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Canjin yanayi da birane

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.


Canjin yanayi da Birane suna da alaƙa sosai. Birane suna daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa kuma mai yiwuwa mafi kyawun dama don magance canjin yanayi.[1] Birane kuma suna daya daga cikin sassan da suka fi rauni a cikin al'ummar ɗan adam ga tasirin canjin yanayi, kuma mai yiwuwa ɗaya daga cikin mahimman hanyoyin magance rage Tasirin muhalli na mutane.[2] Ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya cewa kashi 68% na yawan jama'ar duniya za su zauna a cikin birane nan da shekara ta 2050.[3] A cikin shekara ta 2016, manyan birane 31 sun ba da rahoton samun akalla miliyan 10 a cikin yawan jama'arsu, 8 daga cikinsu sun wuce mutane miliyan 20.[4] Koyaya, birane na biyu - ƙananan birane zuwa matsakaici (500,000 zuwa miliyan 1) suna ƙaruwa cikin sauri kuma suna da wasu daga cikin yankunan birane masu saurin girma a duniya suna ƙara ba da gudummawa ga tasirin canjin yanayi.[5] Birane suna da tasiri sosai a kan gine-gine da sufuri - biyu daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga hayakin dumama duniya. Bugu da ƙari, saboda matakai da ke haifar da rikice-Rikicin yanayi da 'Yan gudun hijirar yanayi, ana sa ran yankunan birni za su girma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, suna jaddada ababen more rayuwa da kuma mayar da hankali ga mutanen da suka fi talauci a cikin birane.[6][7]

Hamburg, Jamus, babban birni ne wanda ya fuskanci fari da yawa a cikin shekaru, wanda ya haifar da raguwar yawan tattalin arziki.

  Wani rahoto daga C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group ya bayyana fitar da hayaki na amfani kamar yadda yake da tasiri sosai fiye da fitar da hayakin samarwa a cikin birane. Rahoton ya kiyasta cewa kashi 85% na hayaki da ke da alaƙa da kayayyaki a cikin birni ana samar da shi a waje da wannan birni. Canjin sauyin yanayi da saka hannun jari a cikin birane za su kasance da mahimmanci wajen rage tasirin wasu daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa na hayakin gas: alal misali, karuwar yawa yana ba da damar sake rarraba Amfani da ƙasa don noma da sake gandun daji, inganta ingancin sufuri, da kuma gine-gine (yawanci saboda rawar da siminti ke takawa a cikin Canjin yanayi da inganta Ayyukan gine-gine masu ɗorewa da yanayin yanayi).

Canjin yanayi da Urbanisation

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A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan da suka gabata, an kuma ba da shawarar haɓaka birane a matsayin abin da ke da tasiri mai raguwa akan ƙimar fitar da carbon a duniya da farko saboda tare da haɓaka ya zo ƙarfin fasaha wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen fitar da dorewa.[8] Jerin mafita na sauyin yanayi masu tasiri sun haɗa da mafita da ke mai da hankali ga birni; alal misali, Project Drawdown yana ba da shawarar manyan saka hannun jari na birane, gami da ingantaccen kayan aikin keke, gyaran gine-gine, dumama gundumar, sufuri na jama'a, da biranen da za a iya tafiya a matsayin mafita masu mahimmanci.[9][10][11][12][13]

Don kunnawa da mayar da hankali kan mafita na sauyin yanayi, al'ummar kasa da kasa sun kafa hadin gwiwar birane kamar C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group da ICLEI) da kuma manufofin manufofi, Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 11 ("birane da al'ummomi masu dorewa"). A halin yanzu, a cikin Shekara ta 2022, akwai lalacewa a ci gaban burin. Akwai iyakantaccen ci gaba a kan yin birane da mazaunan mutane da suka fi dacewa da zama a Afirka ta Kudu, Latin Amurka da Caribbean da ƙasashen Tsibirin Pacific. Akwai ci gaba mai kyau a Tsakiyar da Kudancin Asiya da Gabas da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Koyaya, an cimma shi a kasashe masu tasowa.[14]

Akwai ci gaba da canji a cikin tsarin birane wanda aka mayar da hankali kan ci gaban yanayi mai kyau da juriya ta hanyar amfani da yanayin birane. Tsarin birane na yanayi yana da niyyar kare kayan aikin jiki da na dijital na tattalin arzikin birane daga haɗarin da ke tattare da canjin yanayi. Da yake birane suna kawo kashi 80% na kudaden shiga na duniya, yana da mahimmanci ga ababen more rayuwa da tsara waɗannan birane ta amfani da kula da carbon da kayan aikin yanayi. [1]Samfuri:Climate change

Tarihi

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Fiye da rabin yawan jama'ar duniya suna cikin birane, suna cinye babban ɓangare na abinci da kayayyaki da aka samar a waje da birane. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tsara cewa kashi 68% na yawan jama'ar duniya za su zauna a cikin birane a shekara ta 2050.[3] A cikin shekara ta 2016, manyan birane 31 sun ba da rahoton samun akalla miliyan 10 a cikin yawan jama'arsu, 8 daga cikinsu sun wuce mutane miliyan 20.[15] Koyaya, birane na biyu - ƙananan birane zuwa matsakaici (500,000 zuwa miliyan 1) suna ƙaruwa cikin sauri kuma suna da wasu daga cikin yankunan birane masu saurin girma a duniya suna ƙara ba da gudummawa ga tasirin canjin yanayi.[16]

