Jump to content

Canjin yanayi da jinsi

Ƙara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Kenya girbi ta mace manomi. ƙananan gonaki mata sune mahimman masu samar da abinci ga al'ummomi a duniya, musamman a kudancin duniya. Mata galibi suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa kan samun damar samun albarkatu da ƙasa kuma ƙananan gonaki suna da wahalar daidaitawa da canjin yanayi.

Canjin yanayi yana shafar maza da mata daban. Canjin yanayi da jinsi batu ne na bincike wanda ke da niyyar fahimtar yadda maza da mata ke samun dama da amfani da albarkatun da canjin yanayi ke tasiri da kuma yadda suke fuskantar tasirin da ya haifar. Yana nazarin yadda Matsayin jinsi da ka'idojin al'adu ke tasiri ga ikon maza da mata don amsawa ga canjin yanayi, da kuma yadda za'a iya haɗa matsayin mata da maza cikin sauyawa da dabarun rage sauyin yanayi. Har ila yau, yana la'akari da yadda canjin yanayi ya haɗu da sauran ƙalubalen zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, kamar talauci, samun damar albarkatu, ƙaura, da asalin al'adu.

Manufofin bincike

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ƙarshe, burin wannan binciken shine tabbatar da cewa manufofi da shirye-shiryen canjin yanayi suna da daidaito, kuma mata da maza suna amfana daga gare su.[1][2] Canjin yanayi yana ƙara Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi, yana rage ikon mata na samun 'yancin kuɗi, kuma yana da mummunar tasiri ga haƙƙin zamantakewa da siyasa na mata, musamman a cikin tattalin arzikin da ke da tushe sosai akan aikin gona. [3][4] A lokuta da yawa, rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi yana nufin cewa mata sun fi fuskantar mummunar tasirin canjin yanayi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda matsayin jinsi, musamman a kasashe masu tasowa, wanda ke nufin cewa mata galibi suna dogara da yanayin halitta don rayuwa da samun kudin shiga. Ta hanyar kara iyakance damar da mata suka riga sun ƙuntata ga albarkatun jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa, da na kasafin kuɗi, sau da yawa sau da yawa yakan ɗora mata fiye da maza kuma zai iya fadada rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi.[5]

An kuma gano bambance-bambance na jinsi dangane da wayar da kan jama'a, haifar da martani ga canjin yanayi, kuma kasashe da yawa sun haɓaka kuma sun aiwatar da dabarun sauyin yanayi na jinsi da shirye-shiryen aiki. Misali, Gwamnatin Mozambique ta karɓi Tsarin Jima'i, Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi da Shirin Ayyuka a farkon shekara ta 2010, kasancewar ita ce gwamnati ta farko a duniya da ta yi hakan. Kasuwanci tare da allon jinsi daban-daban an gano kashi 60% mafi yiwuwar rage amfani da makamashi da kashi 40% mafi yiwuwar raguwa da hayakin gas. Mata da maza suna fuskantar canjin yanayi da lalacewar muhalli daban-daban bisa ga matsayin jinsi da tarurrukan al'umma.

Binciken jinsi a cikin canjin yanayi, duk da haka, ba'a iyakance shi ga mata ba.[6] Har ila yau, yana nufin ba kawai yin amfani da tsarin bincike na namiji / mace ba a kan saiti na bayanai masu yawa, har ma da bincika gine-ginen magana waɗanda ke tsara dangantakar iko da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi, da kuma la'akari da yadda jinsi, a matsayin zamantakewar da ke tasiri ga martani ga canjin yanayi.[7][8] Wannan binary kuma ya cire mutanen da ke cikin al'ummar LGBTQ +, da waɗanda ba na binary ba ne kuma ba su dace da ka'idodin jinsi ba.[9] Don fahimtar tasirin canjin yanayi a kan al'ummomi daban-daban, dole ne a sami bambanci tsakanin jinsi da jima'i. Ana iya bayyana jinsi a matsayin bambance-bambance da aka gina tsakanin maza da mata wanda ke haifar da namiji da mace. Ana iya bayyana jima'i a matsayin bambancin halittu tsakanin maza da mata, galibi dangane da ayyukan haihuwa.[2]  

