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Canjin yanayi a Saudi Arabia

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Canjin yanayi a Saudi Arabia
Canjin zafin jiki a Saudi Arabia (1901-2020)

Canjin yanayi yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci da bambance-bambance, kamar yanayin zafi mafi girma, raguwar ruwan sama da hauhawar matakin teku a kan muhalli, al'umma da tattalin arzikin Saudi Arabia. noma, kamun kifi da masana'antun yawon bude ido.[1] Saudi Arabia ita ce ta huɗu mafi girma mai amfani da mai a duniya, duk da cewa ita ce ta 20 mafi girma tattalin arziki da kuma ta 41 mafi girma.[2]

Saudi Arabia tana cikin yankin Gulf na Farisa a Yammacin Asiya . [3] Masarautar Saudi Arabia ta ƙunshi kusan kashi huɗu cikin biyar (80%) na yankin Larabawa. Yana da iyaka a yammacin Bahar Maliya; a gabas da Tekun Larabawa. Kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa ce da duwatsu. Yawancin sauran ƙasar hamada ce ta yashi. Canjin yanayi na iya samun mummunar tasiri a kan yanayin halittu masu mahimmanci musamman saboda tasirin da ke kan hanyoyin hamada.[4] Tsakanin 2007 da 2021, Saudi Arabia ta ga yawan jama'arta ya karu da sama da kashi 40% daga mutane miliyan 25.18 zuwa miliyan 35.45 kuma ta ci gaba da girma zuwa miliyan 36.5 a 2023.[5] Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a na iya ƙara buƙatun makamashi, kuma ta haka ne, hayakin gas.[5]

Saudi Arabia ta yi alkawarin zama sifili, da kuma sanya wasu burin makamashi mai tsabta.[2] Masana sun nuna shakku game da alkawuran yanayi na Saudiyya saboda rikodin rikodin mulkin Saudiyya na rashin bin manufofin yanayi na baya da kuma dogaro da tattalin arzikin Saudiyya akan man fetur.[2] Saudi Arabia ta sanya hannu kuma ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris . A cikin 2021, ta sabunta gudummawar ta ta farko ta kasa, tare da mai da hankali kan bambancin tattalin arzikinta, ragewa da guje wa hayakin gas (GHGs). Kokarin rage girman canjin yanayi na iya zama matsala ga bangaren mai da iskar gas na tattalin arzikinta saboda burbushin burbushin halittu suna samar da fiye da 70% na jimlar iskar gas a duniya, rage amfani da su fifiko na duniya.[1]

Rashin iskar gas

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Saudi Arabia tana sarrafa kusan kashi 18% na jimlar man fetur da aka sani a duniya kuma ita ce babbar mai fitar da man fetur.[1] Saudi Arabia kuma tana daya daga cikin manyan masu amfani da man fetur don tattalin arzikinta: A cikin 2017, ta yi amfani da matsakaicin ganga 3,328,000 a kowace rana, ta sanya ta shida a cikin amfani da man shafawa a duniya. Har ila yau, yana da girma a cikin jerin don amfani da wutar lantarki tare da kWh biliyan 295 yana mai da shi na goma sha uku a duniya.[6] Yawancin iskar gas din Saudi Arabia ana samar da ita ne ta hanyar wutar lantarki, sufuri da masana'antu.[7] A cikin 2019, hayakin carbon dioxide ya kai tan miliyan 559.6.[5] Saboda yawan jama'arta da ke ƙaruwa da sauri wanda ke tare da karuwar buƙatun wutar lantarki da fadada masana'antu, buƙatun makamashi na ci gaba da ƙaruwa kuma tare da shi haka kuma hayakin gas.[6] Lalle ne, babban samfurin cikin gida na ƙasar ya karu da kusan kashi 45% kuma wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da ita ga kowane mutum ya karu da MWh 1,378, yana ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga hayakinsa.[5]

Tasirin yanayi

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Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi

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Daga 1979 zuwa 2019, Saudi Arabia ta ga matsakaicin zafin jiki ya karu da 2.1 ° C wanda kusan sau uku fiye da matsakaicin duniya. Karin ya kasance mafi ban mamaki a cikin watanni na rani yayin da matsakaicin zafin jiki ya karu da 2.5 ° C.[8] Saboda canjin yanayi, an sami karuwar duniya a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi kamar rikodin zafi a lokacin rani na 2010. A wannan lokacin, birnin Jeddah na Saudi Arabiya ya ga yanayin zafi ya kai 52 ° C, wanda ya haifar da tashoshin wutar lantarki guda takwas na kasar don rufewa tare da birane da yawa da ke fama da kashe wutar lantarki.[9] Karin yawan zafin jiki yana shafar kasar kuma ya dogara da yanayi. Misali, babban birnin kasar, Riyadh ya ga karuwar matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki na lokacin rani da 0.067 ° C a kowace shekara tsakanin 2009 da 2013 yayin da matsakaicin hunturu ya karu da 0.056 ° C a kowane shekara. A gefe guda, Tabuk a arewa maso yamma ya ga karuwa a hankali a wannan lokacin tare da matsakaicin lokacin rani yana ƙaruwa da 0.058 ° C a kowace shekara kuma yanayin hunturu yana ƙaruwa ta 0.042 ° C a kowane shekara.[10] Wannan yana nuna yanayin yanki gaba ɗaya a Saudi Arabia na ƙananan yanayin zafi a arewa da yanayin zafi mafi girma a yankunan bakin teku da na tsakiya na ƙasar.[9]

Hawan matakin teku

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Canjin yanayi da hauhawar yanayin zafi da ke tare da shi yana haifar da narkewar kankara da fadada ruwan teku. Haɗin waɗannan matakai ya bayyana ta hanyar hauhawar matakan teku, yana barazanar ƙasashen bakin teku da tsibirin a duk faɗin duniya.[11] Yankunan bakin teku na Saudi Arabia suna da yawan jama'a kuma waɗannan yankuna suna da mahimmanci ga tattalin arziki. Tare da gabar Bahar Maliya ta ƙasar akwai manyan birane huɗu na Tabuk, Al Madinah, Jeddah da Jizan. Wadannan yankuna sune gidaje ga wasu wuraren addini da tarihi waɗanda ke da mahimman abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido kuma suna kuma karɓar bakuncin ƙasar noma da mai da ajiyar iskar gas.[12] Hawan matakin teku a ko'ina zai iya kasancewa tare da sakamako masu yawa na muhalli. Wadannan sun hada da ambaliyar ruwa a yankunan bakin teku, rushewar rairayin bakin teku, gurɓataccen maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, gishiri na ƙasa, da asarar wuraren zama a bakin tekun.[11] Yankunan da ke arewa da kudancin Dammam suna cikin haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa a cikin ƙasar kuma, sabili da haka, suna fuskantar barazanar tasirin muhalli.[13]

Ma'adanai na ruwa

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NASA Hoton mai lura da duniya na tsarin ban ruwa a cikin Wadi As-Sirhan, Tawil Quaternary Aquifer system

Saudi Arabia ƙasa ce mai tsaka-tsaki tare da iyakantaccen albarkatun ruwa kuma babu koguna ko tabkuna na halitta. Babban yanayin zafi da karancin ruwan sama na kasa da 100mm a kowace shekara ya sa 'yan albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai ba za su iya biyan bukatun kasar ba saboda yawan evaporation ya fi yawan ruwan sama.[14][15] Aridity ya kara karfi ne kawai ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa tasirin thermostatic daga teku ya sauya ma'aunin zafi.[15] Ruwa mai zurfi, ya kasance tsakanin kashi 80 zuwa 90 cikin dari na amfani da ruwa a Saudi Arabia kuma ya fito ne daga tafkunan burbushin da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba da kuma wuraren da ba su da zurfi.[14] Akwai ruwa guda takwas da ke da kusan kashi 86% na ruwan da ba a sabuntawa ba yayin da sauran kashi 14% ke ƙunshe a cikin sauran ruwa na biyu. Wadannan aquifers galibi suna cikin arewa da tsakiya na kasar.[15] Saboda ruwan burbushin ba mai sabuntawa ba ne kuma ana cire ruwa mai zurfi mai sabunta kansa daga sauri fiye da yadda za su iya sake caji, an kiyasta cewa ajiyar ruwan kasa zai rushe a cikin shekaru 50 idan yawan hakar ya ci gaba.[14]

