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Canjin yanayi a Ukraine

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

 

Gidan shakatawa na Carpathian da Hoverla a 2,061 m (6,762 ft) , dutse mafi girma a Ukraine

Ukraine ita ce kasa ta biyu mafi girma a Turai, bayan Rasha. Yankunansa daban-daban suna da siffofi daban-daban na ƙasa daga tsaunuka zuwa ƙasƙanci, da kuma yanayin yanayi da kuma nau'o'i daban-daban a cikin hydrography. Yawancin ƙasar suna cikin Filin Gabashin Turai.

Yana kwance tsakanin latitudes 44 ° da 53 ° N, da longitudes 22 ° da 41 ° E, Ukraine ta rufe yanki na kilomita 603,628 (233,062 sq , tare da bakin teku na kilomita 2,782 (1,729 . [1]

Yankin Ukraine ya kunshi mafi yawan tsaunuka masu kyau da tsaunuka, koguna kamar Dnieper, Siverskyi Donets, Dniester da Kudancin Bug Ruwa gudana a kudu zuwa Tekun Baƙi da ƙaramin Tekun Azov. A kudu maso yamma, Danube_Delta" id="mwKg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Danube Delta">Delta na Danube ya zama iyaka da Romania. Duwatsun ƙasar kawai sune Dutsen Carpathian a yamma, wanda mafi girma shine Hoverla a mita 2,061 (6,762 , da Dutsen Crimea, a cikin matsanancin kudu tare da bakin teku.[2]

Ukraine kuma tana da yankuna masu yawa kamar Volyn-Podillia Upland (a yamma) da Dnieper Upland (an gefen dama na Dnieper). A gabas akwai yankunan kudu maso yammacin Tsakiyar Rasha, wanda ke kan iyaka da Rasha. Kusa da Tekun Azov ana iya samun Donets Ridge da Azov Upland. dusar ƙanƙara da ta narke daga duwatsu tana ciyar da koguna da magudanan ruwa.

Muhimman albarkatun kasa a Ukraine sun hada da lithium, iskar gas, [3] kaolin, [4] katako, [3] da kuma yalwar ƙasar noma. Duk da haka, kasar tana fuskantar manyan batutuwan muhalli kamar rashin isasshen ruwa mai sha, gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, sare daji, da gurɓatawar rediyo a arewa maso gabas daga hatsarin 1986 a Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.

Yanayin ƙasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lua error a Module:Location_map/multi, layi na 27: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/Ukraine" does not exist. Ukraine tana cikin Gabashin Turai: tana kwance a kan iyakar arewacin Tekun Baƙi da Tekun Azov . Kasar tana da iyaka da Belarus a arewa, Poland, Slovakia da Hungary a yamma, Moldova da Romania a kudu maso yamma, da Rasha a gabas.[5]

The total geographic area of Ukraine is 603,700 square kilometres (233,100 sq mi). Ukraine has an Exclusive Economic Zone of 147,318 square kilometres (56,880 sq mi) in the Black Sea.[5]

The land border of Ukraine totals 6,993 kilometres (4,345 mi).[6] The border lengths with each country are: Belarus 891 kilometres (554 mi) , Hungary 103 kilometres (64 mi) , Moldova 939 kilometres (583 mi) , Poland 428 kilometres (266 mi) , Romania 169 kilometres (105 mi) on the south and 362 kilometres (225 mi) on the west , Russia 1,974 kilometres (1,227 mi), and Slovakia 90 kilometres (56 mi) . Ukraine is also bordered by 3,783 kilometres (2,351 mi) of coastline . The border with Russia, part of which runs through the Sea of Azov, is the country's longest border.[7]

Taimako

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taswirar taimako ta Ukraine
Bayani mai sauƙi na halittu da ke arewacin Bahar Maliya. Yankin kore mai haske da ke kewaye da kudancin Tekun Baƙi, wanda ya kai yamma, yana nuna yankin subtropics.

Yawancin yankunanta suna cikin Great European Plain, yayin da wasu sassan yankuna na yamma da yankuna na kudanci suna cikin Tsarin Alpine. Gabaɗaya Ukraine ta ƙunshi halittu daban-daban guda biyu: gandun daji mai gauraye zuwa tsakiyar nahiyar, da kuma tsaunuka zuwa bakin tekun Black Sea. Manyan larduna sun hada da, Polesian Lowland, Dnieper Lowland, Volhynia-Podolie Plateau, Black Sea-Azov Lowland, Donets-Azov Plateau, Tsakiyar Rasha Upland, Carpathians, da Pannonian Basin.