Rashin fitarwa

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Garuruwa a duniya suna dauke da rabin mutanen duniya, suna cin kashi 80% na makamashin duniya da kashi 70% na albarkatun kasa, kuma suna ba da gudummawar sama da kashi 70% na iskar CO2 na duniya.[1] Birane da yankuna su ma sun fi fuskantar haɗari da ƙazamin yanayi. Haɗarin yanayi da ƙazanta kuma suna shafar matalauta da yawa, suna ƙara rashin daidaito. Yayin da rabin al'ummar duniya ke zama a birane, za a sami karuwar amfani da makamashi wanda ke zuwa tare da Canjin Yanayi. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan zai zama AC, tun da sauyin yanayi ya zo tare da yanayin zafi mai yawa mutane da yawa za su fara buƙatar ƙarin tsarin sanyaya, don haka wannan yana haifar da ƙarin kwandishan da sababbin tsarin sanyaya. Ko da yake mutane da yawa suna zaune a biranen da zai iya haifar da ƙarancin, birane a zahiri suna fitar da ƙarancin carbon fiye da yankunan karkara tunda girman gidaje ya fi ƙanƙanta, ana amfani da ƙarin zafin gas akan propane, ƙarancin iskar carbon da ake amfani da shi, kuma mutane da yawa suna raba wuraren gama gari kamar ɗakunan wanki da kicin. Yayin da birane ke haifar da wasu matsaloli, yana da mahimmanci a gane cewa yawan jama'a yana haifar da ƙarancin iskar carbon da ke amfanar canjin yanayi.[2][3] Sabbin tsare-tsare yanzu sun mayar da hankali ne kan rage hayakin da ake fitarwa daga masana'antar wutar lantarki da kuma kara ingancin abin hawa.[4]

Game da hanyoyin fitar da hayaki, ƙididdigar birane na iya zama ƙalubale kamar yadda samar da kayayyaki da aiyuka a cikin yankinsu na iya danganta ko dai da amfani da cikin gida ko fitarwa. Hakanan 'yan ƙasa suna cinye kayan shigo da kayayyaki da ayyuka. Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano cewa kashi 40% na dabarun suna mai da hankali kan rage hayaki daga ayyukan birni waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kashi 1-5% na jimlar hayaki na birane, yayin da suke watsi da kayan shigo da kayayyaki da ayyukan masana'antu.[17] Don kauce wa ƙididdigar sau biyu a cikin kowane lissafin hayaki ya kamata a bayyana inda za a ƙidaya hayaki: a wurin samarwa ko amfani. Wannan na iya zama mai rikitarwa idan aka ba da dogon sarkar samarwa a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya. Bugu da ƙari, makamashi da ke cikin jiki da sakamakon manyan albarkatun da ake buƙata don tsarin makamashi mai sabuntawa da batirin motocin lantarki na iya wakiltar rikitarwa na kansa - hayaki na gida a shafin amfani na iya zama ƙarami sosai amma hayaki na rayuwa har yanzu yana da mahimmanci.[18]

Yankin karatu

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Halin bincike na birane da canjin yanayi, ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1990 yayin da al'ummomin duniya suka kara fahimtar tasirin canjin yanayi.[19] Masana nazarin birane Michael Hebbert da Vladmir Jankovic suna jayayya cewa wannan fagen bincike ya fito ne daga babban bangare na bincike kan tasirin ci gaban birane da rayuwa a kan muhalli tun farkon shekarun 1950. [19] Tun daga wannan lokacin, bincike ya nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin canjin yanayi da birni mai ɗorewa: kara biranen aiki yana rage talauci da haɓaka ƙwarewa.[20]

Cibiyar Nazarin Canjin Yanayi ta Urban a Cibiyar Duniya a Jami'ar Columbia ta buga gwaje-gwaje guda biyu na kasa da kasa.[21] An buga na farko a cikin, na farko daga cikinsu (ARC3.1) an buga shi a cikin 2011, [21] kuma na biyu daga cikinsu (ARD3.2) an buga shi ne a cikin 2018. Wadannan takardun suna aiki ne a matsayin taƙaitaccen tallafin karatu don fagen da ya yi kama da rahotanni na Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Za a buga rahoto na uku tsakanin 2023 da 2025.[22][23]

Birane a matsayin dakunan gwaje-gwaje

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Birane sune batutuwa masu kyau don karatu saboda suna iya saka hannun jari sosai a cikin manyan manufofi na gwaji waɗanda za a iya daidaita su a wasu wurare (kamar ayyukan tsara birane na San Diego wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a wasu wurare a Amurka). [24] Masana da yawa suna kusantar wannan ta hanyoyi daban-daban, amma suna bayyana wannan yanayin "gidan gwaje-gwaje na birni" mai kyau don gwada ayyuka iri-iri.[25][26] Misali, littafin Life After Carbon ya rubuta wasu biranen da ke aiki a matsayin "laboratories na kirkiro yanayi na birni". [27] Wadannan biranen a matsayin dakunan gwaje-gwaje suna ba da hanya mai inganci don gano canjin yanayi ta hanyar kallon tasirin greenhouse a kan rufin, itatuwan tituna, da sauran masu canjin muhalli a cikin birni.[28] Kodayake wannan hanyar kallon tasirin raƙuman zafi a cikin birane, zai ba da hanyar ganin matsalar tasirin zafi wanda birane za su warware a nan gaba.[28]

Tasirin kiwon lafiya

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An lura da canjin yanayi ya haifar da tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam da hanyoyin rayuwa a cikin birane.[29] Birane yawanci yana faruwa ne a cikin biranen da ke da ƙananan al'ummomin da ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin kuɗin da ke da yawan jama'a da rashin fahimtar yadda canjin yanayi, wanda ke lalata mahallinsu, ke shafar lafiyarsu. A cikin saitunan birane, yanayi da yawa da haɗarin da ba na yanayi ba suna tasiri ga biranen da ke haɓaka lalacewar da aka yi wa lafiyar ɗan adam. Misali, raƙuman zafi sun kara karfi a cikin birane saboda haɗuwa da dalilai da yawa da ke karawa ga canjin yanayi. Tare da raƙuman zafi da ke ƙaruwa a cikin birane, ya haifar da cututtukan da suka shafi zafi da yawa kamar bugun zafi ko ƙuƙwalwar zafi. Hawan yanayin zafi saboda canjin yanayi ya canza rarraba cututtuka daga sauro, wanda ke haifar da karuwar cututtukan cututtukani.[30] Tare da cututtukan cututtuka da raƙuman zafi, canjin yanayi na iya haifar da haɗarin halitta kamar ambaliyar ruwa, fari, da guguwa saboda hauhawar matakin teku. Har ila yau, yana cutar da waɗanda ke da COVID-19, asma, cututtuka, da dai sauransu.[31] Tasirin da ke tattare da lafiyar ɗan adam a cikin saitunan birane ya fi zurfi a cikin mazaunan birane da ke cikin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.[32] : SPM-11 Ƙananan masu karɓar kuɗi da masu nisa sun fi fuskantar haɗarin jiki, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, zawo da sauran cututtukan cututtuka, da kuma sakamakon kiwon lafiya na ƙaura.[33]

