Canjin yanayi a Siriya
 Canjin yanayi a Siriya |
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Sakamakon Canjin yanayi a Siriya yana da yawa. Yana da mummunar tasiri a kan rayuwar mutane da kuma mahallinta.[1][2][3] Siriya ƙasa ce mai tasowa kuma ba ta da masana'antu wacce ke cikin yankin da ya bushe zuwa yankin da ba shi da ruwa.[4] Canjin yanayi ya haifar da fari, karancin ruwa, karuwar yanayin zafi da lalacewar ƙasa ya shafi aikin gona musamman.[5] Desertification, wanda a tarihi ya kasance matsala a yankin, yana hanzarta saboda canjin yanayi. Siriya ta yi amfani da ƙoƙari daban-daban don magance canjin yanayi, kamar tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris, da kuma gabatar da Gudummawar da aka ƙayyade a ƙasa (NDCs) tare da mai da hankali kan matakan daidaitawa da ragewa na lokacin 2020-2030.[5] Duk da yake ya ba da gudummawa ga 0.1% kawai na hayaki na duniya, yana da matukar damuwa ga canjin yanayi.[6]
Rashin Gas na Greenhouse
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yanayin Yanayi ya kiyasta fitar da wutar lantarki a 2023 a tan miliyan 60 na CO2eq, tare da manyan bangarorin sufuri da samar da wutar lantarki.[7] Siriya ta shirya ta farko ta kasa game da Canjin yanayi a cikin 2010. Jimlar fitar da GHG ta kai tan miliyan 79 na CO2 a cikin 2005. Rashin hayaki ya samo asali ne daga bangaren makamashi (73%), sannan bangaren noma (18%). Wadannan bangarorin biyu sun ba da gudummawa ga fiye da 90% na duk hayaki a Siriya.[5] Waste ya kuma ba da gudummawa GHG hayaki, wanda ke da alhakin kusan 5% tsakanin dukkan bangarori daga 1994 zuwa 2005. Sharar da farko ta fitar da methane daga sharar gida a cikin shara da kuma datti mara magani, kodayake carbon dioxide yana da asusun mafi yawan hayaki saboda amfani da man fetur a cikin wutar lantarki da sufuri.[8] Koyaya UNFCCC ba ta nace kan bayar da rahoton fitar da hayaki na soja ba.
Tasirin Yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yanayin zafi da Canjin Yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Akwai bambancin yanki da na yanayi na fari a Siriya. Lokacin kaka ya sami karuwar ruwan sama, inda lokutan noma masu mahimmanci kamar hunturu da bazara suka ragu sosai. Bugu da ƙari, yankin kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, kusa da Bahar Rum, ya sami karuwar ruwan sama, yayin da yankin arewa maso yamma ya ragu sosai. An gano haɗarin fari ya fi girma a yankuna kamar Al Qadmus . Shayar Siriya, daga 2006 zuwa 2011, an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi muni a tarihin yankin, kuma ya haifar da gazawar aikin gona, musamman a yankin arewa maso gabashin kasar. Al'ummomin noma da kiwo sun sha wahala sosai.[1] Rikicin ya tilasta wa kimanin 'yan karkara na Siriya miliyan 1.5 su yi ƙaura zuwa birane.[1] Duk da yake lokacin ya dace da rage bayanan ruwan sama, wasu binciken suna jayayya cewa fari na Siriya ba wani ɓangare ne na yanayin bushewa na dogon lokaci ba wanda aka danganta da canjin yanayi.[2]
Akwai ci gaba da guguwar zafi a Siriya, musamman tun daga shekarun 2010. Abubuwan da suka faru, waɗanda ke da zafi da bushewa a lokaci guda, sun girma a cikin mitar. Wadannan raƙuman zafi suna da karuwar shekara-shekara na 6.3%. Irin waɗannan matsanancin suna bayyana musamman a arewa maso gabashin da kudu maso yammacin Siriya. Dukkanin mitar da tsananin abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin zafi ana sa ran su tashi sosai, wanda shine gaskiya musamman ga yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a. Adadin mutanen da ke fuskantar matsanancin zafi ana sa ran za su karu, yayin da ake sa ran yawan mutanen birane a Siriya za su zama masu rauni.
