalin arziki, rashin tsaro na abinci, karancin ruwa, da ƙaura.

Kalubale da suka shafi ruwa suna kan gaba a matsalolin muhalli na Iraki. Misalai sun yi hasashen cewa ruwan sama zai ragu da kashi 9% kuma matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara zai karu da 2 ° C nan da shekara ta 2050.[3] Ruwan kogin Tigris da Yufiretis, wanda ke samar da kashi 98% na ruwan Iraki, ya ragu da kashi 30-40% a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata.[4] Ana kuma raba albarkatun ruwa na waɗannan koguna biyu tare da ƙasashe makwabta. Rashin ruwa na Iraki ya ragu sosai a tsawon lokaci saboda gina madatsar ruwa daga kasashe masu tasowa.

A cikin 2019 Iraki ta ba da gudummawa 0.5% ga hayakin carbon na duniya.[5] Sashin makamashi na Iraki da fitar da hayaki masu gudu sun kai kashi uku cikin hudu na hayaki na kasar.[5] Musamman, bangarorin man fetur da iskar gas na Iraki sun samar da kashi 9% na hayakin methane na duniya a cikin 2019, wani ɓangare na shi daga flares na iskar gas ne.[1] Sashen sharar gida, masana'antu, da aikin gona su ne sauran bangarorin da ke ba da gudummawa ga fitar da iskar gas a Iraki.

Iraki ta samar da gudummawar da aka ƙaddara ta kasa (INDC), wanda shine tsarin manufofi da manufofi don yadda Iraki za ta iya magance canjin yanayi. Iraki na son rage hayaki da kashi 15% nan da shekara ta 2035, tare da takamaiman mayar da hankali kan rage hayaki na methane.[6] Iraki ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris a cikin 2021 kuma ta himmatu ga takamaiman matakai don rage hayakin methane a cikin sashin mai da iskar gas, wanda sabon rundunar da aka kafa ta kasa ta ma'aikatar kan hayakin metane ke daidaitawa.[7]

Tasirin yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Iraki tana da rauni ga canjin yanayi saboda dalilai daban-daban da suka danganci juna. Iraki tana cikin yankin da ya bushe a duniya kuma ana iya raba shi zuwa yankuna uku: hamada mai bushewa na kudu, filayen da ba su da ruwa, da yankin arewacin tsaunuka.[5] Tare da ƙasar da ba ta da ruwa, Iraki ta fuskanci rikice-rikicen siyasa, rashin kula da albarkatun da ba su da yawa, da kuma lalacewar mahimman yanayin halittu.

Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Ruwa na zafi da matsakaicin zafin jiki suna ƙaruwa da sauri a Iraki. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na Iraki ya karu da digiri 0.7 na Celsius a kowace ƙarni. Wadannan hauhawar yanayin zafi na duniya sun kara karancin ruwa da hamada a Iraki.[8] Matsakaicin yanayin yanayi na Iraki ya kunshi lokacin rigar da bushewa. Koyaya, canjin yanayi yana ƙarfafa waɗannan lokutan, wanda ke haifar da matsanancin fari da abubuwan ambaliyar ruwa. Yankunan kudanci da tsakiya na Iraki suna nuna alamun raguwar hazo.[9] Canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki da hazo sun haifar da karuwar ƙura da guguwar yashi a duk faɗin Iraki.[10] Yaduwar hamada, ko lalacewar ƙasa mai samar da kwayoyin halitta zuwa hamada mara amfani, yana ƙaruwa a Iraki. Wani binciken da ke sa ido kan yanayin ƙasa na Iraki ya gano cewa daga 1990 zuwa 2014, yankin hamada ya karu da kashi 5%.[11] Ya zuwa 2022, kashi 39% na ƙasar Iraki ya shafi hamada.[12]