Resilience na birane

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Kwamitin Intergovernmental kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ya bayyana juriya a matsayin "ikon tsarin zamantakewa ko muhalli don shawo kan rikice-rikice yayin da yake riƙe da tsarin asali da hanyoyin aiki, ikon shirya kai, da ikon daidaitawa da damuwa da canji. " [34] Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman ra'ayoyin da aka jaddada a cikin ka'idar juriya ta birane shine buƙatar tsarin birane don ƙara ƙarfin su na shawo kan tashin hankali na muhalli. Ta hanyar mayar da hankali kan abubuwa uku masu mahimmanci na motsi na juriya, tsarin juriya na birane na Tyler da Moench yana aiki a matsayin abin koyi wanda za'a iya aiwatarwa don tsara gida a kan sikelin duniya.

Abu na farko na juriya na yanayi na birane yana mai da hankali kan 'tsarin' ko kayan aikin jiki da aka saka a cikin tsarin birane. Wani muhimmin damuwa game da juriya na birane yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin kiyaye tsarin tallafi wanda hakan ke ba da damar cibiyoyin sadarwa na samarwa da musayar jama'a a cikin birane.[34] Wadannan tsarin sun shafi kayan aikin jiki a cikin birni da kuma yanayin halittu a cikin ko kewaye da cibiyar birni; yayin da suke aiki don samar da ayyuka masu mahimmanci kamar samar da abinci, kula da ambaliyar ruwa, ko gudanar da runoff.[34] Misali, wutar lantarki ta birni, wajibi ne ga rayuwar birni, ya dogara da aikin janareto, grid, da tafkuna masu nisa. Rashin nasarar waɗannan manyan tsarin yana lalata lafiyar ɗan adam a cikin waɗannan birane, tare da cewa, yana da mahimmanci a kula da su a fuskar rikice-rikicen muhalli mai zuwa. Al'ummomi suna buƙatar gina juriya a cikin waɗannan tsarin don cimma irin wannan ƙwarewa. Tsarin juriya yana aiki don "tabbatar da cewa ana riƙe aiki kuma ana iya sake dawo da shi ta hanyar haɗin tsarin" [34] duk da wasu gazawar ko rikice-rikice na aiki. Tabbatar da aikin waɗannan mahimman tsarin ana samun su ta hanyar sakawa da kiyaye sassauci a gaban "rashin lafiya". [34] Tsarin juriya yana samun sassauci ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa ana rarraba mahimman ayyuka ta hanyar da ba za su taɓa wani taron da aka ba su a lokaci ɗaya ba, abin da galibi ake kira bambancin sararin samaniya, kuma yana da hanyoyi da yawa don saduwa da buƙata da aka ba, wanda galibi ake kiransa bambancin aiki. Kasancewar gazawar aminci yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye waɗannan tsarin, waɗanda ke aiki ta hanyar shawo kan girgizar kwatsam wanda zai iya wuce ƙofar ƙira.[34] Tabbas ana sa ran rikice-rikicen muhalli za su kalubalanci ƙwarewar waɗannan tsarin, don haka kasancewar gazawar aminci kusan tabbas ya zama dole.

Yawancin masu amsawa na Turai ga binciken kan yanayi sun yi imanin cewa suna iya motsa yankuna ko ƙasashe saboda canjin yanayi.

Bugu da ƙari, wani muhimmin bangare na waɗannan tsarin shine ikon sake dawowa. A cikin yanayin da abubuwan da ke da haɗari na yanayi suka shafi waɗannan cibiyoyin birane, murmurewa ko "bouncing-back" yana da matukar muhimmanci. A zahiri, a cikin mafi yawan nazarin bala'i, sau da yawa ana bayyana juriya ta birni a matsayin "ikon birni don sake dawowa daga lalacewa. " Wannan ra'ayin sake dawowa don tsarin birane yana cikin wallafe-wallafen gwamnati na wannan batu. Misali, Tsohon Kwamishinan leken asiri da tsaro na farko na gwamnatin Burtaniya ya bayyana juriya ta birane a matsayin "ikon shawo kan girgizar ƙasa da sake komawa cikin siffar aiki, ko aƙalla, isasshen juriya don hana ... rushewar tsarin. "Cikin waɗannan ƙididdigar a zuciya, maganganun sake dawowa sun kasance kuma ya kamata su ci gaba da kasancewa wani muhimmin ɓangare na tsarin juriya na yanayi na birane. Sauran masu ra'ayi sun soki wannan ra'ayin na sake dawowa, suna mai nuna wannan a matsayin fifiko ga halin da ake ciki, maimakon bayar da shawarar ra'ayin 'tsalle gaba', ba da izinin tsarin juyin halitta da ingantawa.[35]

Abu na gaba na juriya na yanayi na birane yana mai da hankali kan jami'an zamantakewa (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin masu wasan zamantakewa) da ke cikin cibiyoyin birane. Yawancin waɗannan wakilai sun dogara da cibiyoyin birane don wanzuwarsu, don haka suna da sha'awar aiki don karewa da kiyaye kewayen birane.[34] Wakilan a cikin cibiyoyin birane suna da ikon yin shawarwari da yanke shawara, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a ka'idar juriya ta yanayi. Mutum ba zai iya watsi da rawar da kananan hukumomi da kungiyoyin al'umma ke takawa ba, wanda za a tilasta masa yin manyan yanke shawara game da shirya da isar da manyan ayyuka da tsare-tsare don yaki da tasirin canjin yanayi.[34] Wataƙila mafi mahimmanci, waɗannan jami'an zamantakewa dole ne su kara karfin su dangane da ra'ayoyin "mai amfani da amsawa".[34] Amsa yana nufin ikon masu fafatawa da kungiyoyi don tsarawa da sake tsarawa, da kuma ikon yin tsammanin da tsarawa don abubuwan da suka faru. Resourcefulness yana nufin ikon masu aikin zamantakewa a cikin cibiyoyin birane don tattara kadarori da albarkatu daban-daban don ɗaukar mataki.[34] Cibiyoyin birane za su iya kula da kansu da kyau a cikin zafi na rikice-rikicen yanayi lokacin da aka sami amsawa da albarkatu gaba ɗaya a hanya mai tasiri.