Yankunan yamma suna da wani sashi mai kama da tsaunuka na Carpathian, Gabashin Carpathians wanda ya shimfiɗa a fadin Poland, Ukraine da Romania. Babbar tudu ita ce Dutsen Hoverla, wanda ke da mita 2,061 (6,762 sama da matakin teku shine mafi girman matsayi a kasar. Duwatsu suna iyakance zuwa yamma, kudancin Ukraine a kan Tekun Azov. Yankin yamma yana da Dutsen Carpathian, kuma wasu duwatsu masu lalacewa daga Donets Ridge suna gabas kusa da Tekun Azov.

Yawancin yankin Ukraine suna dauke da yankin da ke arewacin Tekun Baƙi. Yawancin Ukraine sun ƙunshi filayen da ke da kyau (ko tsaunuka) da tsaunuka. Dangane da amfani da ƙasa, kashi 58% na Ukraine ana ɗaukar ƙasa mai noma; ana amfani da kashi 2% don amfanin gona na dindindin, kashi 13% don makiyaya na dindada, kashi 18% gandun daji ne da gandun daji, kuma kashi 9% wani abu ne.

Rarrabawar jiki na Ukraine

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Yawancin Ukraine sun ƙunshi filayen yau da kullun tare da matsakaicin tsawo sama da matakin teku yana da mita 175 (574 . An kewaye shi da duwatsu a yamma da kudu. Yankunan filayen ƙasar suna cikin yankin kudu maso yammacin Gabashin Turai. Filayen suna da tsaunuka masu yawa da ƙananan ƙasashe waɗanda suka haifar da tushe mara kyau na Craton na Gabashin Turai. Yankunan tsaunuka suna da halayen duwatsu na Precambrian daga Garkuwar Ukraine.

Filayen ana ɗaukar su tsaunuka na 0-600 daga cikinsu akwai sanannun ƙasashe (flat) da tsaunuka (flat, tuddai, tuddai).

Babban Filayen Turai (ƙananan yankin Gabashin Turai)

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  • Volhynia-Podillia Upland (Volhynia- Podillia Plateau) Volhynian Upland Podolian Upland
    • Yankin tsaunuka na Volhynian
    • Yankin Podolian
  • Ƙananan Filayen Polesia
  • Khotyn Upland (wani ɓangare na Filayen Moldavian)
  • Roztocze
  • Ƙananan Sian-Dniester
  • Gabashin Gabashin Carpathian
  • Ƙasar Polesian
  • Dnieper Upland
  • Ƙananan Dnieper
  • Tsakiyar Rasha
  • Donets-Azov Filayen Donets Upland Azov Upland Donets Ridge
    • Donets Upland
    • Yankin Azov
    • Donets Ridge
  • Tekun Baƙi-Azov Lowland Tekun Baƙar fata Lowland Crimean Lowland Azov Lowland
    • Ƙasar Tekun Baƙi
    • Yankin Karkawa na Crimea
    • Yankin Ƙananan Azov

Tsarin Alpine

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  • Transcarpathian Lowland (ƙaruwa da Great Hungarian Plain, wani ɓangare na Gabashin Pannonian Basin)
  • Gabashin Carpathians (wani ɓangare na Dutsen Carpathian) Gabashin Gabashin Carpathian (mafi Gabashin Beskids da Ukrainian Carpathians) Gabashin Carpathia na Gabas (mafi yawan yankin Vihorlat-Gutin)
    • Gabashin Gabashin Carpathians (mafi Gabashin Beskids da Ukrainian Carpathians)
    • Gabashin Gabashin Carpathians (mafi yawan Yankin Vihorlat-Gutin)
  • Duwatsun Crimea

Ƙasa

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Kinburn sandbar, Ochakiv Raion, Mykolaiv OblastYankin Mykolaiv

Daga arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas ana iya raba ƙasa ta Ukraine zuwa manyan rukuni uku: [8]