Ma'adanai na ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin Kogin Tigris-Yufiretis da ruwan da aka ba shi suna da kashi 98% na ruwa a Iraki, wanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin halittu daban-daban. Jimlar yankin da aka tara (yankin da ruwan sama ke gudana cikin ruwa) an kiyasta yana da girman murabba'in kilomita 430,000 (km2), kusan 46% na duk ƙasar.[13] Rashin ruwa na Iraki da kogunan koguna suna da matukar damuwa ga tasirin Canjin Yanayi a cikin karni na 21, ta hanyar dumama duniya, raguwar hazo, canza tsarin rarraba, salinity, da evaporation.[13] Iraki tana fuskantar matsanancin matsalar ruwa. Tare da raguwar yawan ruwan sama, samfuran sun yi hasashen cewa ruwan da ke akwai zai ragu yayin da buƙatar ruwan amfanin gona ke ƙaruwa.[14] Saboda haɗuwa da dalilai, mafi mahimmanci shine karuwar yanayin zafi, kwararar ruwa za ta ragu a Iraki da kashi 25 zuwa 50%.[15] Babban raguwar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ba zai shafi matakan ruwa da kwarara ba amma zai haifar da mummunar tasiri ga aikin gona da lafiyar ɗan adam. [15]

Yayin da matakan ruwa ke fadowa, karuwar salinity na samar da ruwa ya zama damuwa a kudancin Iraki, musamman a Basra.[16]

Abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Canjin yanayi ya kara tsananta yanayin yanayi, musamman fari da ambaliyar ruwa. Rage ruwan sama da karuwar yanayin zafi sune manyan direbobi na fari. Matsalar fari ta Iraki ta zurfafa, tare da 2018 da 2021 kasancewa shekaru na farko da na biyu mafi bushewa da aka rubuta, bi da bi.[10]

Yankunan Mesopotamiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yankin Mesopotamiya a kudancin Iraki, tsarin halittu mai mahimmanci ga dabbobi da mutane, ya lalace saboda abubuwan da suka haifar da mutum da canjin yanayi. Bayan zubar da ruwa na marshes, yanayin halittu na marsh ya zama mai saukin kamuwa da tasirin kamar karancin ruwa, raƙuman zafi, da fari. Hawan matakin teku da salinization na ruwa haɗe da dogon lokacin bushewa sun lalata marshes. Ya zuwa 2023, Cibiyar Maido da Yankin Yankin Yammacin Iraqi da Yankin Ruwa a Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta kiyasta cewa kashi 70% na Yankin ba su da ruwa.[17]

Tasirin da aka yi wa mutane

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Canjin yanayi ya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga mutanen Iraki, gami da batutuwan kiwon lafiya, ƙaura daga ƙasa, gwagwarmayar tattalin arziki, da ƙarancin albarkatu. Hawan yanayin zafi, canje-canje a cikin tsarin hazo, lalacewar ƙasa, da fari sun yi mummunar tasiri ga aikin gona, wanda ya haifar da raguwar amfanin gona da asarar ƙasar noma.[18] Wadannan tasirin suna haifar da yawan mutanen karkara masu dogaro da aikin gona su koma cibiyoyin birane saboda raguwar albarkatun kasa da damar tattalin arziki.[10] Tasirin aikin gona yana barazana ga tsaron abinci na Iraki. Rashin ruwa da gurɓataccen ruwa sun haifar da cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa da rashin tsabta.

Bugu da ƙari, dangantakar da ke tsakanin canjin yanayi da rikice-rikicen yanki a Iraki yana da mummunar tasiri ga rayuwar rayuwa. Haɗin rashin ƙarfi na mulki, ƙarancin albarkatun ƙasa, da rikici suna haifar da ƙalubale na musamman ga rayuwar mutanen Iraki; alal misali, ƙarancen albarkatun da ke haifar da tashin hankali a cikin al'umma ko rashin ƙarfi na mulkin da ke haifar le rashin kula da ruwa.[19]

'Yan kauyen Kurdawa na Iraqi a filin kusa da iyakar Turkiyya

Tasirin Tattalin Arziki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tattalin arzikin Iraki ya dogara sosai da man fetur, wanda ya sa kasar ta fi fuskantar hadarin canjin kasuwa.[20] Sashin aikin gona na Iraki yana da kusan 5% na GDP na ƙasar kuma shine tushen rayuwa ga kusan 25% na yawan jama'a.[18] Manyan masana'antun samar da abinci na Iraki, noma, kiwon dabbobi, da kamun kifi, duk sun sha wahala daga tasirin canjin yanayi.[21] Tare da rage ruwan sama da karancin ruwa, hamada, da lalacewar ƙasa, ana sanya hanyoyin rayuwa da tsaro na abinci cikin haɗari.

Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a cikin gida

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Canjin yanayi yana da mummunar tasiri kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga yawan Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a cikin gida a Iraki. A cikin 2022, Iraki ta fuskanci fari mafi muni a cikin shekaru 40 wanda ya haifar da ƙaurawar mutane 69,000.[22] Bincike ya gano mafi karfi tsinkaya game da hadarin canjin yanayi shine: batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa, tsaro na abinci, rashin ababen more rayuwa da ayyuka, da dogaro da ƙasa don rayuwarsu.[23] fari da hamada a yankunan karkara, wanda ke haifar da asarar rayuwa da gazawar amfanin gona, ya haifar da ƙaura ta ciki kuma ya karu da ƙaura daga ƙauyuka zuwa birane.[23]

Tasirin kiwon lafiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hadarin da ke tattare da canjin yanayi da haɗari suna haifar da mummunar tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam. Hawan yanayin zafi ya haifar da ƙarin lokuta na bugun zafi.[18] Rage ingancin ruwa da yawa yana ƙara yawan cututtukan da ke faruwa a cikin ruwa kamar kwalara. A cikin 2021 Unicef ta kiyasta cewa 3 daga cikin yara 5 a Iraki ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai kyau.[24] A cikin 2018. a lardin Basra na Iraki, an kwantar da mutane 118,000 a asibiti saboda gurɓataccen ruwa.[25] Dust da yashi hadari, waɗanda aka tsara su kara, suna haifar da cututtukan numfashi, asma, da sauran matsalolin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci. Aikin noma yana hana shi ta hanyar tasirin canjin yanayi, wanda ke sanya tsaro na abinci cikin haɗari.[18] Kasancewar abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi irin su ambaliyar ruwa da guguwa sun haifar da motsi, rauni, da mutuwa.

Abubuwan tarihi da siyasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yankin da ya bushe na Iraki yana iya fuskantar mummunar tasirin canjin yanayi; duk da haka, tarihin yaƙi, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, da rashin kula da albarkatun kasa suma suna da alhakin kara tasirin canjin sauyin yanayi.[26] Yakin Gulf (1990-1991) da Yaƙin Iraki (2003-2011) lokuta ne guda biyu da ke nuna yadda abubuwan zamantakewa da siyasa suka haifar da yadda tasirin sauyin yanayi. [27] Tare da mamayewar da Amurka ta kai wa Iraki da kuma ƙaura mai yawa har zuwa Iraqi miliyan 9.2, mutane miliyan 4.7 ba su da tsaro ga abinci. [27] [28] Ya zuwa 2017, miliyan 3.2 har yanzu suna buƙatar taimako tare da abinci.[28]

Larabawa a cikin mashoof

Saddam Hussein

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 1992, a lokacin Yakin Gulf, Saddam Hussein ya ba da umarnin zubar da ruwa a cikin Mesopotamian Marshes na kudancin Iraki don azabtar da Larabawa Marsh saboda tayar da kayar baya a lokacin tashin hankali na Iraqi a 1991 a kan gwamnatinsa. Fiye da kashi 90% na marshes sun ɓace a lokacin mulkin Hussein, wanda ya kara tasirin canjin yanayi.[29] Rashin ruwa ya haifar da ƙaura ta ciki na sama da 200,000 Ma'dan (Marsh Arabs) a cikin shekarun 1990.[30] Larabawa na Marsh sun jimre da yakin neman zabe na gwamnati wanda kasashe kamar Amurka suka dauka a matsayin kisan kare muhalli ko Tsabtace kabilanci.[31][32]