Bambance-bambance na yanki da na ƙasa

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Birane a sassa daban-daban na duniya suna fuskantar kalubale daban-daban da dama na musamman a fuskar canjin yanayi. Koyaya, wani abu mai haɗawa shine bin diddigin da ba za a iya gujewa ba ga "Matsayi na duniya na birni da masana'antu" wanda sau da yawa ke haifar da "babban gyare-gyare na direbobi don hanyoyin hydrologic da biogeochemical".[36] Tsarin birane da masana'antu sun bayyana musamman ga yankuna kamar Asiya, Afirka, da Kudancin Amurka, yankunan da a halin yanzu ake fahimta kamar yadda suke fuskantar sauye-sauye masu sauri a cikin yawan jama'a da ƙarfin tattalin arziki.[36] Da farko a cikin 2020s, birane da yawa a duk duniya sun fara kirkirar mukamai na Babban Jami'in Zafin don tsarawa da sarrafa aikin da ke magance tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane.[37]

Afirka

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  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
  2. ↑ Liang, Longwu; Wang, Zhenbo; Li, Jiaxin (2019). "The effect of urbanization on environmental pollution in rapidly developing urban agglomerations". Journal of Cleaner Production. 237: 117649. Bibcode:2019JCPro.23717649L. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117649. S2CID 200054369.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN | UN DESA | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs". www.un.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  4. ↑ Sancino, Alessandro; Stafford, Max; Braga, Alessandro; Budd, Leslie (2022-07-03). "What can city leaders do for climate change? Insights from the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group network". Regional Studies. 56 (7): 1224–1233. Bibcode:2022RegSt..56.1224S. doi:10.1080/00343404.2021.2005244. ISSN 0034-3404. S2CID 245371599 Check |s2cid= value (help). |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  5. ↑ United Nations (2018). "The World's Cities in 2018". population.un.org. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  6. ↑ "With people crowding into urban areas, how can cities protect themselves against climate change?". University of Helsinki (in Turanci). 14 May 2019. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  7. ↑ Abrahams, Daniel (August 2020). "Conflict in abundance and peacebuilding in scarcity: Challenges and opportunities in addressing climate change and conflict". World Development (in Turanci). 132: 104998. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104998. S2CID 218966713.
  8. ↑ Wang, Yuan; Zhang, Xiang; Kubota, Jumpei; Zhu, Xiaodong; Lu, Genfa (1 August 2015). "A semi-parametric panel data analysis on the urbanization-carbon emissions nexus for OECD countries". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 48: 704–709. Bibcode:2015RSERv..48..704W. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.046.
  9. ↑ "Bicycle Infrastructure @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions". Project Drawdown (in Turanci). 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  10. ↑ "Building Retrofitting @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions". Project Drawdown (in Turanci). 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  11. ↑ "District Heating @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions". Project Drawdown (in Turanci). 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  12. ↑ "Public Transit @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions". Project Drawdown (in Turanci). 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  13. ↑ "Walkable Cities @ProjectDrawdown #ClimateSolutions". Project Drawdown (in Turanci). 6 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  14. ↑ "Progress Chart — SDG Indicators". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  15. ↑ Sancino, Alessandro; Stafford, Max; Braga, Alessandro; Budd, Leslie (2022-07-03). "What can city leaders do for climate change? Insights from the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group network". Regional Studies. 56 (7): 1224–1233. Bibcode:2022RegSt..56.1224S. doi:10.1080/00343404.2021.2005244. ISSN 0034-3404. S2CID 245371599 Check |s2cid= value (help). |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  16. ↑ United Nations (2018). "The World's Cities in 2018". population.un.org. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  17. ↑ [Cohen, M., Baker, M., Bush, M. et al.] (2025). "A review of U.S. city climate action plans". Climatic Change. 178 (61): 102-120. doi:10.1007/s10584-025-03887-7.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Huovila, Aapo; Siikavirta, Hanne; Antuña Rozado, Carmen; Rökman, Jyri; Tuominen, Pekka; Paiho, Satu; Hedman, Åsa; Ylén, Peter (2022). "Carbon-neutral cities: Critical review of theory and practice". Journal of Cleaner Production. 341: 130912. Bibcode:2022JCPro.34130912H. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130912. S2CID 246818806 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Hebbert, Michael; Jankovic, Vladimir (19 April 2013). "Cities and Climate Change: The Precedents and Why They Matter". Urban Studies (in Turanci). 50 (7): 1332–1347. Bibcode:2013UrbSt..50.1332H. doi:10.1177/0042098013480970. S2CID 145397370.
  20. ↑ Jin, Gui; Fu, Rao; Li, Zhihui; Wu, Feng; Zhang, Fan (November 2018). "[[:Samfuri:CO2]] emissions and poverty alleviation in China: An empirical study based on municipal panel data". Journal of Cleaner Production (in Turanci). 202: 883–891. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.221. S2CID 158054520. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2021. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 (William ed.). OCLC Dhakal Check |oclc= value (help). Invalid |url-access=Mehrotra (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  22. ↑ "ARC3.3 Author Nominations". Urban Climate Change and Research Network. Center for Climate Systems Research (CCSR). Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  23. ↑ "Third Assessment Report on Climate Change and Cities (ARC3.3)". Urban Climate Change and Research Network. Retrieved April 25, 2024.
  24. ↑ Muro, David G. Victor and Mark (22 October 2020). "Cities are pledging to confront climate change, but are their actions working?". Brookings (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  25. ↑ Chroneer, D.; Ståhlbröst, Anna; Habibipour, Abdolrasoul (2019). "Urban Living Labs: Towards an Integrated Understanding of Their Key Components". Technology Innovation Management Review. 9 (3): 50–62. doi:10.22215/TIMREVIEW/1224. S2CID 189624614.
  26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  27. ↑ "Urban Climate Innovation Laboratories". Life After Carbon (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Urban Climate Lab". urbanclimate.gatech.edu. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  29. ↑ Harlan, Sharon L; Ruddell, Darren M (2011-05-01). "Climate change and health in cities: impacts of heat and air pollution and potential co-benefits from mitigation and adaptation". Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability (in Turanci). 3 (3): 126–134. Bibcode:2011COES....3..126H. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2011.01.001. ISSN 1877-3435. Archived from the original on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  30. ↑ Gasper, Rebecca; Blohm, Andrew; Ruth, Matthias (30 May 2011). "Social and economic impacts of climate change on the urban environment". Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. Open Publishing. 3 (3): 150–157. Bibcode:2011COES....3..150G. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.009. Archived from the original on 21 February 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  31. ↑ Kumar, Prashant (25 February 2021). "Climate Change and Cities: Challenges Ahead". Frontiers in Sustainable Cities. Open Publishing. 3. doi:10.3389/frsc.2021.645613.
  32. ↑ "Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC. February 27, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
  33. ↑ McMichael, Anthony J. (2013-04-04). "Globalization, Climate Change, and Human Health". New England Journal of Medicine (in Turanci). 368 (14): 1335–1343. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1109341. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 23550671.
  34. ↑ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 Moench, Marcus; Tyler, Stephen (2012). "A Framework for Urban Climate Resilience". Climate and Development. 4 (4): 4. Bibcode:2012CliDe...4..311T. doi:10.1080/17565529.2012.745389. S2CID 153822223.
  35. ↑ O'Hare, Paul; White, Iain; Connelly, Angela (2015-09-01). "Insurance as maladaptation: Resilience and the 'business as usual' paradox" (PDF). Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy (in Turanci). 34 (6): 1175–1193. doi:10.1177/0263774X15602022. ISSN 0263-774X. S2CID 155016786. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2022.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Park, Jeryang; Gall, Heather E.; Niyogi, Dev; Rao, P. Suresh C. (May 2013). "Temporal trajectories of wet deposition across hydro-climatic regimes: Role of urbanization and regulations at U.S. and East Asia sites". Atmospheric Environment (in Turanci). 70: 280–288. Bibcode:2013AtmEn..70..280P. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.01.033. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  37. ↑ Ramirez, Rachel (2022-07-20). "Faced with more deadly heat waves, US cities are taking an unprecedented step". CNN (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-01-06. Retrieved 2023-01-06.