Ayyukan noma a cikin Ivano-Frankivsk OblastYankin Ivano-Frankivsk
  • yanki na yashi mai yashi
  • belin tsakiya wanda ya kunshi ƙasa mai baƙar fata ta Ukraine mai ni'ima (chernozems)
  • Yankin shinkafa da Ƙasa mai gishiri

Kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na ƙasar ƙasar ya ƙunshi baƙar fata, hanya da ta sanya Ukraine ɗaya daga cikin yankuna masu kyau a duniya kuma an san shi da "bakin burodi". Wadannan ƙasa za a iya raba su zuwa manyan rukuni uku:

  • a arewa, belin chernozems mai zurfi, kimanin mita 1.5 (5 feet) mai kauri kuma mai wadata da humus
  • kudu da gabas na tsohon, yanki na tsaunuka, ko talakawa, chernozems, waɗanda suke da wadataccen humus amma kawai game da 90 centimeters (3 feet) kauri
  • belin kudu, wanda har ma ya fi ƙanƙanta kuma har yanzu yana da ƙarancin humus

Tsakanin wurare daban-daban da kuma arewa da yammacin iyakar zurfin chernozems sune cakuda launin toka da ƙasa mai baƙar fata, wanda tare ya mamaye yawancin sauran yankin Ukraine. Dukkanin wadannan ƙasa suna da kyau sosai lokacin da akwai isasshen ruwa. Koyaya, noma mai zurfi, musamman a kan gangaren da ke da tsawo, ya haifar da yaduwar lalacewar ƙasa da gullying.

Mafi ƙanƙantaccen ɓangaren ƙasa ya ƙunshi ƙasa mai laushi na yankunan kudanci da gabas. Suna ƙara zama masu gishiri zuwa kudu yayin da suke kusantar Tekun Baƙi.[8]

Rubuce-rubucen ruwa

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Kogin Kalmius, Donetsk

Yankin Ukraine yana da iyaka da ruwan Black Sea da Tekun Azov. Fiye da kashi 95% na koguna suna daga cikin kogunan ruwa na waɗannan teku biyu. Wasu koguna suna cikin yankin Tekun Baltic. Akwai manyan koguna bakwai a Ukraine: Desna, Dnipro, Dnister, Danube, Prypiat, Siverian Donets, da Southern Buh . [9]

Yanayi

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Taswirar Ukraine na rarraba yanayi na Köppen.
Taswirar 2071-2099 a ƙarƙashin yanayin canjin yanayi mafi tsanani. Abubuwan da ke cikin tsakiya a halin yanzu ana ɗaukar su da yiwuwar[10][11][12]
Matsakaicin matsakaicin yau da kullun da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi ga manyan birane bakwai a Ukraine [13]
Wurin da yake Yuli (°C) Yuli (°F) Janairu (°C) Janairu (°F)
Kyiv 27/17 80/62 -1/-6 31/22
Kharkiv 27/17 81/62 -2/-7 28/20
Dnipro 29/17 84/63 -1/-6 30/21
Odessa 28/19 82/66 2/-3 36/27
Donetsk 27/16 81/61 -1/-6 29/20
Zaporizhia 28/16 83/61 -0/-5 31/21
Lviv 24/13 75/56 -1/-8 32/21
Bayyana canjin yanayi a Kyiv, yana nuna bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin lokuta daban-daban na shekaru 30.

Ukraine tana da ƙarfi a tsakiyar latitudes, kuma gabaɗaya tana da yanayi na nahiyar, ban da gabar tekun kudancin, wanda ke nuna yanayin sanyi mai sanyi da zafi.[14] Matsakaicin yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 5.5-7 a arewa, zuwa 11-13 A kudu. Ana rarraba Ruwan sama ba daidai ba; ya fi girma a yamma da arewa kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a gabas da kudu maso gabas.[15] Yammacin Ukraine, musamman tsaunukan Carpathian, suna karɓar kusan millimeters 1,200 (47.2 in) na hazo a kowace shekara, yayin da Crimea da yankunan bakin teku na Tekun Baƙi ke karɓar kusan 400 millimeters (15.7 in).