Al'umma da al'adu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yunkurin fafutuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Saboda rashin ƙarfi na gwamnatin Iraki, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da jama'a na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaki da canjin yanayi a Iraki. A zahiri, gwagwarmayar yanayi kawai tana tashi daga ƙasa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.[33] A lokacin mulkin Saddam Hussein, gwagwarmaya da lissafin gwamnati sun kasance cikakke.[34] A cikin shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Iraqi ta kafa Dokar Ƙungiyar Jama'a, tsarin yin rajista a matsayin ƙungiyar jama'a.[35] Ya zuwa 2023, an kafa kimanin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 6,000 zuwa 12,000, 185 daga cikinsu muhalli ne.[34] Shahararren kokarin gwagwarmaya na baya-bayan nan da na yanzu sun haɗa da- Tsaro Basra game da gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin 2018, Yanayin Iraki, Tsaro da Tigris, da Tishereen Movement.[36] A cikin karni na 21, daga rahotanni na Human Rights Watch, an sace masu fafutukar muhalli, an tsare su kuma an gurfanar da su.[37] An kuma yi zanga-zanga da rikice-rikice game da haƙƙin ruwa a kudancin Iraki.[38]

Rashin jituwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rashin jituwa game da canjin yanayi a Iraki ya haɗa da zanga-zangar Save Basra ta 2018 don mayar da martani ga rikicin ruwa da gurɓataccen yanayi.[39][25] An kashe fararen hula uku, kuma arba'in da bakwai sun ji rauni, a cewar kungiyar Human Rights Watch.[40] Da yake ambaton Human Rights Watch, "dakarun ma'aikatar cikin gida sun yi amfani da karfi mai yawa da ba dole ba" don mayar da martani ga masu zanga-zangar yanayi. Sauran rikice-rikice sun haɗa da Marsh Arab Displacement (1970s zuwa 2000s). A watan Yulin 2022, an kara tsananta kashe wutar lantarki ta hanyar hare-haren da aka kai wa layin wutar lantarki, tare da raguwar wutar lantarki da Iran ta bayar. An gudanar da zanga-zangar a Bagadaza da Sadr City, inda aka bar mazauna ba tare da sanyaya iska ba a cikin zafi na 50 ° C. 

Haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

USAID, wata hukumar gwamnati ta Amurka da ke saka hannun jari a ci gaban kasashen waje, ta saka dala miliyan 150 don inganta ingancin ruwa, samun dama da sarrafawa.[41] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da gwamnatin Iraki, Amurka da masu ba da gudummawa na duniya sun kirkiro Cibiyar Gudanar da Kudade don Tsayawa (FFS) tare da sama da dala biliyan 1.4 da aka ware don maido da muhimman ayyuka.[42]

Fasaha da kafofin watsa labarai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kafofin watsa labarai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yada bayanai a duk faɗin Iraki, suna fadada tattaunawar a duk duniya. Ofisoshin kamar Al-Jazeera English sun buga fina-finai na shirye-shirye game da rikicin ruwa mai gudana, da kuma jerin gine-ginen zaman lafiya: Canjin yanayi a Iraki, wanda ke da niyyar shiga cikin matasa.[43]

Ragewa da daidaitawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ragewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawancin kungiyoyin kasa da kasa suna haɓaka hanyoyin ragewa don amfani da yanki da na jihar. Canjin tattalin arziki da siyasa zai taimaka wajen bunkasa dabarun yaki da canjin yanayi.[39] Akwai karuwar shirye-shirye kan tattaunawar yanki game da canjin yanayi, kuma waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun fi shahara a manyan biranen kamar Baghdad.[44]

Shirye-shiryen ragewa sun haɗa da rage methane, wanda kungiyoyi da yawa, masana kimiyya, da masu gwagwarmaya ke gani a matsayin daya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi tsada da sauƙi don rage canjin yanayi.[45] Kamar yadda Iraki ke ba da gudummawa sosai ga hayakin methane saboda samar da iskar gas da mai, gwamnatin Iraki tana da niyyar rage hayakin iskar gas ta hanyar 15% nan da shekara ta 2030.[6]

Daidaitawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Don kara karfin yanayi a Iraki da yawa, ciki har da Shirin Adaptation na Kasa (NAP), a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Shirin shekaru uku don ƙarfafa fasaha, ma'aikata da damar kuɗi don tabbatar da dabarun daidaitawa na gaba an haɗa su cikin ci gaban ƙasashe.[46] Ayyukan noma da tsauraran yanayi sun zama masu mahimmanci, tare da kudade na kasa da kasa da goyon baya a cikin ayyukan da ke aiki don magance rikicin da manoma ke fuskanta a duk faɗin Iraki.[47] Yawancin waɗannan ayyukan ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa da kuma kudade daga masu ba da gudummawa na kasa da kasa: Gwamnatin Sweden ta yi alkawarin sama da miliyan 10 don gina dabarun aikin gona na yanayi.[48]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. 1 2 3 4 "Climate change is the biggest threat Iraq has ever faced, but there is hope to turn things around". unsdg.un.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-11.[permanent dead link]
  2. ↑ Wehrey, Frederic Wehrey (July 6, 2023). "Climate Change and Vulnerability in the Middle East". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  3. ↑ "Climate Risk Profile: Iraq". www.climatelinks.org (in Turanci). 2017-03-03. Archived from the original on 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  4. ↑ Hall, Natasha (2023-12-05). "Local to Global: Tensions Course through Iraq's Waterways". Center for Strategic and International Studies.
  5. 1 2 3 "Iraq Country Climate and Development Report". World Bank (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  6. 1 2 "Iraq Includes Methane in its Nationally Determined Contributions, Citing Health and Development Benefits". www.ccacoalition.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  7. ↑ "As Iraq joins Paris Agreement, UN calls for further support to help the country adapt". iraq.un.org (in Turanci).[permanent dead link]
  8. ↑ International Organization for Migration (2022). "Migration, Environment and Climate Change in Iraq".
  9. ↑ USAID (3 March 2017). "Climate Risk Profile: Iraq". Climatelinks (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-12-31. Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  10. 1 2 3 "Climate Risk Profile: Iraq". adelphi.de (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  11. ↑ Ajaj, Qayssar Mahmood; Pradhan, Biswajeet; Noori, Abbas Mohammed; Jebur, Mustafa Neamah (November 2017). "Spatial Monitoring of Desertification Extent in Western Iraq using Landsat Images and GIS". Land Degradation & Development (in Turanci). 28 (8): 2418–2431. Bibcode:2017LDeDe..28.2418A. doi:10.1002/ldr.2775. ISSN 1085-3278. S2CID 134026184.
  12. ↑ "Iraq: Expanding deserts, searing temperatures, and dying land: Climate crises deepen struggle of farmers". International Committee of the Red Cross (in Turanci). 2022-11-14.
  13. 1 2 Giovanis; Eleftherios; Ozdamar; Oznur (December 9, 2021). "The Transboundary Effects of Climate Change and Global Adaptation: the Case of the Euphrates-Tigris Water Basin in Turkey and Iraq". SSRN Electronic Journal. SSRN 4320746 Check |ssrn= value (help).
  14. ↑ Salman, Saleem A.; Shahid, Shamsuddin; Sharafati, Ahmad; Salem, Golam Saleh Ahmed; Bakar, Amyrhul Abu; Farooque, Aitazaz Ahsan; Chung, Eun-Sung; Ahmed, Yaseen Adnan; Mikhail, Bryukhov; Yaseen, Zaher Mundher (December 2021). "Projection of Agricultural Water Stress for Climate Change Scenarios: A Regional Case Study of Iraq". Agriculture (in Turanci). 11 (12): 1288. doi:10.3390/agriculture11121288. ISSN 2077-0472.
  15. 1 2 "Water, peace and security (WPS) partnership: Iraq". climate-diplomacy.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  16. ↑ Cooke, Kieran (12 Nov 2018). "Iraq's climate stresses are set to worsen". PreventionWeb (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-08-10.
  17. ↑ "FAO Renews its Call for Urgent Action to safeguard Iraq's Marshes and Buffalo Producers from Severe Climate Change and Water Scarcity [EN/AR]". reliefweb.int (in Turanci). 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  18. 1 2 3 4 "Climate Risk Profile: Iraq". www.climatelinks.org (in Turanci). 2017-03-03. Archived from the original on 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  19. ↑ "Climate change effects on conflict dynamics in Iraq". Berghof Foundation (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  20. ↑ "Overview". World Bank (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  21. ↑ "Case Study: Climate Change Impacts on Livelihoods Food Security and Internal Mobility in Salah Al-Din Governorate". reliefweb.int (in Turanci). 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  22. ↑ "Iraq". IDMC - Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (in Turanci).