Afirka tana bunkasa birane da sauri fiye da kowane nahiya, [1] kuma an kiyasta cewa nan da shekara ta 2030, fiye da 'yan Afirka biliyan daya za su zauna a birane. [2] Wannan saurin birni, haɗe da ƙalubalen da ke da alaƙa da rikitarwa sakamakon canjin yanayi, ya zama babbar shingen ga ci gaban Afirka mai ɗorewa.[3] Yawancin wannan Ci gaban Birane ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, tare da mazaunan birane da ke zaune a cikin ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka sau da yawa a gefen birane.[4] Wannan sabon abu ya nuna cewa ya kamata a yi niyya ga kasashe masu karamin karfi a cikin shirye-shirye don kara dorewar ababen more rayuwa. Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya gano cewa a cikin "ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga na kowane mutum na kasa da USD 15,000 a kowace shekara (a PPP-da aka daidaita 2011 USD) farashin carbon yana da, a matsakaita, tasirin rarraba ci gaba" kuma cewa "farashin carbon yana da raguwa a cikin ƙasashe masu samun kuɗi mafi girma, yana nuna cewa harajin carbon da sauya farashin carbon na iya ƙarfafa gwamnatoci su sauya zuwa makamashi mai kore a matsayin hanyar amfani da makamashi don bunkasa yankunan birane.[5] Kodayake ana ganin birane a cikin haske mai kyau, tasirinsa na iya zama mara kyau ga waɗanda ke cikin birane. Biranen Afirka suna fuskantar barazanar yanayi da yawa ciki har da ambaliyar ruwa, fari, damuwa da ruwa, hauhawar matakin teku, raƙuman zafi, guguwa da guguwa, da kuma tasirin Rashin tsaro na abinci da barkewar cututtuka kamar Kwalara da Malaria daga ambaliyar ƙasa da fari.[6]

Tasirin yanayi a yankunan karkara, kamar hamada, asarar halittu masu yawa, Rushewar ƙasa da raguwar yawan aikin gona, suma suna haifar da ƙaura daga yankunan karamar hukuma zuwa birane na talakawa zuwa birane.[3] Don cimma ci gaba mai ɗorewa da juriya ta yanayi a biranen Afirka, da sauran wurare, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da waɗannan haɗin birane da ƙauyuka.[1] Ana ba da hankali ga muhimmiyar rawar da yankunan birane ke takawa a cikin yanayin birane, musamman game da Ayyukan yanayin halittu da waɗannan yankuna ke bayarwa kuma waɗanda ke saurin lalacewa a Afirka ta Kudu.[7] Tsarin halittu na birane na iya samar da ayyuka kamar sarrafa ambaliyar ruwa, rage tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane, tsarkake iska da ruwa, tallafawa abinci da Tsaro na ruwa, da kuma sarrafa sharar gida.[8]

Asiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

China

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasar Sin a halin yanzu tana da daya daga cikin tattalin arzikin masana'antu da ke bunkasa da sauri a duniya, kuma tasirin wannan saurin birni bai kasance ba tare da tasirin canjin yanayi ba. Kasar tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma ta ƙasa, don haka mafi shahararren yanki game da birni shine Kogin Yangtze Delta, ko YRD, saboda ana ɗaukarsa "Yankin da ya fi bunkasa, mai ƙarfi, mai yawan jama'a da kuma masana'antu" kuma ana zarginsa "yana girma cikin babban birni mai tasiri a duniya kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewar kasar Sin".[9] Ta wannan hanyar za a iya fahimtar birni a kasar Sin kamar yadda yake da alaƙa da ba kawai da aikin tsarin tattalin arzikin su ba, har ma da al'umma a ciki; wani abu da ke sa sauyin yanayi ya zama batun da ya shafi fiye da kawai ababen more rayuwa.[10]

Bayanan sun nuna cewa "[h] manyan biranen gudanarwa suna da karbuwa mai ƙarfi, ƙarancin rauni, da kuma shirye-shiryen da ya fi dacewa da biranen da ke matakin gundumar. " [11] Babban ƙaura na yawan jama'ar kasar Sin zuwa Kogin Yangtze Delta da ƙauyuka saboda saurin birane, da fadada makafi a cikin gina biranen gabas saboda matsin lamba ya fi dacewa ga mulkin yanayi na birane.