Ma'adanai na Ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tasirin canjin yanayi a Siriya yana nunawa a cikin batutuwan karancin ruwa. Gabas ta Tsakiya yanayi ne mai bushe, kuma canjin yanayi yana kara yawan Ruwan sama da ke akwai da kuma saukin kamuwa da fari. Ruwan sama na Siriya ya ragu a tsawon lokaci tsakanin 1991 da 2009, musamman a yankin arewa maso yammacin kasar a cikin hunturu da bazara. Rahotanni har zuwa 2011 sun nuna irin wannan yanayin, tare da karuwar matsakaicin yanayin zafi, wanda ya haifar da matsanancin fari. Wadannan lokutan fari sun karu da yawa da tsananin daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba, tare da wasu har zuwa kwanaki 200. Shahararrun lokutan fari sun haɗa da: 1998-1999, 2007-2008, 1972-1973, 2014, da 2016.[9]
Rashin ruwa na Siriya saboda fari na iya ci gaba da karuwa, daidai da tsinkayen IPCC na rage ruwan sama a cikin Bahar Rum. Tsakanin 2021 da 2050, yanayin zafi na iya ƙaruwa da kusan 1.6-2 ° C, tare da hazo ya sauka da kusan 11% a cikin hunturu da 8% a cikin bazara.[10] Zuwa 2070-2099, yanayin zafi na iya tashi da 4 ° C, tare da raguwar 22% a cikin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a duk yankin.[10] Wadannan rahotanni sun kuma yi hasashen raguwar 25-27% a cikin runoff, wanda ya haifar da dogon bushewa, ambaliyar bakin teku, da kuma guguwar ƙura.[11] Fihar Figeh, wani muhimmin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa kusa da Dimashƙu, Siriya, an yi hasashen zai rage yawan ruwan da aka fitar da shi da kashi 20% nan da shekara ta 2050, kuma har zuwa kashi 50% a ƙarshen karni.[10] Rage caji saboda karancin dusar ƙanƙara da kuma mafi girman evapotranspiration na iya haifar da raguwar 9-30% a cikin fitarwa na shekara-shekara a ƙarshen karni. Raguwar fitar da ruwa na Figeh Spring yana haifar da haɗari ga samar da ruwa na Damascus.[10]
Tasirin da ke shafi mutane
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Aikin noma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tasirin canjin yanayi a lokutan fari ya yi tasiri ga tsarin aikin gona na Siriya. Kashi 10% ne kawai na gonakin Siriya ana ban ruwa, tare da sauran sassan da suka dogara da Ruwan sama.[12] Rage ruwan sama, ayyukan ban ruwa marasa kyau, da kuma watsi da yankunan karkara na gwamnati sun raunana tsaro na abinci da aiki. Samar da alkama, alal misali, ya fadi sosai, ya tilasta Siriya ta shigo da shi a karon farko.[12] Wannan mummunar matsala a bangaren noma na Siriya ya faru ne saboda fari wanda ya haifar da canjin yanayi, wanda ya haifar le ƙarancin ruwa. Canjin yanayi da aka tsara na iya kara rage yawan aikin gona da kara yawan gishiri.[11] Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga yankuna kamar Fertile Crescent, wani yanki mai mahimmanci ga aikin gona, inda raguwar ruwan sama ya haifar da asarar amfanin gona.[1] Amfani da albarkatun ruwa na Siriya da matakan kogin da suka ragu sun daɗe suna da haɗari, tare da yanayin yanayi na gaba wanda zai iya kara tabarbarewar ruwan kasa da kuma haifar da dogaro da ruwan sama.[11]
Canjin yanayi ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga rayuwar manoman Siriya. fari da hamada sun haifar da ƙaura mai yawa na kusan mutane miliyan 1.5 daga yankunan karkara zuwa birane. Wadannan fari, haɗe da rashin kulawar gwamnati, sun sa kusan manoma 800,000 suka rasa rayuwarsu.[11] Tasirin tattalin arziki na canjin yanayi a Siriya kuma ana sa ran zai zama mai lalacewa, tare da tsinkaya da ke nuna cewa duk wani gida na Siriya, karkara ko birni, yana tsaye don rasa kashi 1.6 zuwa 2.8 cikin dari na jin dadin su a kowace shekara saboda canjin yanayi.[13] Ƙungiyoyin manoma mafi talauci suna da mafi ƙarancin albarkatu don murmurewa daga fari. Saboda haka, karancin ruwa ne ke shafar su sosai.[13] Bugu da ƙari, suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don murmurewa ta kuɗi.[3]
Lafiyar Dan Adam
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Fari a Siriya daga 2006 zuwa 2010 ya rage yawan amfanin noma da samar da abinci, da kuma karancin ruwa. Karancin tsaftataccen ruwan sha, musamman bayan fari da aka yi fama da shi a Syria, ya kara barazanar kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar ruwa. Iyakantaccen kayan aikin tsafta sun ta'azzara rashin lafiya, tare da tarwatsewa da cunkoso wanda ya kara yada cututtuka. Tasirin da ke da alaƙa da yanayi na Siriya na iya cutar da abinci mai gina jiki saboda ƙarancin abinci da ke da alaƙa da asarar yawan amfanin gona. Kasancewar cututtukan da ke haifar da ruwa na iya karuwa, tare da haɗarin zazzabin cizon sauro da cututtukan cututtukan da ke haifar da canjin yanayi da ƙaruwa a yawan adadin rowan da ke jure fari. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta yi kira da a kara tallafi a cikin sa ido kan cututtuka, ayyukan kiwon lafiyar kwakwalwa, da shirye-shiryen gaggawa. WHO ta ba da shawarar taimakon da aka yi niyya don magance waɗannan tasirin kiwon lafiya. [14]
Har ila yau, akwai lalacewar kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na Siriya. Tsire-tsire masu amfani da man fetur, saboda yawan sulfur, suna haifar da tsada mai mahimmanci ta hanyar gurɓataccen abu wanda ke haifar da matsalolin numfashi da na zuciya. Kudin waɗannan batutuwan kiwon lafiya sun bambanta sosai dangane da yawan jama'a a kusa da tashoshin wutar lantarki. Gidajen da ke kusa da wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a, kamar Damascus, suna haifar da farashin kiwon lafiya mafi girma saboda yawan mutane da ke fuskantar gurbatawa.