Ra'ayi da ayyukan jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
"Mata suna riƙe da mabuɗin Makomar Yanayi" - Wangari Maathai

Binciken matasa a Finland ya nuna cewa damuwa game da Canjin yanayi yana da tasiri mafi girma akan amfani da yanayi a cikin mata idan aka kwatanta da maza.[10] Binciken da aka yi a Jamhuriyar Czech ya nuna wannan abin da ya faru.[11] Wannan na iya zama abin da ya faru ga bambance-bambance a cikin fahimtar canjin yanayi.[12] Mata sun yarda da ra'ayin kimiyya cewa hayakin iskar gas mai guba na mutum galibi yana da alhakin canjin yanayi (m: 56%, f: 64%) kuma sun fi damuwa game da tasirinsa: wani binciken 2010 ya gano 29% na maza da 35% na mata a Amurka don "damuwa game da dumamar duniya sosai".[12]

An gudanar da wani binciken a cikin 2016 ta amfani da maza da mata daga Brazil da Sweden don auna da kuma bincika tasirin jinsi da tsarin siyasa akan ra'ayoyin canjin yanayi.[13] An tattara bayanai ta hanyar tambayoyin kan layi daga mahalarta 367 daga Brazil wanda ya kunshi maza 151 da mata 216, da mahalarta 221 daga Sweden tare da maza 75 da mata 146. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin maza masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da ƙin canjin yanayi a cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu (rSweden = .22, rBrazil = .19) yana nuna cewa maza (yawanci tare da tsarin siyasa mai ra'ayin rikon kwarya) suna iya musanta wanzuwar canjin yanayi. Mata a cikin kungiyoyin biyu galibi sun nuna akasin haka, yana nuna cewa mata sun fi gaskata da kasancewar canjin yanayi.[14]

Wani ɗan gajeren binciken Manufofin UNDP na 2010 ya bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin yadda maza da mata ke da rauni ga fannoni na canjin yanayi. Kudin da mata ke samu ya fi rauni, yayin da maza, wadanda ke samun karin damar aiki a aikin gona, suna iya fama da raunin daidaitawa da juriya.

Wani binciken da aka buga a shekarar 2020 ya gano cewa akwai kuma bambance-bambance a cikin dabarun magance. Binciken, wanda aka gudanar tsakanin manoman shinkafa a Lardin Mazandaran a Iran, ya gano cewa maza suna gaskata cewa ingantaccen dabarun kula da ƙasa hanya ce mai kyau don sarrafa Hadarin yanayi, yayin da mata suka yi imanin cewa ilimi shine hanya mafi mahimmanci don daidaitawa, tunda za su iya gano abin da mafi kyawun dabarun da fasahar don fuskantar haɗarin yanayi.

Wani mahimmin mai ba da damar daidaita Canjin yanayi shine samun damar samun bayanai masu amfani na yanayi, duk da haka a Afirka ta Kudu an sami damar samun bayanai ta jinsi tare da mata da ke da damar samun bayanai na yanayi.[15][16][17] A cikin binciken da aka buga a cikin 2020 na kananan manoman sukari a Malawi, an gano cewa mata da yawa fiye da maza ba sa samun damar samun bayanan hasashen don jagorantar yanke shawara na daidaitawa.[18] Samun dama da abubuwan da aka fi so na bayanan yanayi na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da matsayi daban-daban na aure da kuma ilimi da matakan karatu da rubutu tsakanin mata da maza.[19]

Gudunmawa ga sauyin yanayi - ta hanyar fitar da iskar gas - yana da alaƙa da jinsi. Wani bincike kan amfani da mota a Sweden, alal misali, ya nuna cewa maza na iya yin amfani da motar da yawa, na dogon lokaci kuma su kaɗai idan aka kwatanta da mata, ta yadda za su fitar da ƙarin CO2 (gas ɗin greenhouse).