A tarihi, bayanai sun nuna cewa "canjin yanayi yana tsara Delta da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki" kuma irin wannan ci gaban zamantakewar tattalin arziki a yankin "ya tsara yanayin ƙasa da kuma gina mahalli, wanda, duk da haka, ba zai iya daidaitawa da canjin yanayi na gaba ba".[9] Don haka, an bayyana cewa "Yana da mahimmanci a karɓi manufofi da shirye-shirye don ragewa da daidaitawa da canjin yanayi" a cikin YRD, musamman, manufofi waɗanda ke da niyyar rage tasirin wasu barazanar yanayi bisa ga yanayin YRD. Wannan ya haɗa da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu a cikin rage bala'in ambaliyar ruwa da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi a matakin gida.[9]

Binciken manufofi na kasa da aka yi a kan wuraren da suka bushe na arewacin kasar Sin ya gabatar da ra'ayin "tsarin shimfidar wuri na birane (SULP) " wanda ke da niyyar "guje wa zama muhimman wuraren zama da hanyoyin halitta, manyan amfanin gona, da ambaliyar ruwa".[12] Binciken ya nuna cewa karɓar SULPs da ke motsawa zuwa nan gaba na iya "daidaita tasirin canjin yanayi akan ƙarfin albarkatun ruwa da rage damuwa na ruwa" ba kawai a cikin tsarin gwaji na arewacin China ba amma don "ƙasa a duniya".[12]

Kudancin Asiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawan mutanen birane na Kudancin Asiya ya karu da miliyan 130 tsakanin 2001 da 2011 - fiye da dukan jama'ar Japan - kuma yana shirye ya karu da kusan miliyan 250 nan da shekara ta 2030.[13] Amma, birane a Kudancin Asiya ana nuna su da talauci mafi girma, ƙauyuka, gurɓataccen yanayi da cunkoso.[14] Akalla 'yan Asiya ta Kudu miliyan 130 - fiye da dukan jama'ar Mexico - suna zaune a cikin ƙauyuka na birane waɗanda ke da ƙarancin gine-gine, rashin tsaro da kuma makircin da ba a kula da su ba.[13] Duk da kasancewa yanki mai wadataccen ruwa, samfuran tsinkaye na yanayi sun nuna cewa nan da shekara ta 2050, tsakanin mutane miliyan 52 zuwa 146 da ke zaune a Kudancin Asiya na iya fuskantar karuwar karancin ruwa saboda canjin yanayi, wanda ya kai kashi 18% na yawan mutanen duniya da ke fuskantar karancin ruwa.[15] Samun ruwa a birane yana da mahimmanci a Kudancin Asiya yayin da ya kasance gida ga fiye da 40% na matalauta a duniya (yana rayuwa a kasa da US $ 1.25 a kowace rana) da kuma 35% na duniya da ba su da abinci mai gina jiki.[16] Binciken da aka yi na zaɓaɓɓun biranen Himalayan a Indiya da Nepal ya gano cewa babu wani daga cikinsu da ingantaccen tsarin tsara ruwa da shugabanci don magance kalubalen ruwa da ke fitowa daga saurin birni da canjin yanayi.[17] Birane na Indiya ana nuna su ta hanyar ƙauyuka na al'ada ko ƙauyuka, waɗanda ba su da kayan more rayuwa na asali kuma sau da yawa wurare ne masu haɗari kamar filayen ambaliyar ruwa ko gangara masu tsawo.[18] Khulna, Bangladesh ma tana fuskantar matsaloli. Yayin da matakan teku suka fara tashi, saboda canjin yanayi, salinity zai motsa ciki, yana rage yawan ruwan sha mai kyau ga mutanen Khulna. Akwai shirye-shiryen da ake sanyawa don inganta ingancin ruwa a cikin birane, amma wannan yana rage wadatar waɗanda ke cikin birane na al'ada. Ya zuwa yanzu sun dogara da amfani da ruwa kaɗan kamar yadda zai yiwu, musamman don amfanin gonar su.[19]  

Turai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Arewa da Kudancin Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Brazil

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mutanen da ke Brazil, Mexico, Ecuador, da sauran ƙasashe suna jin cewa dole ne su motsa saboda tasirin canjin yanayi.[20]

An kuma ambaci yankuna na Kudancin Amurka a cikin binciken da aka yi kwanan nan wanda ke nuna haɗarin birni a kan yanayin gida da na kasa da kasa, da kuma ƙasa kamar Brazil, ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu yawan jama'a a duniya da kuma mafi yawan masu riƙe da gandun daji na Amazon. Shirin Ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nuna cewa gandun daji na Amazon yana aiki ne a matsayin "maɓallin aiki a cikin tsarin yanayi na duniya," ya ba da fa'idarsa mai zurfi wajen kama hayakin CO2.[21] Binciken Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nuna cewa saboda yanayin Brazil yana dogara sosai da lafiyar gandun daji, ana ganin matakan sare daji a halin yanzu suna da mummunar tasiri a kan "ƙwarewar daidaitawa ta halitta" na gandun daji zuwa ga matsanancin sauye-sauyen yanayi, don haka yana sa Brazil ta zama abin da ake sa ran karuwar canji a cikin yanayin zafin jiki da ruwan sama.[21] Fiye da haka, ana sa ran cewa idan dumamar duniya ta ci gaba a kan hanyar da take da ita a yanzu ba tare da an sanya manyan dabarun ragewa ba, abin da a halin yanzu ake hasashen zai zama matsakaicin karuwar 2 ° C a zafin jiki a sikelin duniya na iya zama kamar 4 ° C a cikin Brazil da yankin Amazon da ke kewaye.[21] Saurin birane a wasu ƙasashe zai haifar da buƙatar albarkatu. Wannan ya haɗa da albarkatun da za su haifar da ci gaba da sare daji na Amazon Rainforest don samun. Wannan ba za a iya gujewa ba zai haifar da batutuwan yanayi da yawa, yayin da muke ci gaba da rasa itatuwa da yawa a cikin gandun daji na Amazon.[22]  

