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Canjin yanayi a Isra'ila

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Canjin yanayi a Isra'ila
climate change by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Isra'ila

 

Isra'ila, kamar sauran ƙasashe da yawa a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, suna fuskantar mummunan sakamako daga canjin yanayi. Yawan zafin jiki na shekara-shekara da matsakaici suna ƙaruwa a Isra'ila, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki da ake sa ran ƙaruwa tsakanin 1.6 da 1.8 ° C (2.9 da 3.2 ° F) da 2100.[1] Akwai raguwar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da jinkirin ruwan sama na hunturu. Isra'ila ta riga ta fuskanci fari da karancin ruwa. Rashin zafi wasu haɗarin halitta ne da ake sa ran ƙaruwa tare da canjin yanayi.[2]

Canjin yanayi ya kara tsananta matsalolin da ke akwai da ke tattare da rayuwa a cikin yankin da ya bushe da kuma busasshiyar. fari ya kasance mafi yawa kuma ya fi tsayi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wanda ke haifar da haɗari ga noma da samun ruwa.[3] Tare da asarar ƙasar noma, an tilasta wa mutane da yawa su koma birane.[4] Yankunan birane, kamar Tel Aviv da Urushalima yanzu suna fuskantar yawan jama'a.[5] Canjin yanayi yana da kuma zai ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai a duk yankunan Isra'ila da kuma duk mutanen Isra'ila. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin da ke fama da rauni kamar Falasdinawa, Bedouins, mata, yara, tsofaffi, da marasa lafiya na yau da kullun za su fuskanci nauyin canjin yanayi. [6][7]

Isra'ila tana ba da gudummawa 0.5% na hayakin gas na duniya (GHG). [8] Wadannan GHG sun fito ne galibi daga bangarorin wutar lantarki da masana'antu.[9] Rashin fitarwa na Isra'ila galibi daga iskar gas da konewar kwal ne.[10] Isra'ila ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Paris, kuma a matsayin wata ƙungiya ga aikin yanayi na duniya ta yi alkawarin rage GHG da kashi 27% a ƙasa da matakan 2015 ta hanyar rage hayakin carbon daga sharar gida, sufuri, da bangarorin wutar lantarki.[11][12]

Rashin iskar gas

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Amfani da makamashi

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Makamashi a Isra'ila galibi daga iskar gas da man fetur ne, kodayake Isra'ila ta fara amfani da karin sabuntawa.[13][14] Sashin makamashi ya zama mafi yawan kashi na jimlar hayakin carbon daga Isra'ila, a kashi 48%.[15] Zuwa 2030, Isra'ila na son rage yawan hayakin makamashi da kashi 30% ta hanyar fitar da kwal (zuwa 2026) da sauyawa zuwa karin gas yayin da ake kara amfani da sabuntawa.[16]

Sufuri

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Bayan amfani da makamashi, sufuri shine na biyu mafi girma na carbon a kashi 22%.[17] Don rage waɗannan hayaki, Isra'ila tana shirin samun bas din birni mai tsabta da kuma iyakance sabbin hayaki na mota.[14][17] Don rage hayakin mota da motoci, Isra'ila za ta hana motocin gas daga shigo da su a shekara ta 2030. [17][14]

Ingancin iska

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Saboda ci gaba mai yawa a cikin amfani da abin hawa da hayaki daga tashoshin wutar lantarki na kwal da mai, kasancewar Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) da Sulfur Oxides (SOx) a cikin iska kusa da manyan cibiyoyin birane na Isra'ila sun karu sosai tsakanin 1980 da 2. [18] Nitrogen oxides sun ninka sau biyu a cikin waɗannan shekarun. Har ila yau, CO2 ya karu da kashi 190% kuma abubuwan da suka faru na cututtukan numfashi tsakanin yara sun karu daga 5% zuwa 17% .[19][20] Kodayake hayakin iskar gas ya karu daga 1996 zuwa 2007, tun daga shekara ta 2010, yawan nitrogenium oxides da sauran gurbataccen abubuwa sun ragu a kusa da manyan wuraren zirga-zirga.[21] Bugu da ƙari, an lura da matakan sulfur oxide da ke fadowa kuma an danganta su da ingantaccen amfani da man fetur a cikin masana'antun wutar lantarki.[21] Koyaya, duk da fa'idodin fasahar kore a cikin rage hayaki na kowane mutum, saurin haɓaka yawan jama'a da ƙaruwar amfani da kowane mutum sun haifar da raguwar ingancin iska gaba ɗaya.[20] Ana sa ran ingancin iska zai kara muni ba tare da matakan manufofi masu dacewa ba don rage gurɓataccen abu.[22]

Tasirin

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Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi

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Ofishin Kula da Yanayi na Isra'ila ya lura da "wani muhimmin yanayin dumama a duk yankuna na kasar". [23] Karin yanayin zafi yana haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi na duniya daga canjin yanayi. [24] A ƙarshen ƙarni na 21, guguwar zafi a Isra'ila za ta kasance sau uku kuma ta faru sau bakwai sau da yawa.[24] Mutanen da ke bakin tekun, ƙasashe masu ƙasƙanci, Arewacin Negev, da yankin tsaunuka suna iya fuskantar ƙimar zafi fiye da sauran yankuna a Isra'ila.[25] Kowace guguwar zafi a Isra'ila tana haifar da mutuwar mutane 45 a matsakaici. A cewar Israel Meteorological Service, yawan zafin jiki na iya kaiwa digiri 49.4 na Celsius a Tel Aviv-Yafo da digiri 48 na Celcius a Urushalima da digiri 55.3 na Celcius na Eilat a ƙarshen karni na 21. [26][27]

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 21, raƙuman zafi na iya haifar da kusan mutuwar 330 a kowane bazara.[24] A watan Yunin 2023, mutane 300,000 a Isra'ila sun bar ba tare da wutar lantarki ba a tsakiyar guguwar zafi, wanda ya nuna cewa kasar ba ta shirya don tasirin canjin yanayi.[28] Don magance sauye-sauyen duniya, "ana buƙatar haɗin gwiwar yanki don haɓaka isasshen lafiyar jama'a ga abubuwan da suka faru a cikin sauye-shiryen yanayi. "[24]

Dangane da rahoton OECD, a cikin matsakaicin yanayin dumama (SSP 2-4.5) ta hanyar shekarun 2080 - 2099 matsakaicin Isra'ila za a fallasa shi zuwa kwanaki 80 tare da zafin jiki ya wuce digiri 35 a kowace shekara (sakamakon na uku mafi girma daga duk ƙasashe da aka sake dubawa a cikin rahoton), zuwa dare mai zafi 145 (karin daga matakan yanzu shine na biyu mafi girma). Karin yanayin fari da kuma fuskantar yanayin fari a cikin waɗannan shekarun a Isra'ila shine mafi girma daga dukkan ƙasashe da aka sake dubawa a cikin rahoton.[29]

Ruwan sama

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Isra'ila ita ce kasa ta goma sha shida mafi yawan damuwa da ruwa a duniya.

Ana sa ran Isra'ila za ta fuskanci raguwar 10% a cikin ruwan sama gabaɗaya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 21 saboda canjin yanayi bisa ga bayanan da Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Isra'ila ta yi tun daga 2020, tare da ƙididdigar Ma'aunin Yanayi na Isra'ila a cikin 2024 ya yi hasashen raguwar 20-25% a cikin ruwan kasa da kwanakin ruwan sama.[30][31][27] Wannan canjin zai haifar da karancin ruwa wanda aka haɗa da karuwar gishiri. A sakamakon wannan canjin, kwararar Kogin Urdun za ta ragu da kashi 22%.[30] A cikin 2020, Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta lura cewa ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai rage ruwan sama, yana da haɗari ga wadatar ruwa mai kyau ga yankin.[23] Ana sa ran amfanin wasu amfanin gona zai lalace, kamar yadda masana'antun dabbobi da kamun kifi suke.[23] A halin yanzu, Isra'ila ba ta fuskantar babban bambanci a cikin hazo, amma duk da haka suna fuskantar bambanci a rarraba, mitar, da tsananin abubuwan ruwan sama kamar karuwar ruwan sama a wasu yankuna da raguwa a wasu.[30] Tun daga shekara ta 2000, akwai karancin kwanakin ruwan sama, amma ruwan sama ya fi karfi. Tsawon lokacin bushewa a cikin hunturu da kuma ruwan sama mai tsanani tare da yanayin sanyi na iya yin mummunar tasiri ga aikin gona da yanayin halittu. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi za su haifar da fari da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda shine musamman haɗari a cikin saitunan birane. Canjin ruwan sama na iya zama mai tsanani idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin da ya riga ya bushe a Isra'ila.[32]

Hawan matakin teku

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Abubuwa daban-daban da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi, daga narkewar kankara (wanda ke samar da kusan kashi 40% na gudummawar canjin matakin teku ga EEZ na Isra'ila tsakanin 1993 da 2024), [33] canje-canje a cikin tsarin ruwan sama da sauransu, suna ba da gudummawa ga hauhawar matakan teku tare da tafkin Bahar Rum, yana tashi a kusa da 14.59cm tsakanin 1992 da 2022. [34] Ruwa mai tasowa "zai shafi duk bakin tekun Isra'ila, daga Rosh Hanikra zuwa iyakar Gaza Strip, "wanda zai iya haifar da ruwan gishiri na ruwan kasa da kuma lalata tsaunuka na bakin teku. [35] Ruwan gishiri zai shafi aikin gona ta hanyar amfanin gona da ya lalace wanda shine babban tushen kudaden shiga ga Isra'ila. Ya zuwa yanzu, kimanin hauhawar matakin teku shine 0.4-0.5 cm a kowace shekara. A cewar Noga Kronfeld-Schor, babban masanin kimiyya na Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli, saboda karuwar narkewa, hauhawar matakin teku a Isra'ila zai kai 5m da 2150 .[36] Wannan canjin a matakin teku zai rage yawan rairayin bakin teku wanda ke da damar yin mummunar tasiri ga jan hankalin yawon bude ido, kuma yana iya haifar da hakan. Tsawon bakin tekun Isra'ila zai buƙaci ababen more rayuwa kamar "gidaje, otal-otal, wuraren tarihi, masana'antu" da sauran manyan ayyukan da za a motsa.[35] Saboda canjin yanayi, teku za ta zama mai dumi kuma ta fi ƙamshi wanda ke da damar rage bambancin halittu na nau'in ruwa. 

Ma'adanai na ruwa

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Saboda tsinkaya na raguwar ruwan sama (duka a cikin lokaci da yawa), [37] [38] [39] faɗuwar matakin ruwa [40] da karuwar zafin jiki, IPCC "tsinkaye na tsarin yaduwa na gaba ɗaya sun yarda da yanayin bushewa a yankin a ƙarshen karni na 21. " [3] Tun da Isra'ila tana cikin yankin busasshiyar / rabin busasshi, duk wani canji ga ruwan sama a yankin zai shafi albarkatun ruwa sosai, ba don ƙididdigar dabarun da ƙalubalen da na siyasa wannan zai iya haifar da yankin mai zurfi ba.[41][42][43][44] Don aikin gona, Isra'ila ta dogara sosai da ban ruwa da wadatar ruwa.[45] Ana iya ganin raguwar wadatar ruwa a cikin raguwar ruwan sha mai shigowa cikin Tekun Galili (duk da canje-canje na wucin gadi daga ruwan sama a cikin shekaru, misali 2018) .[46][44] Duk wani canji a cikin ruwa mai laushi zai haifar da canji a salinity na ruwa.[44] A mayar da martani, Isra'ila ta yi amfani da ruwan da ba a san shi ba don 60-80% na ruwan sha na Isra'ila, kuma ba a sanye shi ba ya karu da kashi 120% tsakanin 2010 da 2019.[46] Wannan ƙoƙari ya sanya Isra'ila a matsayin babbar ƙasa a cikin hanyoyin cire gishiri da dawo da ruwa mai guba .[46][47] Babban tushen ruwa na Isra'ila shine Kogin Urdun na sama.[42] Gabaɗaya, an rubuta rafi a yankin kamar yadda yake raguwa da sauri fiye da ma'aunin ruwan sama.[42] Wadannan bayanan sun nuna cewa evaporation yana shafar Kogin Urdun fiye da raguwar ruwan sama.

Tafkin Tiberiya ko Kinneret. Canjin yanayi ya shafi matakin tafkin sosai.

Tsarin halittu

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Rosh Hanikra

Hawan yanayin zafi saboda canjin yanayi yana da tasiri sosai ga wuraren zama musamman wadanda ke cikin yankunan bakin teku. Yankunan bakin teku suma suna fuskantar karuwar nau'o'in mamayewa da ke shiga Bahar Rum ta hanyar Suez Canal . [48] Yawancin jinsunan da suka fito daga wurare masu zafi suna iya ƙaura zuwa ruwan Isra'ila tare da hauhawar yanayin zafi na teku.[49] A sakamakon wadannan canje-canje a cikin yanayin halittu, Isra'ila tana aiki don kare iyakar bakin teku mai nisan kilomita 118 da kuma tabbatar da kariya ga bambancin halittu da kuma kiyaye wuraren zama na yanzu lafiya daga tsangwama daga ɗan adam.[49] Rosh Hanikra Marine Reserve ya rubuta rayuwar mahimman nau'o'in a sakamakon 'yan shekaru kawai na kariya ta hanyar kiyayewa.[49] Tun daga shekara ta 2019, Isra'ila ta kara kariya ta bakin teku daga 0.3% zuwa 4% yankunan da aka kiyaye.[49] Za a kare wani kashi 4.5% a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.[49] Wadannan matakan kariya ba su dace da manufa ta 2020 na 10% kariya gabar teku ba.[49] Dangane da ƙasa, kashi 24% na Isra'ila ana ɗaukar su ajiyar yanayi.[49] Kafa wuraren da aka kare yana ƙara zama da wahala tare da yawan jama'a.[49]

Koyaya, tasirin yanayin halittu ba zai zama daidai ba. Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan game da yanayin halittu na Isra'ila da tsinkayen canjin yanayi a kan tsire-tsire na ƙasar Isra'ila, ya nuna cewa fari da ya haifar da shekaru da yawa bai nuna cewa yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ko mai lahani a kan tsirrai masu tsaka-tsaki / Bahar Rum da aka gwada ba.[50] Duk da yake binciken ya gwada tsire-tsire ne kawai daga manyan nau'ikan halittu guda biyu, yana kalubalantar da'awar cewa canjin yanayi zai sami mummunar tasiri ga duk tsarin halittu na Isra'ila.[50]