Tsarin halittu

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Garin ruwan sama na Red Sea daga sararin samaniya

A cikin Saudi Arabia akwai wasu daga cikin nau'o'in da suka fi wadata da kuma wuraren zama na ruwa a duniya a cikin nau'ikan wuraren da ke bakin teku. Wadannan tsarin halittu suna ƙarfafa kamun kifi na yanki da yawan tsuntsaye masu kiwon gida.[16] Biyu daga cikin hanyoyin da canjin yanayi ke tasiri ga wuraren da ke da ruwa shine ta hanyar hauhawar yanayin zafi da raguwar ruwan sama wanda ke canza yanayin ruwa da abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli. Wani ƙarin barazanar da canjin yanayi ya sanya shi ne hauhawar matakin teku wanda, idan aka haɗa shi da ayyukan anthropomorphic kamar ci gaban ƙasa da gurɓataccen yanayi, ya sa wuraren da ke da ruwa kamar mangroves da laka su zama mafi yawan yanayin halittu a cikin ƙasar.[16] A cikin yankin Khulais, wanda ke cikin Garkuwar Larabawa tare da gefen yammacin ƙasar, an gano cewa yawan nau'ikan asali da yawa suna raguwa yayin da kasancewar nau'ikan mamayewa ke tasowa. Wannan mai yiwuwa ne sakamakon kai tsaye na karuwar yanayin zafi da raguwar matakan hazo wanda ke rage wadatar ruwa a cikin al'umma. Don haka, ba wai kawai canjin yanayi yana da mummunar tasiri ga yanayin halittu na Saudi Arabiya ba tare da rage albarkatun ruwa har ma da sauƙaƙe ci gaban nau'o'in masu cutarwa.

Tasirin da aka yi wa mutane

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Sakamakon canjin yanayi ya gabatar da ƙalubale da yawa ga lafiyar jama'a. Karin yaduwar bugun zafi da cututtukan da suka shafi zafi a yankin suna da alaƙa da hauhawar yanayin zafi da ke da alaƙa ti canjin yanayi.[17] Haɗin barazanar lalacewar iska, hamada, da raguwar albarkatun ruwa suna da damuwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da hanyoyin rayuwa. Manoma suna hasashen raguwar yawan amfanin su na shekara-shekara, wanda ya dogara da tsarin ban ruwa mai ƙarancin gaske, sakamakon da ke karfafa dogaro da ƙasar kan shigo da abinci kuma yana barazana ga jin daɗin mutanen da ke cikin haɗari dangane da tsaron abinci da kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki.[18] Saboda yaduwar kwari da cututtukan kwari kadai, noma a Saudi Arabia yana fuskantar asarar amfanin gona 12.6-20% a kowace shekara. Wadannan kalubalen suna kara tabarbarewar rashin tsaro na abinci, batun da ke kara tsanantawa saboda saurin karuwar yawan jama'ar kasar.[19]

Ingancin iska na Saudi Arabia yana daga cikin mafi gurɓata a duniya kuma ana samun sa ya rage matsakaicin rayuwar jama'a.[20] Bugu da ƙari, canjin zafin jiki, danshi, da hazo suna haifar da yanayin da ya fi dacewa da sauro da yaduwar cututtukan sauro.[21] Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashe a cikin Majalisar hadin gwiwar Gulf, Saudi Arabia ita ce kadai kasar da ke da ƙaruwa a cikin yawan mace-mace da ke tattare da yawan abubuwan da ke cikin iska. [20] Masu gurɓata iska a yankin suna ba da gudummawa ga karuwar haɗari da yaduwar cututtukan huhu masu tasowa da cututtuken zuciya a Saudi Arabia. [22]

Ragewa

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Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman batutuwa a cikin Gudanar da Gudanar da Ƙasa ta Saudi Arabia shine bambancin tattalin arziki. Bambancin tattalin arziki ya haɗa da fadada manyan hanyoyin samun kudin shiga na ƙasar, wanda aka jaddada sosai ga ƙasashen fitar da mai waɗanda za su fuskanci lalacewar kasuwar mai mai mai. Canjin farashin man fetur yana kara karfin Saudi Arabia ga matsin hauhawar farashi kuma yana sauƙaƙe rashin kwanciyar hankali na tattalin arziki.[23]