Rikici
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Babban fari a farkon 2000s ya shafi samar da aikin gona. Abubuwan tattalin arziki sun haifar da tashin hankali, tare da gazawarsu wajen magance matsalar jin kai.[2] Rashin gamsuwa a yankunan karkara ya koma shekaru da yawa kafin babban fari. Har ila yau, kafofin watsa labarai na Siriya sun kasance wani abu, saboda sun cire ɗaukar hoto game da fari da sakamakonsa na tattalin arziki da siyasa.[15] Fiye da haka, canjin yanayi, rashin kula da ruwa, da rashin goyon bayan gwamnati duk manyan abubuwa ne da suka haifar da Yaƙin basasar Siriya.[15]
Ragewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Siriya tana da matsakaicin tanadin man fetur, gami da man fetur da iskar gas, kodayake dukansu suna ba da gudummawa ga hayaki kuma saboda haka Canjin yanayi. An yi ƙoƙari mai yawa don fadada iskar gas don samar da wutar lantarki. Abubuwan da ke cikin burbushin halittu a baya da kuma zamani sun mamaye hanyoyin samar da makamashi, kodayake wutar lantarki ita ce babbar hanyar samar da makamai a Siriya. An ƙara la'akari da makamashi mai sabuntawa don dorewa na dogon lokaci.[16] Yaƙin basasar Siriya ya kuma haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga ababen more rayuwa na ƙasar a yankuna kamar kiwon lafiya da zama, wanda ya rage ikon ƙasar don amsawa ga mummunan tasirin Canjin yanayi.[17]
Kyakkyawan kayan aikin wutar lantarki na Siriya ba su da ikon jimrewa da abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi irin su raƙuman zafi, waɗanda aka tsara su kara muni. Bukatar Siriya don tsarin sanyaya ya karu tare da birni, karuwar yawan jama'a, da hauhawar yanayin zafi.
Daidaitawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Siriya tana da babban damar amfani da Hasken rana, tare da matsakaicin matakan hasken rana game da 5 kWh / m2/day. Ana amfani da tsarin dumama ruwa na hasken rana, kuma an kuma yi shirye-shiryen fadada tsarin photovoltaic don aikace-aikacen zama da na karkara. The Wind Atlas for Syria yana nuna saurin fuka-fuki mai kyau a tsakiya, kudu, da yankunan bakin teku. Tare da waɗannan saurin, Siriya tana da damar samar da 85,000 MW na makamashi na iska. Abubuwan da ke tattare da halittu, gami da sharar dabbobi da na noma, sun isa samar da kimanin 357 miliyan m3 na biogas a kowace shekara. Duk da yake hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki suna da mahimmanci, ana ci gaba da iyakance shi ta hanyar karancin hazo da dogaro da koguna na duniya.[16]
Manufofin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Siriya tana da manufofi da yawa na yanayi na kasa da kasa wanda take da hannu, tare da wasu ta hanyar UNFCCC. Wannan ya hada da 2010 Greenhouse Gas Inventory.