Tasirin da aka yi wa mutane

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Canjin yanayi ya haifar da mummunar tasiri ga tattalin arziki, noma, lafiyar jama'a, da kwanciyar hankali a Isra'ila.[51][6][7] Lalle ne, bisa ga binciken da aka yi daga 2023, yanayin zafi mai alaƙa da canjin yanayi na iya da'awar mutane 330 a kowane bazara sai dai idan an magance batutuwan, tare da yawan mutanen da ke sama da 65 sun fi haɗari. [52][53] Canjin yanayi a Isra'ila yana da tasiri mai yawa ga mutanen da ke fama da rauni, kamar mata, yara, tsofaffi, baƙi da al'ummomin da aka ware.[51][6] Musamman, mutanen da ke zaune a Yammacin Kogin Yamma, Gaza, da hamadar Negev sun fi fuskantar tasirin canjin yanayi da kokarin ragewa.[54] Wasu sun lakafta wannan sabon abu a Isra'ila a matsayin wariyar launin fata na muhalli inda Isra'ilawa suka yi amfani da albarkatun Palasdinawa don amfani yayin da suke fuskantar tasirin lalacewar muhalli.[54]

Lafiya

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Canjin yanayi kai tsaye yana shafar mutanen da ke fama da rauni kamar mata, yara, tsofaffi, da marasa lafiya.[55] Ƙara raƙuman zafi, rage ruwan sama, kara ingancin iska, rashin samun ruwan sha da abinci ya shafi waɗannan al'ummomin.[56] Mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan da ke ci gaba suna da saukin kamuwa da matsalolin kiwon lafiya da suka shafi ingancin iska mara kyau, yanayin zafi mai girma, da cutututtuka masu yaduwa.[55] matsanancin zafi wanda canjin yanayi ya haifar na iya zama haɗari ga mata masu juna biyu kuma yana shafar ci gaban yaro a cikin mahaifa.[55] Migrants, 'yan gudun hijira, Palasdinawa, da Bedouins waɗanda ba a haɗa su da wutar lantarki ba bazai iya samun iska ba ko samun damar samun wuraren kiwon lafiya. [55] [57]

Tattalin Arziki

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Sashin aikin gona na Isra'ila zai sha wahala sosai ta hanyar raguwar ruwan sama, rushewar ƙasa, da gishiri a yankin, wanda zai haifar da karancin abinci a cikin al'ummomi da yawa.[58] Saboda dumamar teku da ke haifar da yawan gishiri, ya shafi masana'antar kamun kifi.[59] Canjin yanayi zai rage samar da abinci, saboda haka kara farashin, yana mai da rashin tsaro na abinci ya zama ainihin yiwuwar.[59]

Yawon shakatawa

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Yawon shakatawa a Isra'ila yana da tasiri ta hanyar canje-canje a yanayin yanayi da zafin jiki. Yawon shakatawa ya kai kusan 2.8% na GDP da 3.5% na aikin yi.[60] Saboda yanayin Isra'ila mai sauƙi, masu yawon bude ido da yawa suna tafiya a can duk shekara.[61] Koyaya, a lokacin watanni na rani na Yuli da Agusta, tsawo na lokacin yawon bude ido, yanayin Isra'ila ya zama mai zafi da zafi wanda canjin yanayi ya kara tsanantawa.[62] Sashin yawon bude ido yana da tasiri daga canjin yanayi da kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi, musamman lokacin da ake amfani da tafiye-tafiye na kasa da kasa.[62] Isra'ila tana ba masu yawon bude ido da yawa daga cikin Ayyukan nishaɗi na waje da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya zama sanannen wurin tafiye-tafiye.[60]

Haɗin Kai na Duniya

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Isra'ila tana cikin yarjejeniyoyi da yawa na kasa da kasa game da gurɓataccen iska da Canjin yanayi, gami da Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi da Yarjejeniya ta Montreal . [63][64] Duk da cewa sun dauki wadannan matakai, yanayin Isra'ila ya ci gaba da shan wahala yayin da yawan jama'a ke ƙaruwa da sauri da kuma yanayin rayuwa yana ba da gudummawa ga karuwar hayaki na Greenhouse Gas da gurɓataccen iska. [63] [65][66]

Ragewa

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Rashin hasken rana a cikin hamadar Negev na Isra'ila

Duk da cewa Isra'ila tana da ƙananan hayaki idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe, Isra'ila dole ne ta rage tasirin canjin yanayi ko daidaitawa.[67] A cewar INDS (Intended Nationally Determined Contribution) na Isra'ila, babban burin ragewa shine rage hayakin gas na kowane mutum zuwa 8.8 tCO2e nan da shekara ta 2025 kuma zuwa 7.7 tCO2ee nan da shekara de 2030.[68] Jimlar hayaki ya kamata ya yi daidai da 81.65 MtCO2e a cikin 2030.[68] Idan ba a aiwatar da kokarin ragewa ba, hayaki zai kai 105.5 MtCO2e nan da 2030 ko 10.0 tCO2e ga kowane mutum.[68] Don cimma burin, gwamnatin Isra'ila na son rage amfani da wutar lantarki da kashi 17%, samar da kashi 17% na wutar lantarki daga sabuntawa, da kuma sauya kashi 20% na sufuri daga motoci zuwa sufuri na jama'a nan da shekara ta 2030.[68] A cikin sabon rahoton Isra'ila game da hayaki na GHG a cikin 2023, an auna hayaki a 77.415 MtCO2e.[69] Wadannan matakan sun karu da kashi 35% daga hayaki daga 1996. Koyaya, saboda dabarun ragewa, suna raguwa da kashi 1.5% daga matakan a cikin 2015. [70] Rahoton ya kuma kammala cewa konewar man fetur da masana'antar makamashi sune mafi girman tushen hayaki.[70]

Amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa na Isra'ila zai rage tasirin canjin yanayi kuma ya bunkasa juriya a cikin tsarin makamashi na kasar.[67] A Isra'ila, masu tsara manufofi suna ba da fifiko ga makamashi mai sabuntawa don dabarun ragewa maimakon hanyar daidaitawa.[67] A watan Agustan 2021, Karine Elharrar, ministan makamashi, ta dakatar da bayar da sabbin lasisi don binciken mai a ƙasa a Isra'ila.[71] Daga baya, a watan Disamba na 2021, Elharrar ta dakatar da bayar da sabbin lasisi don binciken gas a bakin teku aƙalla na shekara guda.[72] A cewar Elharrar za a ba da fifiko ga makamashi mai sabuntawa da yaki da canjin yanayi.[71] Gabaɗaya, ƙaddamar da Isra'ila na ragewa da ƙoƙarin rage tasirin canjin yanayi sun tabbatar da ƙarancin tasiri fiye da ƙoƙarin daidaitawa na EU da sauran ƙasashe.[73]

A watan Oktoba 2020, gwamnatin Isra'ila ta sanya burin 2030 don samun kashi 30% na makamashi da aka samar daga sabuntawa, burin da aka sabunta zuwa kashi 40% nan da 2022 [74] .[75] Wannan burin zai rage matakan fitar da su daga 2015 da kashi 85%.[76] Koyaya, a cikin 2021, Isra'ila kawai ta samar da kashi 8% na wutar lantarki da kashi 5% na jimlar amfani da makamashi daga hanyoyin sabuntawa (yawanci ta hanyar hasken rana), kashi na biyu mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin OECD [75] Adadin a shekarar 2024 ya kasance 10%.[77] A karkashin jajircewar Isra'ila ga Yarjejeniyar Paris da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya burinsu shine samun iska mara amfani da 2050.[76] Don cimma burin 2030, ma'aikatu daban-daban a cikin gwamnatin Isra'ila suna aiki tare da kananan hukumomi don inganta amfani da saka hannun jari a cikin sufuri mai tsabta.[76] Dangane da ci gaban jiki zuwa ga waɗannan manufofi, Eilat-Eilot Renewable Energy Initiative ya kirkiro cibiyar makamashi mai sabuntawa da ke yankin kudancin Arava na Isra'ila.[78] Isra'ila ta kuma kafa kwamitin tare da burin kimanta yiwuwar kasar ta rage hayaki a shekara ta 2030.[79] Binciken da suka yi ya tabbatar da cewa bangaren wutar lantarki na Isra'ila yana samar da kusan rabin jimlar hayaki na GHG na kasar.[79] Mai laifi na biyu mafi girma shine bangaren sufuri, wanda ke samar da kusan 19% na jimlar hayaki.[79] A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na Isra'ila-Hamas da Isra'ila da Hezbollah na 2023-25, an ba da shawarar cewa sauye-sauye zuwa makamashi mai sabuntawa zai fi taimakawa ga yankunan da ke fuskantar rikici.

Mai dumama ruwa a Ramat Gan, Isra'ila.
Gidan hasken rana a kan rufin daga Nazarat, Isra'ila.
Masu dumama ruwa na hasken rana da bangarorin hasken rana a kan rufin daga Tel Aviv-Yafo.

A cikin shekarun 2023-2028, za a gabatar da harajin carbon a Isra'ila ta hanyar farashi na carbon.[80] Wannan shirin zai sanya haraji a kan 80% na hayaki.[80] Wannan doka kadai ya kamata ta rage hayaki da kashi 67% nan da shekara ta 2050.[80] A watan Janairun 2024 an gabatar da shawarar manufofi don harajin carbon da harajin tafiye-tafiye a matsayin wani ɓangare na kasafin kuɗi na shekara ta 2024. Koyaya, tun daga watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, ba a aiwatar da shi ba, yayin da wasu daga cikin sauran manufofi sun tsaya. [81] A ƙarshe an karɓi manufofin harajin carbon a watan Satumbar 2024.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Israel | UNDP Climate Change Adaptation". www.adaptation-undp.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  2. ↑ "Israel hit by new heat wave: Country to swelter for several days". The Times of Israel (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  3. ↑ "Drought". www.who.int (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  4. ↑ "Climate-Related Migration Into Cities: What We Know and Why It Matters". United Nations University (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  5. ↑ "Israel's population boom: Disaster or dream come true?". The Jerusalem Post (in Turanci). 2019-01-02. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "The problem that has no name: Gender, climate migration, and the case of Israel - Story | IUCN". www.iucn.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-02.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Green, Manfred S.; Pri-or, Noemie Groag; Capeluto, Guedi; Epstein, Yoram; Paz, Shlomit (2013-06-27). "Climate change and health in Israel: adaptation policies for extreme weather events". Israel Journal of Health Policy Research. 2 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/2045-4015-2-23. ISSN 2045-4015. PMC 3707789. PMID 23805950.
  8. ↑ Palatnik, Ruslana Rachel; Davidovitch, Ayelet; Krey, Volker; Sussman, Nathan; Riahi, Keywan; Gidden, Matthew (2023-01-01). "Accelerating emission reduction in Israel: Carbon pricing vs. policy standards". Energy Strategy Reviews. 45: 101032. Bibcode:2023EneSR..4501032P. doi:10.1016/j.esr.2022.101032. ISSN 2211-467X. S2CID 254757874 Check |s2cid= value (help). The country contributes about half a percent to global emissions of GHGs.
  9. ↑ "Israel: Progress in the net zero transition" (PDF). 2021. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  10. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (2020-05-11). "CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data.
  11. ↑ "Israel's Commitment to Address Climate Change". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  12. ↑ "Israel's Second Biennial Update Report" (PDF). Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection. February 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  13. ↑ "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Israel - Energy". www.trade.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  15. ↑ "Israel's Second Biennial Update Report" (PDF). unfccc.int. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  16. ↑ "Israel's Second Biennial Update Report" (PDF). unfccc.int. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Israel's Second Biennial Update Report" (PDF). unfccc.int. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  18. ↑ DellaPergola, Sergio (2016-12-12). "The Land is Full: Addressing Overpopulation in Israel". Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs (in Turanci). 10 (3): 499–502. doi:10.1080/23739770.2016.1248091. ISSN 2373-9770. S2CID 152063692.
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tal-2002
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Orenstein, Daniel E. (2004-09-01). "Population Growth and Environmental Impact: Ideology and Academic Discourse in Israel". Population and Environment (in Turanci). 26 (1): 41–60. Bibcode:2004PopEn..26...41O. doi:10.1023/B:POEN.0000039952.74913.53. ISSN 1573-7810. S2CID 144223300.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Berman, Tamar; Goldsmith, Rebecca; Levine, Hagai; Grotto, Itamar (2017-03-01). "Human biomonitoring in Israel: Recent results and lessons learned". International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. Special Issue: Human Biomonitoring 2016. 220 (2, Part A): 6–12. Bibcode:2017IJHEH.220....6B. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.008. ISSN 1438-4639. PMID 27663636.
  22. ↑ Lavee, D.; Moshe, A.; Menachem, O.; Hubner, V.; Tenanzap, K. (2015-11-16). "Analyzing Current and Expected Air Quality and Pollutant Emissions Across Israel". Water, Air, & Soil Pollution (in Turanci). 226 (12): 416. Bibcode:2015WASP..226..416L. doi:10.1007/s11270-015-2673-2. ISSN 1573-2932. S2CID 101543979.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Climate Change Trends and Impact in Israel". Ministry of Environmental Protection. November 2, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Wedler, Marcel; Pinto, Joaquim G.; Hochman, Assaf (2023-04-20). "More frequent, persistent, and deadly heat waves in the 21st century over the Eastern Mediterranean". Science of the Total Environment. 870: 161883. Bibcode:2023ScTEn.87061883W. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161883. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 36736407 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 256488446 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  25. ↑ "Climate Change Trends and Impact in Israel". Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection. Retrieved 2023-11-05.
  26. ↑ ToI Staff. "A scorching 2100: Israeli forecasters predict blistering heat in decades to come". www.timesofisrael.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-03.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Yosef, Y; Zipori, A.; et al. (2024). "Analysis of climatic trends and extreme events in Israel through the 21st century. Research Report No. 4000-0804-2024-0000015" (PDF). Israel Meteorological Service.