A cikin binciken da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya gudanar game da yanayi, an gano maza sun fi shakku game da tasirin mata a cikin jagorancin aikin yanayi. 50% na mata da aka bincika sun yi tunanin cewa samun karin shugabannin mata zai haifar da bambanci, yayin da kashi 45% na maza suka yi tunanin haka.[20] Binciken ya nuna babban bambanci a Burtaniya, inda kashi 38% na maza da kashi 61% na mata suka amince cewa shugabannin mata za su yi yaƙi da canjin yanayi.[20][21] Asusun Zuba Jari na Turai ya kuma gano cewa kasuwancin da mata ke gudanarwa suna da ƙididdigar ESG mafi kyau fiye da sauran kasuwancin, suna kashewa da yawa a cikin hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, kuma suna saka hannun jari kaɗan a cikin kasuwancin gurɓata.[22]

Bincike daban-daban ya nuna cewa kasashe masu yawan mata a majalisa sun fi tabbatar da yarjejeniyar muhalli da aiwatar da manufofin canjin yanayi, don haka shugabannin mata sun fi son son aikin yanayi da dorewa. [23] [24][25]

Rashin ƙarfi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bala'o'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bala'o'i sune abubuwan da ba a iya tsammani ba waɗanda ke haifar da lahani ga mutane da lalacewar dukiya, ababen more rayuwa, da muhalli.[26] Za su iya zama na halitta, kamar ambaliyar ruwa, gobarar daji, girgizar ƙasa, guguwa, ko tsunami, ko kuma mutum ne zai iya yin su, kamar zubar da mai, haɗarin masana'antu, da hare-haren ta'addanci.[27] Bala'o'i na iya haifar da lalacewar jiki, tunani, da tattalin arziki. Hakanan zasu iya rushe hanyoyin sadarwar jama'a, raunana tsarin tattalin arziki, da kuma haifar da tasirin lafiyar jiki da tunani. Mutanen da bala'o'i suka shafa na iya fuskantar ƙaura, asarar hanyar rayuwa, da rushewar ilimi, da sauran tasirin.[28] A yayin bala'i, gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa, da hukumomin agaji na iya ba da taimako da taimako ga waɗanda abin ya shafa.[29][30][31][32]

Mata da maza da maza da ke rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da mutuwar cututtukan da ba su yaduwa ba, OWID

Yawan mutuwar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Binciken da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London ta yi ya gano cewa, a cikin bala'o'i na halitta a cikin ƙasashe 141, bambancin jinsi a cikin mutuwar ya danganta da haƙƙin tattalin arziki da zamantakewar mata a waɗancan ƙasashe. Saboda matsayinsu na zamantakewa, mata a kasashe masu tasowa ba a koya musu basirar rayuwa kamar yin iyo ko hawa ba, ma'ana suna iya mutuwa a cikin bala'i. Lokacin da mata ke da ƙananan hakkoki da ƙananan iko a cikin al'umma, da yawa daga cikinsu suna mutuwa saboda canjin yanayi, amma idan akwai daidaito ga dukkan kungiyoyi, yawan mutuwar sun fi dacewa.

Mata da ke aiki a yankunan da ke fuskantar tasirin canjin yanayi, kamar noma, ruwa ko gandun daji, suma suna iya shafar matsanancin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da karuwar mutuwar. Kasashe sun kuma bayar da rahoton karuwar tashin hankali ga mata da 'yan mata bayan bala'o'i.[33][34]

Maza ma suna shafar tasirin canjin yanayi, galibi saboda bambancin da ke cikin kasuwar aiki da kasancewar ka'idojin jinsi a cikin al'umma. Wani binciken da aka yi a Jaridar Nazarin Muhalli ta Duniya da Lafiya ta Jama'a ta nuna cewa maza galibi suna fuskantar aiki da ayyukan waje a yanayin zafi sama da digiri 27 na Celsius. Koyaya, yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da zafi ya bambanta tsakanin binciken, yana nuna cewa ya bambanta bisa ga yankin. Bugu da ƙari, wannan binciken ya gano cewa maza suna da haɗarin mutuwa daga haɗari da raunin da ya shafi canjin yanayi. Kimanin mutuwar 1605 a kowace shekara na iya haifar da zafi na 1.5 na duniya kuma ana sa ran kashi 84% na waɗannan mutuwar su zama namiji.