Ana sa ran samun ruwa daga manyan koguna zai ragu, musamman a lokacin rani. Wannan yana haifar da haɗari ga bangaren noma.[16] Rashin tasirin Canjin yanayi a kan aikin gona galibi ana jin sa a kudancin kasar, wanda ke da yanayin tsaunuka. A arewa, wasu amfanin gona na iya amfana daga lokacin girma mai tsawo.[17] Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa Ukraine tana da matukar damuwa ga canjin yanayi.[18]

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Watan Janairu Fabrairu Maris Afrilu Mayu Yuni Yuli Ogusta Satumba Oktoba Nuwamba Disamba Shekara
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Albarkatun halitta

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Muhimman albarkatun kasa a Ukraine sun hada da: ƙarfe, manganese, iskar gas, titanium, kaolin, uranium, da ƙasar noma.[19][3][20]

Batutuwan muhalli

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Ukraine yana da batutuwan muhalli da yawa.[21][22] Wasu yankuna ba su da isasshen ruwan sha.[23] Rashin gurɓata iska da ruwa yana shafar ƙasar, da kuma sare daji, da gurɓataccen radiation a arewa maso gabas wanda ya samo asali ne daga hatsarin 1986 a Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . [24]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

  • Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a Ukraine
  • Taswirar Ukraine

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "Ukraine". CIA World Factbook. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2007.
  2. ↑ "Geographical location of Ukraine". www.ukrexport.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 2009-11-21. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  3. 1 2 "Mining – UkraineInvest" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  4. ↑ Nature, Preferred by. "Ukraine Timber Risk Profile". NEPCon - Preferred by Nature (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  5. 1 2 "Ukraine". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  6. ↑ "Державна прикордонна служба України". www.pvu.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  7. ↑ "Agreement between the Russian Federation and the Ukraine on cooperation in the use of the sea of Azov and the strait of Kerch". www.ecolex.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-27.
  8. 1 2 "Ukraine". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  9. ↑ "Seas, Rivers and Lakes of Ukraine".
  10. ↑ Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). "Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading". Nature. 577 (7792): 618–20. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..618H. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3. PMID 31996825.
  11. ↑ Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan (2022). "Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic". Annual Review of Environment and Resources. 47: 343–371. doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847. Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...
  12. ↑ Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). "Explainer: IPCC Scenarios". Cosmos. Archived from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023. "The IPCC doesn’t make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. The Australian Academy of Science, for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. Climate Action Tracker predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.
  13. ↑ "Ukraine climate information". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on January 30, 2000. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  14. ↑ "Ukraine". Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "ebclimate2".
  16. ↑ Didovets, Iulii; Krysanova, Valentina; Hattermann, Fred Fokko; del Rocío Rivas López, María; Snizhko, Sergiy; Müller Schmied, Hannes (2020-12-01). "Climate change impact on water availability of main river basins in Ukraine" (PDF). Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies (in Turanci). 32: 100761. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2020.100761. ISSN 2214-5818. S2CID 230613418 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  17. ↑ Skrypnyk, Andriy; Zhemoyda, Oleksandr; Klymenko, Nataliia; Galaieva, Liudmyla; Koval, Tatiana (2021-03-01). "Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on the Sustainability of Agricultural Production in Ukraine". Journal of Ecological Engineering. 22 (3): 275–288. doi:10.12911/22998993/132945. ISSN 2299-8993. S2CID 233801987 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  18. ↑ "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal". climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org (in Turanci).
  19. ↑ "The Forgotten Potential of Ukraine's Energy Reserves". Harvard International Review. 2020-10-10. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  20. ↑ "How Ukraine war will impact its farming – agronomist's view". Farmers Weekly (in Turanci). 2022-02-28. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  21. ↑ "Ukraine invasion: rapid overview of environmental issues". CEOBS (in Turanci). 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  22. ↑ "Ukraine Country Environmental Analysis". World Bank (in Turanci). January 2016.
  23. ↑ "Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)". www.unicef.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-03-03. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  24. ↑ "Environmental issues in Ukraine". Naturvernforbundet. 16 July 2017. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2017.

Bayani

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Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Zastavnyi, F. D. Yanayin jiki na Ukraine: ƙasashe da tsaunuka na Ukraine. "Heohrafiya".

Samfuri:Geographic regions of UkraineSamfuri:Ukraine topicsSamfuri:Geography of EuropeSamfuri:Europe topicSamfuri:Danube

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