  28. ↑ "Climate Change and Law Collection — Brill". primarysources.brillonline.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  29. ↑ "The OECD's Climate Action Monitor report was published; the report shows the level of risk Israel is facing when it comes to consequences of climate change". Ministry of Environmental Protection. OECD. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 "Climate Change Trends and Impact in Israel". Ministry of Environmental Protection. 11 February 2020.
  31. ↑ ToI Staff. "A scorching 2100: Israeli forecasters predict blistering heat in decades to come". www.timesofisrael.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-03.
  32. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kitanova-2019
  33. ↑ "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal". climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org (in Turanci).
  34. ↑ Surkes, Sue (6 February 2024). "Report finds Mediterranean getting hotter, more acidic, and sea levels are rising". Times of Israel (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-17.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Climate Change Trends and Impact in Israel". Ministry of Environmental Protection. 11 February 2020.
  36. ↑ Kronfeld-Schor, Noga (2023-08-21) [2022-09-20]. "Preparation for climate crisis: rise in the sea level". gov.il. Ministry of Environmental Protection.
  37. ↑ Drori, Ron; Ziv, Baruch; Saaroni, Hadas; Etkin, Adi; Sheffer, Efrat (2021-07-20). "Recent changes in the rain regime over the Mediterranean climate region of Israel". Climatic Change (in Turanci). 167 (1): 15. Bibcode:2021ClCh..167...15D. doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03161-6. ISSN 1573-1480.
  38. ↑ "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal". climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org (in Turanci).
  39. ↑ "Israel's National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change Stage One > Mapping" (PDF). gov.il. Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection.
  40. ↑ Tal, Alon (2019-05-10). "The implications of climate change driven depletion of Lake Kinneret water levels: the compelling case for climate change-triggered precipitation impact on Lake Kinneret's low water levels". Science of the Total Environment. 664: 1045–1051. Bibcode:2019ScTEn.664.1045T. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.106. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 30901779.
  41. ↑ Armon, Moshe; Marra, Francesco; Enzel, Yehouda; Rostkier-Edelstein, Dorita; Garfinkel, Chaim I.; Adam, Ori; Dayan, Uri; Morin, Efrat (2022). "Reduced Rainfall in Future Heavy Precipitation Events Related to Contracted Rain Area Despite Increased Rain Rate". Earth's Future (in Turanci). 10 (1): e2021EF002397. Bibcode:2022EaFut..1002397A. doi:10.1029/2021EF002397. ISSN 2328-4277. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Givati, Amir; Thirel, Guillaume; Rosenfeld, Daniel; Paz, Dror (February 2019). "Climate change impacts on streamflow at the upper Jordan River based on an ensemble of regional climate models". Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies (in Turanci). 21: 92–109. Bibcode:2019JHyRS..21...92G. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2018.12.004. S2CID 134444232.
  43. ↑ Inga, Carry (January 2019). "Climate Change, Water Security, and National Security for Jordan, Palestine, and Israel" (PDF). Ecopeace Middle East.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Givati, Amir; Rosenfeld, Daniel (October 2013). "The Arctic Oscillation, climate change and the effects on precipitation in Israel". Atmospheric Research (in Turanci). 132-133: 114–124. Bibcode:2013AtmRe.132..114G. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.05.001.
  45. ↑ Fleischer, Aliza; Lichtman, Ivgenia; Mendelsohn, Robert (April 2008). "Climate change, irrigation, and Israeli agriculture: Will warming be harmful?". Ecological Economics (in Turanci). 65 (3): 508–515. Bibcode:2008EcoEc..65..508F. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.014. S2CID 55699977. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Gil, Proaktor; Kamara, Ron; Sterzer, Tamar; Joubert, Fanny, eds. (February 2023). "Israel's Second Biennial Update Report Submitted to the UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE 2022" (PDF). UNFCCC. Ministry of Environmental Protection.
  47. ↑ Mandel, Jonah (August 10, 2023). "Israeli desalination, wastewater treatment becomes global model for water scarcity". The Times of Israel. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  48. ↑ Galil, Bella S.; Mienis, Henk K.; Hoffman, Razy; Goren, Menachem (May 2021). "Non-indigenous species along the Israeli Mediterranean coast: tally, policy, outlook". Hydrobiologia (in Turanci). 848 (9): 2011–2029. Bibcode:2021HyBio.848.2011G. doi:10.1007/s10750-020-04420-w. ISSN 0018-8158. S2CID 225145631.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 49.7 Bar, Amir; Bookman, Revital; Galili, Ehud; Zviely, Dov (2022-10-24). "Beachrock Morphology along the Mediterranean Coast of Israel: Typological Classification of Erosion Features". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 10 (11): 1571. Bibcode:2022JMSE...10.1571B. doi:10.3390/jmse10111571. ISSN 2077-1312.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Tobin, Andrew. "Israeli ecosystems appear too tough for climate change". The Times of Israel (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Climate Change and Bedouin Communities in the Jordan Valley" (in Turanci). ICRC. 2021-08-18.
  52. ↑ Wedler, Marcel; Pinto, Joaquim G.; Hochman, Assaf (April 2023). "More frequent, persistent, and deadly heat waves in the 21st century over the Eastern Mediterranean". Science of the Total Environment (in Turanci). 870: 161883. Bibcode:2023ScTEn.87061883W. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161883. PMID 36736407 Check |pmid= value (help).