Lokacin da ta gudanar da shugabancin G20, Saudi Arabia ta gabatar da tattalin arzikin carbon (CCE) a matsayin dabara don rage fitar da iskar gas. Misali na CCE ya dogara da ka'idodin ragewa, sake amfani, sake amfani - cimma raguwar hayaki na carbon ta hanyar gudanar da carbon a matsayin shigar da samfurin ko ta hanyar kama carbon.[24] Bugu da ƙari, Saudi Arabia ta fara sake fasalin farashin makamashi don rage tallafin da ke inganta yawan amfani da makamashi da kuma hana karin hanyoyin samar da makamashin makamashi masu ɗorewa. Don kare ƙananan iyalai daga lalacewar hauhawar farashi, Saudi Arabia ta aiwatar da wani nau'i na taimakon gwamnati da aka sani da Asusun Citizens.[25] Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Saudiyya ta gabatar da Vision 2030 a cikin 2016, kuma ta kafa manufofi da yawa na dorewa da za a cimma ta 2030. Wannan aikin ya ci gaba tare da gabatar da Saudi Green Initiative a cikin 2021. Shirye-shiryen yanzu suna mai da hankali kan gandun daji, kiyayewa, da aiwatar da ayyuka masu ɗorewa a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da na jama'a.

Daidaitawa

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Ci gaban da aka tsara a cikin yawan jama'a da tattalin arzikin kasar suna buƙatar daidaitawa a fannoni kamar sufuri, wutar lantarki, da aikin gona. Rashin yanayin zafi yana kara damuwa game da sharar makamashi, da farko yayin da bukatun sanyaya na yankin ke ci gaba da tashi. Saudi Arabia tana fuskantar aikin daidaitawa yayin da gabatar da CCE da sake fasalin farashin makamashi ke sanya damuwa a bangaren masana'antu kuma yana haifar da buƙatar hanyoyin da ba su da amfani da carbon.[21] Kasar tana saka hannun jari a cikin ayyukan hasken rana da na iska da ke da niyyar samar da rabin makamashi daga sabuntawa nan da shekara ta 2030 don rage dogaro da man fetur. Saudi Arabia tana neman magance damuwa mai girma ta hanyar sake tsara birane wanda ke ba da damar ingantaccen sufuri da ƙirƙirar sararin samaniya.[21]

Al'umma da al'adu

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Tasirin canjin yanayi ya canza rayuwar wadanda ke Saudi Arabia. Manoma suna ƙara damuwa game da yiwuwar amfanin gonarsu, wanda ya haifar da sauye-sauye zuwa amfanin gona mai ɗorewa da canza hanyoyin ban ruwa don mayar da martani ga karancin ruwa.[26] Tare da haɗarin rayuwar gargajiya, canjin yanayi yana tasiri ga adanawa da samun dama ga mahimman wuraren al'adun al'adu.[27] Sakamakon tasirin sauyin yanayi ya yi tasiri a kan yawan cututtukan kwakwalwa na kasar, tare da baƙin ciki da damuwa da ke tasowa zuwa manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da nakasa.[21] Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa ya fara ne ta hanyar ayyukan da ba za a iya jurewa ba, tare da sauye-sauyen salinity da acidity, ya shafi rayuwar masunta da aikin kamun kifi. Rushewar wannan masana'antar tana haifar da barazana ga al'adun amfani da kifi a Saudi Arabia kuma tana gabatar da yiwuwar asarar aiki a cikin layin aiki na gargajiya.[28] Sakamakon canjin yanayi a yankin ya zama matsala ga masana'antar yawon bude ido ta kasar, saboda karuwar zafin jiki yana haifar da haɗarin lafiya ga masu yawon bude jiki. A Saudi Arabia, yawancin damuwa suna kewaye da shingen yawon bude ido na addini zuwa Makka da Madina, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a al'adu da ruhaniya.[29]

Haɗin kai na kasa da kasa

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Haɗin kai tsakanin Masarautar Saudi Arabia da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta hanyar Tsarin Haɗin Kai na Ci Gaban Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkinobho tare da Masarautar Arabia 2022-2026 (UNSDCF) ya ba kasar damar bin Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin duniya na 2030. Tsarin yana mai da hankali kan ba da shawara kan manufofi da tallafawa kokarin da ake yi na rage talauci, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da amfani da albarkatu masu ɗorewa.[30] Saudi Arabia tana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kasuwar carbon ta Najeriya, sauƙaƙe dangantakar da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu a cikin mai, noma, da ababen more rayuwa.[31]

A cikin yanki, Saudi Arabia ta jagoranci kafa Saudiyya da Gabas ta Tsakiya Green Initiatives don magance canjin yanayi.[32] Shirin Green na Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda Yarima ya ƙaddamar, yana da niyyar rage fitar da carbon a duniya da kashi 10% ta hanyar burin burin kamar dasa bishiyoyi biliyan 50, maido da hekta miliyan 200 na ƙasa, da kuma cimma kashi 50% na makamashi mai sabuntawa a cikin samar da wutar lantarki nan da 2030, duk yayin da yake inganta kirkire-kirkire da haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa don yaki da canjin yanayi.[32][33]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Al-Sarihi, Aisha (March 20, 2019). "Climate Change and Economic Diversification in Saudi Arabia: Integrity, Challenges, and Opportunities" (PDF). The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Saudi Arabia: Integrity" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Elie Invalid |url-status=Samad (help); Missing or empty |title= (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ "Saudi Arabia". www.iandl.marines.mil. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  4. ↑ "Saudi Arabia | UNDP Climate Change Adaptation". www.adaptation-undp.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Al-Ismail, Fahad Saleh; Alam, Md Shafiul; Shafiullah, Md; Hossain, Md Ismail; Rahman, Syed Masiur (2023-03-13). "Impacts of Renewable Energy Generation on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Saudi Arabia: A Comprehensive Review". Sustainability (in Turanci). 15 (6): 5069. doi:10.3390/su15065069. ISSN 2071-1050. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Emissions" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Rahman, Muhammad Muhitur; Rahman, Mohammad Shahedur; Chowdhury, Saidur R.; Elhaj, Alaeldeen; Razzak, Shaikh Abdur; Abu Shoaib, Syed; Islam, Md Kamrul; Islam, Mohammed Monirul; Rushd, Sayeed; Rahman, Syed Masiur (2022-06-16). "Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Industrial Processes and Product Use Sector of Saudi Arabia—An Emerging Challenge". Sustainability (in Turanci). 14 (12): 7388. doi:10.3390/su14127388. ISSN 2071-1050.
  7. ↑ Alajmi, Reema Gh (2021-09-01). "Factors that impact greenhouse gas emissions in Saudi Arabia: Decomposition analysis using LMDI". Energy Policy. 156: 112454. Bibcode:2021EnPol.15612454A. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112454. ISSN 0301-4215.
  8. ↑ Odnoletkova, Natalia; Patzek, Tadeusz W. (2021-08-01). "Data-Driven Analysis of Climate Change in Saudi Arabia: Trends in Temperature Extremes and Human Comfort Indicators". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology (in Turanci). 60 (8): 1055–1070. Bibcode:2021JApMC..60.1055O. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-20-0273.1. ISSN 1558-8424.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Almazroui, Mansour (2020-10-17). Krakauer, Nir Y. (ed.). "Changes in Temperature Trends and Extremes over Saudi Arabia for the Period 1978–2019". Advances in Meteorology (in Turanci). 2020: 1–21. doi:10.1155/2020/8828421. ISSN 1687-9317.