  23. 1 2 "Iraq – Drivers of Climate Induced Displacement: Climate Vulnerability Assessment (October 2023) | Displacement Tracking Matrix". dtm.iom.int. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  24. ↑ "Running Dry: water scarcity threatens lives and development in Iraq". www.unicef.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  25. 1 2 "Basra is Thirsty". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2019-07-22.
  26. ↑ "The Deep Roots of Iraq's Climate Crisis". The Century Foundation (in Turanci). 2023-07-11. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  27. 1 2 Jude Larnerd, Nicholas (2023). "Iraq 20 Years After the Invasion: Humanitarian, Displacement, and Climate Change Challenges".
  28. 1 2 "Iraq Food Security Quarterly Update, January - March 2017". reliefweb.int (in Turanci). 2017-05-16. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  29. ↑ "Restoring Iraqi Marshlands Project Launched by UN Environment Programme". press.un.org. Archived from the original on 2023-11-07. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  30. ↑ Nadeem A Kazmi, Sayyed (2000). "The Marshlands of Southern Iraq: A Very Humanitarian Dilemma" (PDF). III Jornadas de Medio Oriente.
  31. ↑ F. Burns, John (2003). "The World; The Killing of Iraq's Ancient Marsh Culture".
  32. ↑ "The Marsh Arabs of Iraq: Hussein's Lesser Known Victims". United States Institute of Peace (in Turanci). Archived from the original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
  33. ↑ Yassin, Maha (2022-01-21). "Climate Activism in Iraq: A Dangerous Undertaking". IPI Global Observatory (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  34. 1 2 "The Space for Iraqi Climate Activism Is Dangerously Small, and Shrinking". The Century Foundation (in Turanci). 2023-08-30. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  35. ↑ "Iraq Civil Society Organizations – Iraq Research". www.irfad.org. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  36. ↑ "Iraq: Activists Campaign to 'Save Basra', Health Ministry Denies Cholera Outbreaks". english.aawsat.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  37. ↑ "Iraq: Environmentalists Face Retaliation". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2023-02-23. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  38. ↑ Expert Working Group on Climate-related Security Risk (August 2018). "Iraq: Climate-related Security Risk Assessment" (PDF). pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
  39. 1 2 Younis, Nussaibah (2022-07-19). "Early warning: How Iraq can adapt to climate change". ECFR (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  40. ↑ "Iraq: Security Forces Fire on Protesters". Human Rights Watch (in Turanci). 2018-07-24. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  41. ↑ "Sustainable Solutions to Combat Climate Change in Iraq". reliefweb.int (in Turanci). 2023-04-03. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  42. ↑ "Stabilization". U.S. Agency for International Development (in Turanci). 2023-10-03. Archived from the original on January 1, 2017. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  43. ↑ "Peacebuilding Series: Climate Change in Iraq | Search for Common Ground". www.sfcg.org. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  44. ↑ Taher, Noor (May 5, 2023). "Iraq: A Rapidly Changing Climate and Imperative for Cooperation".
  45. ↑ "In face of climate crisis, Iraq takes on methane pollution". UNEP (in Turanci). 2022-02-28. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  46. ↑ "Iraq launches National Adaptation Plan process for climate change resilience". UN Environment (in Turanci). 2020-09-21. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  47. ↑ "FAO launches the SIDA funded project, Enhanced Climate Resilience of Vulnerable Agriculture Households in Southern Iraq [EN/AR]". reliefweb.int (in Turanci). 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  48. ↑ "Sweden contributes USD 10.2 M to Iraq's agriculture sector in Southern Iraq to mitigate climate changes [EN/AR]". reliefweb.int (in Turanci). 2022-11-20. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
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