Batutuwan canjin yanayi a Brazil ba su fara da ƙare a abin da aka riga aka yi game da birni ba; batun ne da ya samo asali a cikin yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Binciken abubuwan da aka yi da kuma samfuran koma baya da yawa da Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka ta tallafawa sun bayyana cewa ga duk Brazil, "rashin daidaito na samun kudin shiga yana hasashen matakan da suka fi girma na mahimmin bangare na rauni a cikin biranen Brazil" ga haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa.[23]

Makomar tasirin yanayi na Brazil na iya canzawa tunda kodayake NDC Brazil ta yi alkawarin rage hayakin gas din su da kashi 37% a ƙasa da matakan su na 2005 nan da shekara ta 2025.[24] Wannan zai iya zama kalubale a cikin biranen Brazil tunda kashi 86% na yawan mutanen ƙasar suna zaune a cikin birane, kuma wannan zai iya ƙaruwa zuwa 92% nan da shekara ta 2050.[24] Game da sare daji, tunda Brazil gida ce ga gandun daji na Amazon, Brazil koyaushe tana da babban adadin sare daji.[25] Kashe gandun daji na Brazil ya kasance a saman a shekara ta 2004 tare da lalata kilomita dubu 27.77, yana da ƙasa a shekara ta 2012 tare da lalata kusan kilomita dubu 4.57 na gandun daji, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ya koma kan tudu tare da lalata dubban kilomita 10.85 na gandun dajin.[26]

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Amurka, a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kasashe masu masana'antu a duniya, tana da batutuwa game da rashin isasshen kayan aiki da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi. Ɗauki nazarin ilimin Las Vegas a matsayin mai nunawa. Binciken da ya haifar da taswirar amfani da ƙasa / rufe ƙasa guda uku, ko taswirar LULC, na Las Vegas a cikin 1900 (ko da yake zato ne), 1992, da 2006 sun gano cewa "birni a Las Vegas yana samar da tsibirin zafi na birni (UHI) da dare amma ƙaramin yanayin sanyaya a rana".[27] Baya ga canje-canjen zafin jiki a cikin birni, an sami "karin tashin hankali" wanda ya haifar da ƙarin gine-gine / gine-ginen da aka rufe a hanyarsa "don samun tasirin inji na rage saurin iska Windfield a kan birni".[27] Birane a Amurka waɗanda ke da masana'antu sosai, kamar Los Angeles, suna da alhakin yawan hayaki mai yawa saboda yawan sufuri da ake buƙata ga miliyoyin mutane da ke zaune a cikin birni ɗaya.[28] Irin waɗannan abubuwan da ba na halitta ba suna inganta ra'ayin cewa birni yana da rawar da za a taka wajen tantance yanayin yankin, kodayake masu bincike sun yarda cewa ana buƙatar gudanar da ƙarin karatu a fagen.

Birane suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen saka hannun jari a cikin sababbin yanayi a Amurka. Sau da yawa manufofin yanayi na gida a cikin birane, suna hana manyan manufofi da jihohi ko gwamnatin tarayya ke bi. Misali, bayan janyewar Amurka daga Yarjejeniyar Paris hadin gwiwar birane, a karkashin tutar Mayors National Climate Action Agenda. Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2020 na biranen Amurka ya gano cewa 45 daga cikin manyan birane 100 a Amurka sun yi alkawura a shekarar 2017, wanda ya haifar da raguwar kashi 6% na hayakin Amurka a shekarar 2020. [29]

Dokar Tsabtace Iska
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun lokacin da Dokar Tsabtace Iska ta wuce a 1963 a matsayin wani muhimmin tsari na doka da aka yi niyyar sarrafa ingancin iska a matakin kasa, bincike ya nuna cewa "ma'aunin saukowa mai laushi... ya ragu a Amurka a tsawon lokaci" tun lokacin da aka kafa shi. Ko da a lokacin, duk da haka, wannan binciken ya nuna cewa ma'auni a cikin adadin gurɓataccen sinadarai da ke gurɓata ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara, da hazo "yana bin aikin yiwuwar yiwuwar aiki a duk shafuka".[30] Irin wannan binciken ya nuna cewa abin da ake zargi da bambancin a cikin tsarin ruwan sama shine yiwuwar haifar da sakamakon binciken da ke da kyau, sabanin kasancewar muhimmancin da ya samo asali daga canjin manufofi.[30] A cikin wannan mahallin ne cewa yayin da yake da fa'ida, Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa kadai ba za ta iya tsayawa a matsayin hujja mai ƙarfi don manufofin yanayi a Amurka da ke ci gaba ba.[31]

Mayors na Kasa Yanayin Yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manufofin kasa da kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kafa manyan al'ummomin kasa da kasa da yawa na birane da manufofi don hada da wasu birane a cikin aikin yanayi.