Cin zarafin jima'i da yaduwar cututtuka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cin zarafin jima'i kowane nau'i ne na jima'i da ba a so, daga magana zuwa jiki.[35][36][37] Zai iya kasancewa daga cin zarafin jima'i ko taɓawa mara kyau zuwa fyade ko yunkurin fyade. Zai iya faruwa tsakanin mutane biyu na kowane jinsi, amma yawanci maza ne ke aikata shi akan mata. Zai iya faruwa a kowane wuri, amma galibi yana cikin dangantaka ko iyali. Yaduwar cututtuka shine yaduwar kwayoyin da ke haifar da cututtuka daga mutum daya zuwa wani.[38] Wannan na iya faruwa ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye tare da mutumin da ya kamu da cutar, ko ta hanyar hulɗar kai tsaye tare le abubuwa kamar tufafi, gado ko kayan wasa waɗanda suka kamu da cutar. Saduwar jima'i tana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka fi sani da cutar, kuma ta haɗa da jima'i mara kariya, cin zarafin jima'i, da kuma kusanci tsakanin abokan tarayya. Cututtukan da aka fi yaduwa ta hanyar jima'i sun hada da HIV, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, da herpes na jima'i. HIV da syphilis za a iya yaduwa ta hanyar kowane nau'in jima'i, yayin da chlamydia, gonorrhea, da herpes galibi suna yaduwa ne ta hanyar jima'i ko jima'i mara kariya.[39][40][41] Sauran cututtukan da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i, irin su hepatitis B, ana iya yaduwa ta hanyar jimaʼi.[42][43][44]

Bala'o'i na halitta suna rushe al'amuran yau da kullun kuma suna rikitar da jinsi da matsayi na iyali, wanda zai iya haifar da wadanda ke fama da bala'o'in halitta su ji ba su da iko da takaici. Wadannan jiye-jiye galibi suna haifar da tashin hankali a kan kungiyoyi marasa ƙarfi.[45] Mata da yara a kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa suna cikin haɗarin cin zarafin jima'i a lokacin da kuma bayan bala'o'i fiye da baya. Shari'o'in auren yara da fataucin jima'i sun karu a wasu yankuna na Indiya Sundarban delta bayan mummunar tasirin Cyclone Amphan da ci gaba da damuwa da COVID-19 ta haifar, wanda ya shafi rayuwar 'yan mata.HIV-date":{"wt":"15 May 2021"},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210515193226/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/child-marriage-or-trafficking-choice-covid-19-and-cyclone-amphan-have-left-for-bengals-vulnerable-2780323.html&quot;},&quot;url-status&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;live&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwCdA\"> </span><cite about=\"#mwt181\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwCdE\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/child-marriage-or-trafficking-choice-covid-19-and-cyclone-amphan-have-left-for-bengals-vulnerable-2780323.html\" id=\"mwCdI\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Child Marriage or Trafficking: Choice Covid-19 and Cyclone Amphan Have Left For Bengal's Vulnerable\"</a>. <i id=\"mwCdM\">News18</i>. 12 August 2020. <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20210515193226/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/child-marriage-or-trafficking-choice-covid-19-and-cyclone-amphan-have-left-for-bengals-vulnerable-2780323.html\" id=\"mwCdQ\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021<span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwCdU\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwCdY\">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite>"}}" id="cite_ref-62" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Climate_change_and_gender#cite_note-62 [3]] Amfani da kwaroron roba a lokacin bala'o'i ma ya fi ƙasa da sauran lokuta, saboda raguwar samun damar yin amfani da kwaroron shanu.[46] Haɗe tare da saurin yaduwar cututtuka da cututtuka a kasashe masu tasowa, rushewar tsarin zamantakewa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki wanda wani lokacin ke tare da canjin yanayi ya haifar da yawan zazzabin dengue, zazzabin cizon sauro, HIV, da yaduwar STI, musamman ga mata.[46] Tsofaffi mata ma suna cikin haɗari musamman a lokacin bala'o'i na halitta da lokutan rikici saboda suna da saukin kamuwa da haɗarin kiwon lafiya kamar cututtuka kuma saboda sau da yawa ana ware su daga tallafin zamantakewa wanda maza da wasu matasan mata ke da damar.[47]