An san Dokokin muhalli na cikin gida da wuya a aiwatar da su, musamman saboda tashin hankali da yakin basasar Siriya ya haifar.[18] Hare-haren muhalli da gangan sun tabbatar da wuya a dakatar ko kuma suna da wuyar aiwatarwa saboda yadda aka tattauna da kyau kuma manyan iyakoki na dokar muhalli ta Siriya da kuma dokokin jin kai da muhalli na duniya.[18]
A cikin ƙoƙari na inganta samar da abinci na ƙasar da ban ruwa a sassan Gabas ta Tsakiya, gwamnatin Siriya ta kafa manufofi da yawa da ke kewaye da fadada ban ruwa, madatsar ruwa da kuma gina tafkuna. Binciken da aka samu game da dorewar waɗannan ayyukan bai kammala ba, duk da haka, an gano cewa ban ruwa na wasu yankuna ya haifar da karuwar gishiri na ƙasa.[19]
Yaki da hamada da sare daji ya kasance abin da gwamnatin Siriya ta mayar da hankali ga Ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji na gandun daji da ke aiki a yankin.[20] Kashi 3% ne kawai na yankin ƙasar Siriya gandun daji ne, kuma al'ummomi da yawa da ke zaune a waɗancan yankuna suna amfani da gandun daji a matsayin hanya, amma suna shiga rikici tare da manoma da ke kiwon dabbobi ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin da kewayen gandun daji.[20]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 2 3 4 Kelley, Colin (2 March 2015). "Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought". PNAS. 112 (11): 3241–3246. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.3241K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1421533112. PMC 4371967. PMID 25733898. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 3 Selby, Jan; Dahi, Omar; Fröhlich, Christiane; Hulme, Mike (September 2017). "Climate change and the Syrian civil war revisited". Political Geography. 60: 232–244. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2017.05.007 – via Science Direct. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content - 1 2 Al-Riffai, Perrihan; Breisinger, Clemens; Verner, Dorte; Zhu, Tingju; Al-Riffai, Perrihan; Breisinger, Clemens; Verner, Dorte; Zhu, Tingju (2012). Al-Riffai, Perrihan; Breisinger, Clemens; Verner, Dorte; Zhu, Tingju (eds.). "Droughts in Syria: An Assessment of Impacts and Options for Improving the Resilience of the Poor". Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture 51 (2012). doi:10.22004/ag.econ.155471. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":12" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Gleick, Peter H. (2014-07-01). "Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria". Weather, Climate, and Society (in Turanci). 6 (3): 331–340. doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-13-00059.1. ISSN 1948-8327.
- 1 2 3 UNFCCC Syrian Arab Republic (2018). "Nationally Determined Contributions" (PDF). Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":11" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ The International Energy Agency (2022). "Syria".
- ↑ "Country Inventory - Climate TRACE". climatetrace.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-12-08.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:14 - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:2 - 1 2 3 4 Smiatek, Gerhard; Kaspar, Severin; Kunstmann, Harald (1 April 2013). "Hydrological Climate Change Impact Analysis for the Figeh Spring near Damascus, Syria". Journal of Hydrometeorology. 14 (2): 577–593. Bibcode:2013JHyMe..14..577S. doi:10.1175/JHM-D-12-065.1 – via American Meteorological Society.
- 1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:1 - 1 2 Akhmedkhodjaeva, Nodira (2 November 2024). "Drought in Syria" (PDF). The Aleppo Project.
- 1 2 "Global and Local Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Syria and Options for Adaptation". International Food Policy Research Institute: 1–64. June 2011 – via Cgiar.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:15 - 1 2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:9 - 1 2 Hamzeh, Ali (30 April 2004). "Overview of the Syrian Energy Profile". Beirut Regional Collaboration Workshop on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology – via RersearchGate. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":8" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Muzzall, Evan; Perlman, Brian; Rubenstein, Leonard S.; Haar, Rohini J. (2021-10-01). "Overview of attacks against civilian infrastructure during the Syrian civil war, 2012–2018". BMJ Global Health (in Turanci). 6 (10): e006384. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006384. ISSN 2059-7908. PMC 8488748 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 34598977 Check|pmid=value (help). - 1 2 Prus, Alexandra (2020-09-30). "Protection of the Environment through the Lens of Syria: Scrutinizing the Loopholes in the Prevailing Legislative Framework". Groningen Journal of International Law (in Turanci). 8 (1): 48–68. doi:10.21827/GroJIL.8.1.48-68. ISSN 2352-2674.
- ↑ Hole, F.; Zaitchik, B. F. (15 March 2007). "Policies, plans, practice, and prospects: irrigation in northeastern Syria". Land Degradation & Development (in Turanci). 18 (2): 133–152. Bibcode:2007LDeDe..18..133H. doi:10.1002/ldr.772. ISSN 1085-3278.
- 1 2 Al Berni, Rim Rateb (2010-01-01). "An Investigation into Sustainable Forest Policies and Practices in Syria". School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses.