Canjin yanayi da canji
 Canjin yanayi da canji | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
climate pattern (en)  |
| Karatun ta |
paleoclimatology (en) |
Canjin yanayi ya haɗa da duk bambance-bambance a cikin yanayi wanda ya fi tsayi fiye da abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi, yayin da kalmar Canjin yanayi kawai tana nufin waɗancan bambance-nunen da ke ci gaba na tsawon lokaci, yawanci shekarun da suka gabata ko fiye. Canjin yanayi na iya nufin kowane lokaci a tarihin duniya, amma yanzu ana amfani da kalmar don bayyana canjin yanayi na zamani, sau da yawa ana kiranta dumamar duniya. Tun lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, Ayyukan ɗan adam sun ƙara shafar yanayin.
tsarin yanayi yana karɓar kusan dukkanin makamashi daga rana kuma yana haskaka makamashi zuwa sararin samaniya. Daidaitawar makamashi mai shigowa da fita da kuma wucewar makamashewa ta hanyar tsarin yanayi shine Kasafin kudin makamashi na duniya. Lokacin da makamashi mai shigowa ya fi makamashi da ke fitowa, kasafin kudin makamashi na Duniya yana da kyau kuma tsarin yanayi yana dumama. Idan karin makamashi ya fita, kasafin kudin makamashi ba shi da kyau kuma Duniya tana fuskantar sanyaya.
Makamashi da ke motsawa ta hanyar tsarin yanayi na Duniya yana samun bayyanar yanayi, ya bambanta a kan ma'auni da lokaci. Matsakaicin lokaci na dogon lokaci da bambancin yanayi a cikin yanki sun zama yanayin yankin. Irin waɗannan canje-canje na iya zama sakamakon "canjin ciki", lokacin da matakai na halitta da ke cikin sassa daban-daban na tsarin yanayi ke canza rarraba makamashi. Misalan sun haɗa da bambance-bambance a cikin tafkunan teku kamar Pacific decadal oscillation da Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Canjin yanayi na iya haifar da tilasta waje, lokacin da abubuwan da suka faru a waje da abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin yanayi suka haifar da canje-canje a cikin tsarin. Misalan sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin fitowar rana da dutsen wuta.
Canjin yanayi yana da sakamako ga canje-canje na matakin teku, rayuwar shuke-shuke, da kuma lalacewar jama'a; yana kuma shafar al'ummomin mutane.
Kalmomin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Canjin yanayi shine kalmar da za ta bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin matsakaicin yanayin da sauran halaye na yanayi (kamar damar ko yiwuwar matsanancin yanayi, da dai sauransu) "a kan dukkan ma'auni na sararin samaniya da na lokaci fiye da na abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi. " Wasu daga cikin bambance-nunen ba su bayyana cewa sanannun tsarin ne suka haifar da su ba kuma suna faruwa a lokuta masu ban mamaki. Irin wannan bambancin ana kiransa bambancin bazuwar ko hayaniya. A gefe guda, bambancin lokaci-lokaci yana faruwa akai-akai kuma a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban na bambancin ko yanayin yanayi.[1]
Ana amfani da kalmar Canjin yanayi sau da yawa don nunawa musamman ga canjin yanayi na ɗan adam. Canjin yanayi na Anthropogenic ya samo asali ne daga ayyukan ɗan adam, sabanin canje-canje a cikin yanayi wanda zai iya haifar da wani ɓangare na hanyoyin halitta na Duniya.[2] Girman duniya ya zama sanannen lokaci a cikin 1988, amma a cikin mujallu na kimiyya girman duniya yana nufin karuwar zafin jiki yayin da canjin yanayi ya haɗa da dumama duniya da duk abin da ke haifar da karuwar matakan iskar gas.[3]
Wani lokaci mai alaƙa, canjin yanayi, an gabatar da shi ta Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) a cikin 1966 don haɗawa da duk nau'ikan canjin yanayi a kan lokaci sama da shekaru 10, amma ba tare da la'akari da dalilin ba. A cikin shekarun 1970s, kalmar canjin yanayi ta maye gurbin canjin yanayi don mayar da hankali kan abubuwan da suka haifar da mutum, yayin da ya bayyana cewa ayyukan ɗan adam suna da damar canza yanayin sosai.[4] An sanya canjin yanayi a cikin taken Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Canjin Yanayin (UNFCCC). Ana amfani da canjin yanayi yanzu a matsayin bayanin fasaha na tsari, da kuma sunan da aka yi amfani da shi don bayyana matsalar.[4]
Dalilan da suka haifar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A kan sikelin mafi girma, yawan abin da aka karɓi makamashi Rana Sun da kuma yawan abin da ya ɓace zuwa sararin samaniya ya ƙayyade daidaitattun zafin jiki da yanayin Duniya. Wannan makamashi ana rarraba shi a duniya ta hanyar iskõki, raƙuman teku, [5] [6] da sauran hanyoyin da za su shafi yanayin yanayi na yankuna daban-daban. [7]
Abubuwan da zasu iya tsara yanayi ana kiransu tilasta yanayi ko "tsarin tilasta". Wadannan sun hada da matakai kamar bambance-bambance a cikin Hasken rana, bambance-mbance a cikin yanayin duniya, bambance'o'i a cikin albedo ko reflectivity na nahiyoyi, yanayi, da teku, ginin dutse da yaduwar nahiyar da canje-canje a cikin iskar gas. Matsi na waje na iya zama ko dai anthropogenic (misali karuwar hayaki na iskar gas da ƙura) ko na halitta (misali, canje-canje a cikin fitowar hasken rana, yanayin duniya, fashewar dutsen wuta). [8] Akwai sauye-sauye iri-iri na sauyin yanayi wanda zai iya karawa ko rage tilasta na farko. Har ila yau, akwai mahimman ƙofofin waɗanda idan aka wuce zasu iya haifar da canji mai sauri ko wanda ba za a iya juyawa ba.