Aikin noma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Aikin noma shine kimiyya, fasaha, da kuma aikin noma shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Ya haɗa da shirya ƙasa don shuka amfanin gona, shuka, girbi, da adana abinci, da kiwo da kiwon dabbobi.[48] Aikin noma kuma ya haɗa da samar da kayayyaki kamar madara, ƙwai, da nama, da kuma samar da fiber kamar auduga da ulu. Aikin noma wani muhimmin bangare ne na tattalin arzikin duniya kuma yana da mahimmanci don samar da abinci, abinci, da fiber. [49][50] Har ila yau, wani muhimmin bangare ne na rayuwar karkara da al'adu, samar da aiki da kuma tushen samun kudin shiga ga mutane da yawa a yankunan karkara. Baya ga samar da abinci, abinci, da fiber, noma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiyaye muhalli, samar da mazaunin dabbobin daji da taimakawa wajen kula da bambancin halittu.[51][52][53][54]

Tasirin canjin yanayi akan amfanin gona a cikin shekarun 2080, idan aka kwatanta da matakan 2003 (Cline, 2007)

Matalauta da matalauta sun dogara da muhalli da albarkatun kasa don rayuwa da samun kudin shiga; Binciken talauci ya nuna cewa yawancin matalauta mata ne saboda, a matsayin rukuni, suna da karancin ikon zamantakewa. Mata da yawa a Kasashe masu tasowa manoma ne, amma mata a matsayin rukuni suna da matsala wajen samun ilimi, samun kudin shiga, ƙasa, dabbobi, da fasaha, ma'ana canjin yanayi na iya yin mummunar tasiri ga manoma mata fiye da manoma maza ta hanyar kara iyakance albarkatun su. A shekara ta 2009, mata sun samar da tsakanin kashi 60 zuwa 80 cikin dari na duk abinci a kasashe masu tasowa, duk da haka sun mallaki kashi goma cikin dari na dukkan gonakin noma da kusan kashi biyu cikin dari na haƙƙin ƙasa.[47]

Mwanaisha Makame da Mashavu Rum, wadanda ke noma shuke-shuke a kan kyakkyawan tsibirin Zanzibar na tsawon shekaru 20, suna tafiya cikin ruwa zuwa gonar su. Mata suna wakiltar wani bangare mai mahimmanci na ma'aikatan gona wanda canjin yanayi ya haifar

Yayin da duniyar ke dumi da kuma samun damar samun sauye-sauyen ruwa, amfanin gona yana raguwa. Wadannan tasirin ba daidai ba ne, kuma suna da tasiri mafi girma a yankunan duniya inda tattalin arziki ya dogara da noma kuma yanayin yana da hankali ga canji.[55] A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, mata galibi suna da alhakin samun ruwa, itace, da sauran albarkatun ga iyalansu, amma waɗannan albarkatun suna da tasiri kai tsaye ta hanyar canjin yanayi, ma'ana dole ne mata su ci gaba da tafiya kuma suyi aiki na dogon lokaci don samun damar su a lokacin rikicin. Canjin yanayi yana ƙara nauyin da al'umma ke sanyawa ga mata kuma yana ƙara iyakance damar samun ilimi da aiki. Canjin yanayi yana da mummunar tasiri ga samar da aikin gona kuma a cikin Mahanadi delta na Indiya, wannan ya tilasta wa manoma maza su yi ƙaura, suna barin alhakin noma ƙananan mallakar ƙasa ga mata a ƙarƙashin "yanayin yanayi mara tabbas".[56]