  53. ↑ Surkes, Sue (March 20, 2023). "Climate change-induced heat stress may claim 330 Israeli lives per summer by 2100". www.timesofisrael.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-03.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 IMEU. "Israel's Environmental Apartheid in Palestine | IMEU". imeu.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-11-28. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 Linares, Cristina; Díaz, Julio; Negev, Maya; Martínez, Gerardo Sánchez; Debono, Roberto; Paz, Shlomit (2020-03-01). "Impacts of climate change on the public health of the Mediterranean Basin population - Current situation, projections, preparedness and adaptation". Environmental Research. 182: 109107. Bibcode:2020ER....18209107L. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.109107. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 32069750. S2CID 211192333.
  56. ↑ Green, Manfred S.; Pri-or, Noemie Groag; Capeluto, Guedi; Epstein, Yoram; Paz, Shlomit (2013-06-27). "Climate change and health in Israel: adaptation policies for extreme weather events". Israel Journal of Health Policy Research. 2 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/2045-4015-2-23. ISSN 2045-4015. PMC 3707789. PMID 23805950.
  57. ↑ Berman, Tamar; Goldsmith, Rebecca; Levine, Hagai; Grotto, Itamar (March 2017). "Human biomonitoring in Israel: Recent results and lessons learned". International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 220 (2): 6–12. Bibcode:2017IJHEH.220....6B. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.008. ISSN 1438-4639. PMID 27663636.
  58. ↑ "Climate Change in Israel" (PDF). USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. 2011-11-30. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Climate Change Trends and Impact in Israel". Ministry of Environmental Protection. 2020-02-11.
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  61. ↑ "Best Time to Visit Israel | Bookmundi". www.bookmundi.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Teitler Regev, Sharon; Palatnik, Ruslana Rachel (2022-03-21). "Implications of Climate Change on Outdoor Recreation: The Case of National Parks in Israel". Earth (in Turanci). 3 (1): 345–362. Bibcode:2022Earth...3..345T. doi:10.3390/earth3010021. ISSN 2673-4834.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Haran, Miriam; Samuels, Rana; Gabbay, Shoshana; Mingelgrin, Uri (1 November 2002). "Quality indicators of the state of chemical pollution in israel". Israel Journal of Chemistry (in Turanci). 42 (1): 119–132. doi:10.1560/QU9Q-XGF9-HUM6-DA61. ISSN 1869-5868.
  64. ↑ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 12 July 2023.
  65. ↑ Bar-Or, Yeshayahu; Matzner, Orna. "State of the Environment in Israel Indicators, Data and Trends 2010" (PDF). Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection. State of Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection Office of the Chief Scientist.
  66. ↑ Orenstein, Daniel E. (2004). "Population Growth and Environmental Impact: Ideology and Academic Discourse in Israel". Population and Environment. 26 (1): 41–60. Bibcode:2004PopEn..26...41O. doi:10.1023/B:POEN.0000039952.74913.53. S2CID 144223300.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 Eitan, Avri (11 March 2021). "Promoting Renewable Energy to Cope with Climate Change—Policy Discourse in Israel". Sustainability. 13 (6): 3170. Bibcode:2021Sust...13.3170E. doi:10.3390/su13063170.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 Emem, Onyejelam (2016). "Building an Effective Implementation Process to Nigeria's Climate Change Policies and Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2843279. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 131929997.
  69. ↑ "Israel's Second Biennial Update Report" (PDF). unfccc.int. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 "Israel's Second Biennial Update Report" (PDF). unfccc.int. Retrieved 2023-11-01.
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Eitam, David (2022-07-03). "On Olive Oil and Perfume Production in Iron Age IIA Tell es Safi/Gath, Israel". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 154 (3): 244–253. doi:10.1080/00310328.2022.2095755. ISSN 0031-0328. S2CID 250363295 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  72. ↑ "UK launches Renewable Energy Strategy". Renewable Energy Focus. 9 (4): 15. July 2008. doi:10.1016/s1471-0846(08)70121-5. ISSN 1755-0084.
  73. ↑ Haran, Miriam; Samuels, Rana; Gabbay, Shoshana; Mingelgrin, Uri (8 March 2010). "Quality indicators of the state of chemical pollution in israel". Israel Journal of Chemistry (in Turanci). 42 (1): 119–132. doi:10.1560/QU9Q-XGF9-HUM6-DA61. ISSN 0021-2148.
  74. ↑ Surkes, Sue (15 February 2022). "Environment ministry sets 40% renewable power production goal by 2030". Times of Israel (in Turanci).
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 "Israel - Energy". www.trade.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 "Israel's Commitment to Address Climate Change". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
  77. ↑ Surkes, Sue (31 January 2025). "Solar panel installations must grow by 40% to meet 2030 goals – Energy Ministry". Times of Israel (in Turanci). Retrieved 2025-02-17.
  78. ↑ "Eilat-Eilot Innovations in Renewable Energy Technology: A Response to Global Warming and Climate Change - Israel". unfccc.int. Retrieved 2023-10-18.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Tal, Alon (September 2016). "Will We Always Have Paris? Israel's Tepid Climate Change Strategy". Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs. 10 (3): 405–421. doi:10.1080/23739770.2016.1265821. ISSN 2373-9770. S2CID 152244329.
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 "OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels: Israel (Edition 2022)". 2017-11-17. doi:10.1787/2aed87a4-en. Retrieved 2023-10-18. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  81. ↑ Surkes, Sue (19 March 2024). "State comptroller chides government, PM for talk but little action on climate change". Times of Israel (in Turanci).
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