  10. ↑ Tarawneh, Qassem Y.; Chowdhury, Shakhawat (2018-01-29). "Trends of Climate Change in Saudi Arabia: Implications on Water Resources". Climate (in Turanci). 6 (1): 8. Bibcode:2018Clim....6....8T. doi:10.3390/cli6010008. ISSN 2225-1154.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Almaliki, Abdulrazak H.; Zerouali, Bilel; Santos, Celso Augusto Guimarães; Almaliki, Abdulrhman A.; Silva, Richarde Marques da; Ghoneim, Sherif S. M.; Ali, Enas (2023-08-01). "Assessing coastal vulnerability and land use to sea level rise in Jeddah province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". Heliyon. 9 (8): e18508. Bibcode:2023Heliy...918508A. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18508. ISSN 2405-8440. PMC 10415659 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 37576270 Check |pmid= value (help).
  12. ↑ Bawadekji, Abdulhakim; Tonbol, Kareem; Ghazouani, Nejib; Becheikh, Nidhal; Shaltout, Mohamed (2022-01-07). "Recent atmospheric changes and future projections along the Saudi Arabian Red Sea Coast". Scientific Reports (in Turanci). 12 (1): 160. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12..160B. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-04200-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8742046 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34997098 Check |pmid= value (help).
  13. ↑ Hereher, Mohamed E. (2020-03-30). "Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Sea Surface Temperatures and Sea Level Rise—The Arabian Gulf". Climate (in Turanci). 8 (4): 50. Bibcode:2020Clim....8...50H. doi:10.3390/cli8040050. ISSN 2225-1154.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Amin Mir, M.; Waqar Ashraf, M. (2023-12-01). "The challenges and potential strategies of Saudi Arabia's water Resources: A review in analytical way". Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management. 20: 100855. Bibcode:2023ENMM...2000855A. doi:10.1016/j.enmm.2023.100855. ISSN 2215-1532.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Suhail, Mohammad; Faraj, Turki Kh; Ahmad, Waseem; Ravshanov, Alikul Xudayberdiyevich; Khan, Mohd Nazish (2024-05-16). "Issues of Water Resources in Saudi Arabia: Past, Present, and Future". Sustainability (in Turanci). 16 (10): 4189. doi:10.3390/su16104189. ISSN 2071-1050.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Al-Obaid, Sami; Samraoui, Boudjéma; Thomas, Jacob; El-Serehy, Hamed A.; Alfarhan, Ahmed H.; Schneider, Wolfgang; O’Connell, Mark (2017). "An overview of wetlands of Saudi Arabia: Values, threats, and perspectives". Ambio (in Turanci). 46 (1): 98–108. Bibcode:2017Ambio..46...98A. doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0807-4. ISSN 0044-7447. PMC 5226900. PMID 27380216.
  17. ↑ Odnoletkova, Natalia; Patzek, Tadeusz W. (2021-08-01). "Data-Driven Analysis of Climate Change in Saudi Arabia: Trends in Temperature Extremes and Human Comfort Indicators". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology (in Turanci). 60 (8): 1055–1070. Bibcode:2021JApMC..60.1055O. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-20-0273.1. ISSN 1558-8424.
  18. ↑ Azeem, Muhammad I.; Alhafi Alotaibi, Bader (2023-01-25). Sarker, Md Nazirul Islam (ed.). "Farmers' beliefs and concerns about climate change, and their adaptation behavior to combat climate change in Saudi Arabia". PLOS ONE (in Turanci). 18 (1): e0280838. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1880838A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280838. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9876375 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36696423 Check |pmid= value (help).
  19. ↑ Rahman, Muhammad Muhitur; Akter, Runa; Abdul Bari, Jaber Bin; Hasan, Md Arif; Rahman, Mohammad Shahedur; Abu Shoaib, Syed; Shatnawi, Ziad Nayef; Alshayeb, Ammar Fayez; Shalabi, Faisal Ibrahim; Rahman, Aminur; Alsanad, Mohammed Ahmed; Rahman, Syed Masiur (2022-11-04). "Analysis of Climate Change Impacts on the Food System Security of Saudi Arabia". Sustainability (in Turanci). 14 (21): 14482. doi:10.3390/su142114482. ISSN 2071-1050.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Rojas-Rueda, D.; Alsufyani, W.; Herbst, C.; AlBalawi, S.; Alsukait, R.; Alomran, M. (2021-06-01). "Ambient particulate matter burden of disease in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". Environmental Research. 197: 111036. Bibcode:2021ER....19711036R. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111036. ISSN 0013-9351. PMID 33775683 Check |pmid= value (help).