C40

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

SDG 11: Biranen da al'ummomi masu dorewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yarjejeniyar Duniya ta Mayors don Yanayi da Makamashi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haɗin waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "World Urbanization Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". population.un.org. Archived from the original on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  2. ↑ redazione@ispionline.it (29 May 2019). "Africa 2063: How Cities Will Shape the Future of a Continent". ISPI (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Butterfield, R.E; Coll Besa, M; Burmeister, H; Blair, K; Kavonic, J; Bharwani, S; Cullis, J; Spires, M; Mwalukanga, B (2017). "Inspiring Climate Action in African Cities: Practical Options for Resilient Pathways" (PDF). fractal.org.za. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  4. ↑ Förster, Till; Ammann, Carole (1 October 2018). "African Cities and the Development Conundrum . Actors and Agency in the Urban Grey Zone". International Development Policy | Revue internationale de politique de développement (in Turanci) (10): 3–25. doi:10.4000/poldev.2621. ISSN 1663-9375. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2020. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  5. ↑ Dorband, Ira Irina; Jakob, Michael; Kalkuhl, Matthias; Steckel, Jan Christoph (March 2019). "Poverty and distributional effects of carbon pricing in low- and middle-income countries – A global comparative analysis". World Development (in Turanci). 115: 246–257. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.11.015. S2CID 158222540.
  6. ↑ Kareem, Buyana; Lwasa, Shuaib; Tugume, Denis; Mukwaya, Paul; Walubwa, Jacqueline; Owuor, Samuel; Kasaija, Peter; Sseviiri, Hakimu; Nsangi, Gloria; Byarugaba, Disan (2 July 2020). "Pathways for resilience to climate change in African cities". Environmental Research Letters (in Turanci). 15 (7): 073002. Bibcode:2020ERL....15g3002K. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab7951. ISSN 1748-9326.
  7. ↑ Mngumi, Lazaro Eliyah (1 April 2020). "Ecosystem services potential for climate change resilience in peri-urban areas in Sub-Saharan Africa". Landscape and Ecological Engineering (in Turanci). 16 (2): 187–198. doi:10.1007/s11355-020-00411-0. ISSN 1860-188X. S2CID 211138685.
  8. ↑ Marshall, F; Dolley, J; Randhawa, P; Bisht, R; Priya, R; Waldman, L; Scharlemann, J; Shamma, C; Devi, C (January 2017). "Why Peri-urban Ecosystem Services Matter for Urban Policy". researchgate.net. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Gu, Chaolin; Hu, Lingqian; Zhang, Xiaoming; Wang, Xiaodan; Guo, Jing (October 2011). "Climate change and urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta". Habitat International (in Turanci). 35 (4): 544–552. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2011.03.002. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  10. ↑ "Floods Could Affect Twice as Many People Worldwide Within 15 Years". E&E News, via Politico Pro. 2021-11-30. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  11. ↑ Pei, Xiaodong; Wu, Jing; Xue, Junbo; Zhao, Jincai; Liu, Changxin; Tian, Yuan (15 January 2022). "Assessment of Cities' Adaptation to Climate Change and Its Relationship with Urbanization in China". Sustainability. 14 (4): 20–21. doi:10.3390/su14042184.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Liu, Zhifeng; He, Chunyang; Yang, Yanjie; Fang, Zihang (January 2020). "Planning sustainable urban landscape under the stress of climate change in the drylands of northern China: A scenario analysis based on LUSD-urban model". Journal of Cleaner Production (in Turanci). 244: 118709. Bibcode:2020JCPro.24418709L. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118709. S2CID 211349057. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Leveraging Urbanization in South Asia". World Bank (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  14. ↑ R B Bhagat (October 2018). "Urbanisation and Urban Policies in South Asia" (in Turanci). doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.21550.05440. Retrieved 27 November 2020. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ↑ Gosling, Simon N.; Arnell, Nigel W. (17 August 2013). "A global assessment of the impact of climate change on water scarcity". Climatic Change. 134 (3): 371–385. doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0853-x. ISSN 0165-0009. S2CID 37978916.
  16. ↑ Sumner, Andy (May 2012). "Where Do The Poor Live?". World Development. 40 (5): 865–877. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.007. ISSN 0305-750X.
  17. ↑ Ojha, Hemant; Neupane, Kaustuv Raj; Pandey, Chandra Lal; Singh, Vishal; Bajracharya, Roshan; Dahal, Ngamindra (February 2020). "Scarcity Amidst Plenty: Lower Himalayan Cities Struggling for Water Security". Water (in Turanci). 12 (2): 567. doi:10.3390/w12020567.
  18. ↑ Das, Sumanta; Choudhury, Malini Roy; Chatterjee, Bhagyasree; Das, Pinanki; Bagri, Sandeep; Paul, Debashis; Bera, Mahadev; Dutta, Suman (2024). "Unraveling the urban climate crisis: Exploring the nexus of urbanization, climate change, and their impacts on the environment and human well-being - A global perspective". AIMS public health. 11 (3): 963–1001. doi:10.3934/publichealth.2024050. ISSN 2327-8994. PMC 11474320 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 39416895 Check |pmid= value (help).
  19. ↑ Roth, Dik; Khan, Muhammad Shah Alam; Jahan, Israt; Rahman, Rezaur; Narain, Vishal; Singh, Aditya Kumar; Priya, Monica; Sen, Sucharita; Shrestha, Anushiya; Yakami, Saroj (2019-07-22). "Climates of urbanization: local experiences of water security, conflict and cooperation in peri-urban South-Asia". Climate Policy. 19 (sup1): S78–S93. Bibcode:2019CliPo..19S..78R. doi:10.1080/14693062.2018.1530967. ISSN 1469-3062. S2CID 158064272.
  20. ↑ "EIB climate survey". EIB.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "Brazil | UNDP Climate Change Adaptation". www.adaptation-undp.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  22. ↑ "Urban Migration Intertwined with Warming Trend - UN Report". E&E News, via Politico Pro. 2007-06-27. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  23. ↑ Rasch, Rebecca (March 2017). "Income Inequality and Urban Vulnerability to Flood Hazard in Brazil*: Income Inequality and Urban Vulnerability to Flood Hazard". Social Science Quarterly (in Turanci). 98 (1): 299–325. doi:10.1111/ssqu.12274.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal". climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  25. ↑ "Climate Risk Profile: Brazil". www.climatelinks.org (in Turanci). 30 April 2018. Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  26. ↑ "Amazon rainforest: deforestation area in Brazil 2020". Statista (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Kamal, Samy; Huang, Huei-Ping; Myint, Soe W. (November 2015). "The Influence of Urbanization on the Climate of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area: A Numerical Study". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 54 (11): 2157–2177. Bibcode:2015JApMC..54.2157K. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0003.1. ISSN 1558-8424.
  28. ↑ "About Los Angeles County CAP". Department of Regional Planning. Archived from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :13
  31. ↑ Hecht, Alan D.; Fiksel, Joseph (Spring 2015). "Solving the problems we face: the United States Environmental Protection Agency, sustainability, and the challenges of the twenty-first century". Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy (in English). 11 (1): 75–89. Bibcode:2015SSPP...11...75H. doi:10.1080/15487733.2015.11908141. S2CID 146900306. ProQuest 1735899750. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2021.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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