Wasu sassan tsarin yanayi, kamar tekuna da kankara, suna amsawa da sannu a hankali yayin da wasu ke amsawa da sauri. Misali na canji mai sauri shine sanyaya yanayi bayan fashewar dutse, lokacin da toka ya nuna hasken rana. Yaduwar zafi na ruwan teku bayan dumama yanayi yana da jinkiri, kuma yana iya ɗaukar dubban shekaru. Hakanan haɗuwa tana yiwuwa, misali, asarar albedo ba zato ba tsammani a cikin Tekun Arctic yayin da kankara ta teku ke narkewa, sannan ya biyo bayan fadada zafi na ruwa.
Canjin yanayi na iya faruwa saboda matakai na ciki. Hanyoyin da ba a tilasta su ba na ciki sau da yawa sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin rarraba makamashi a cikin teku da yanayi, alal misali, canje-canje cikin yaduwar thermohaline.
Bambancin ciki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Canjin yanayi saboda bambancin ciki wani lokacin yakan faru a cikin sake zagayowar ko oscillations. Ga wasu nau'ikan canjin yanayi na halitta, ba za mu iya hango lokacin da ya faru ba; ana kiran canjin bazuwar ko stochastic.[10] Daga hangen nesa na yanayi, ana iya la'akari da yanayin bazuwar.[11] Idan akwai ƙananan girgije a cikin wata shekara, akwai rashin daidaituwa na makamashi kuma teku na iya shawo kan karin zafi. Saboda Yanayin yanayi, ana iya 'adana' wannan siginar a cikin teku kuma a bayyana ta azaman bambancin a kan ma'auni mai tsawo fiye da rikice-rikicen yanayi na asali.[12] Idan rikice-rikicen yanayi gaba ɗaya bazuwar ne, yana faruwa a matsayin fararen hayaniya, inertiya na kankara ko tekuna na iya canza wannan zuwa canje-canjen yanayi inda oscillations na tsawon lokaci su ma manyan oscillations ne, wani abu da ake kira ja hayaniya.[10] Sauye-sauyen yanayi da yawa suna da wani bangare na bazuwar da kuma wani bangare mai juyawa. Wannan hali ana kiransa da sautin stochastic.[10] Rabin Kyautar Nobel ta 2021 a fannin kimiyyar lissafi an ba da ita ga Klaus Hasselmann tare da Syukuro Manabe don aiki mai alaƙa da ƙirar yanayi. Duk da yake Giorgio Parisi wanda tare da abokan aiki ya gabatar da ra'ayin sautin stochastic an ba shi ɗayan rabi amma galibi don aiki a kan ilimin lissafi
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Rohli & Vega 2018.
- ↑ "The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". 21 March 1994. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
- ↑ "What's in a Name? Global Warming vs. Climate Change". NASA. December 5, 2008. Archived from the original on 9 August 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- 1 2 Hulme, Mike (2016). "Concept of Climate Change, in: The International Encyclopedia of Geography". The International Encyclopedia of Geography. Wiley-Blackwell/Association of American Geographers (AAG): 1. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
- ↑ Hsiung, Jane (November 1985). "Estimates of Global Oceanic Meridional Heat Transport". Journal of Physical Oceanography. 15 (11): 1405–13. Bibcode:1985JPO....15.1405H. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1985)015<1405:EOGOMH>2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ Vallis, Geoffrey K.; Farneti, Riccardo (October 2009). "Meridional energy transport in the coupled atmosphere–ocean system: scaling and numerical experiments". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 135 (644): 1643–60. Bibcode:2009QJRMS.135.1643V. doi:10.1002/qj.498. S2CID 122384001.
- ↑ Trenberth, Kevin E.; et al. (2009). "Earth's Global Energy Budget". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 90 (3): 311–23. Bibcode:2009BAMS...90..311T. doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2634.1.
- ↑ Cronin 2010
- ↑ "Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for October from 1951–2023". NCEI.NOAA.gov. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. (change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October)
- 1 2 3 Ruddiman 2008.
- ↑ Hasselmann, K. (1976). "Stochastic climate models Part I. Theory". Tellus. 28 (6): 473–85. Bibcode:1976Tell...28..473H. doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1976.tb00696.x. ISSN 2153-3490.
- ↑ Liu, Zhengyu (14 October 2011). "Dynamics of Interdecadal Climate Variability: A Historical Perspective". Journal of Climate. 25 (6): 1963–95. doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3980.1. ISSN 0894-8755. S2CID 53953041.