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Odnoletkova, Natalia; Patzek, Tadeusz W. (2021-08-01). "Data-Driven Analysis of Climate Change in Saudi Arabia: Trends in Temperature Extremes and Human Comfort Indicators". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology (in Turanci). 60 (8): 1055–1070. Bibcode:2021JApMC..60.1055O. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-20-0273.1. ISSN 1558-8424. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Extreme Temp" defined multiple times with different content
  22. ↑ Isaifan, Rima J. (2023-01-06). "Air pollution burden of disease over highly populated states in the Middle East". Frontiers in Public Health. 10. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1002707. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 9853520 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36684989 Check |pmid= value (help).
  23. ↑ Belloumi, Mounir; Aljazea, Ahmed; Alshehry, Atef (2023-10-01). "Study of the impact of crude oil prices on economic output and inflation in Saudi Arabia". Resources Policy. 86: 104179. Bibcode:2023RePol..8604179B. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104179. ISSN 0301-4207.
  24. ↑ Shehri, Thamir Al; Braun, Jan Frederik; Howarth, Nicholas; Lanza, Alessandro; Luomi, Mari (2023-02-07). "Saudi Arabia's Climate Change Policy and the Circular Carbon Economy Approach". Climate Policy (in Turanci). 23 (2): 151–167. Bibcode:2023CliPo..23..151S. doi:10.1080/14693062.2022.2070118. ISSN 1469-3062.
  25. ↑ Aldubyan, Mohammad; Gasim, Anwar (2021). "Energy price reform in Saudi Arabia: Modeling the economic and environmental impacts and understanding the demand response". Energy Policy (in Turanci). 148: 111941. Bibcode:2021EnPol.14811941A. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111941.
  26. ↑ Azeem, Muhammad I.; Alhafi Alotaibi, Bader (2023-01-25). Sarker, Md Nazirul Islam (ed.). "Farmers' beliefs and concerns about climate change, and their adaptation behavior to combat climate change in Saudi Arabia". PLOS ONE (in Turanci). 18 (1): e0280838. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1880838A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0280838. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 9876375 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36696423 Check |pmid= value (help).
  27. ↑ Ramadan, Rasha H.; Ramadan, Mona S.; Alkadi, Ibtesam I.; Alogayell, Haya M.; Ismail, Ismail Y.; Khairy, Nesren (2022-11-28). "Assessment of Sustainable World Heritage Areas in Saudi Arabia Based on Climate Change Impacts on Vulnerability Using RS and GIS". Sustainability (in Turanci). 14 (23): 15831. doi:10.3390/su142315831. ISSN 2071-1050.
  28. ↑ Alnafissa, Mohamad; Kotb, Alaa; Alamri, Yosef; Alagsam, Fuad; Alhashim, Jawad (2021). "The impact of climatic and environmental changes on the sustainable yield of the Saudi's capture fisheries". Journal of King Saud University - Science (in Turanci). 33 (5): 101458. doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101458.
  29. ↑ Spano, Donatella; Armiento, Mirko; Aslam, Muhammad Faizan; Bacciu, Valentina; Bigano, Andrea; Bosello, Francesco; Breil, Margaretha; Buonocore, Mauro; Butenschön, Momme; Cadau, Marco; Cogo, Eleonora; Colelli, Francesco Pietro; Costa Saura, Jose Maria; Dasgupta, Shouro; De Cian, Enrica (2021). "G20 Climate Risk Atlas. Impacts, policy and economics in the G20". Centro Euro-Mediterraneo Sui Cambiamenti Climatici. doi:10.25424/CMCC/G20_CLIMATERISK.
  30. ↑ Islam, Md Tasbirul; Ali, Amjad (2024-10-01). "Sustainable green energy transition in Saudi Arabia: Characterizing policy framework, interrelations and future research directions". Next Energy. 5: 100161. doi:10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100161. ISSN 2949-821X.
  31. ↑ Halligan, Neil (November 13, 2024). "Nigeria nears trade deal with Saudi Arabia". Arabian Gulf Business Insight. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Abdelraouf, Dr. Mohamed; Nagasawa, Asuka (October 19, 2023). "Saudi Green Initiatives and their Role in Achieving Environmental Goals in the Middle East". Gulf Research Center. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
  33. ↑ Islam, Md Tasbirul; Ali, Amjad (2024-10-01). "Sustainable green energy transition in Saudi Arabia: Characterizing policy framework, interrelations and future research directions". Next Energy. 5: 100161. doi:10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100161. ISSN 2949-821X.
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