Ka'idojin jinsi masu ƙarfi game da matsayi da samun damar albarkatu a yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki sau da yawa suna ƙuntata kasuwancin da mata ke jagoranta zuwa bangarorin da ke fuskantar yanayi, musamman noma, amma kuma suna iyakance zaɓuɓɓukan da mata ke da su gina juriya a cikin kasuwancin su.[57] Duk da waɗannan iyakoki da buƙatar magance rashin daidaito, 'yan kasuwa mata na iya amfani da ƙwarewar daidaitawa da amfani da sabbin dama. Dangane da bincike da ya shafi kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, kasuwancin da ke da mata da yawa a kan allon su suna iya kara yawan ingancin makamashi, rage tasirin muhalli, da saka hannun jari a cikin hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa.[58][59]

A zahiri, rahoton Hukumar Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nuna cewa mata manoma za su fi shafar rashin tsaro na abinci saboda canjin yanayi. Kodayake suna wakiltar kashi 43% na manoma a kasashe masu tasowa, manoma mata suna da wahalar yin gasa da manoma maza. Wannan ya faru ne saboda alhakin su kasance a gida, da kuma iyakokinsu ga samun damar bashi a kasuwa. Bugu da ƙari, mata galibi ba sa saka hannun jari a bangarorin da za su iya kara yawan aikin gona. Wani takardar FAO game da Mata da Aikin Gona da aka ruwaito a 2011 ya tabbatar da cewa "Kubalolin da ke fuskantar mata manoma suna nufin cewa suna samun karamin amfanin gona fiye da takwarorinsu na maza... Duk da haka mata suna da kyau a noma kamar maza. Tabbacin tabbatarwa ya nuna cewa idan mata manoma sun yi amfani da matakin albarkatu iri ɗaya kamar maza a ƙasar da suke nomawa, za su cimma matakan amfanin gona iri ɗaya.

Ƙarin rashin daidaito

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Canjin yanayi da rashin daidaito na jinsi suna tafiya tare. Canjin yanayi babban matsala ce ta duniya tare da tasiri mai zurfi ga yawan jama'ar duniya, musamman mata da 'yan mata da ke zaune a kasashe matalauta.[60][61] Canjin yanayi yana shafar mata da 'yan mata saboda sau da yawa sun dogara da albarkatun kasa kuma ba su da damar samun irin ayyukan da albarkatunsa kamar yadda maza ke yi. Canjin yanayi na iya haifar da karancin ruwa, rashin tsaro na abinci, da kuma ƙaura, wanda duk zai iya ƙara rashin daidaito na jinsi da ke cikin ƙasashe da yawa.[62][63] Misali, mata galibi suna da alhakin tattara ruwa da itace da kuma gudanar da gida, don haka karuwar abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi ko raguwar albarkatu na iya sa waɗannan ayyukan su zama da wahala da cin lokaci. Wannan na iya rage yawan lokacin da mata ke bi wasu ayyuka, kamar ilimi ko aiki. Canjin yanayi na iya kara haɗarin tashin hankali da cin zarafi ga mata a cikin yanayi mai rauni. Bala'o'i na iya barin mata da 'yan mata marasa gida kuma ba tare da samun damar samun albarkatun tsaro ba, yana kara yawan su ga cin zarafi da cin zarafi.[64] Gabaɗaya, canjin yanayi yana da damar yin mummunar rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a sassa da yawa na duniya. Yana da mahimmanci cewa gwamnatoci da kungiyoyi su fahimci tasirin canjin yanayi akan daidaito tsakanin jinsi kuma su dauki matakai don karewa da karfafa mata da 'yan mata. Wannan na iya haɗawa da samar da damar samun albarkatu, ilimi, da sabis na tallafi, da haɓaka manufofi da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi jinsi don magance tasirin canjin yanayi.

Matan Ghana da ke shiga cikin shirin bincike kan jinsi da bayanan zamantakewa na manoma da abubuwan da suka samu tare da canjin yanayi

Rahoton Bincike na Biyar na IPCC ya kammala cewa akwai 'shaida mai ƙarfi' don karuwar rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi da kuma ci gaba da raunin bambancin. Karin rashin daidaito saboda canjin yanayi na iya samun dalilai da yawa. Misali, 'yan mata galibi suna fuskantar haɗari mai tsanani fiye da yara maza saboda rarrabawar albarkatun da ba su da daidaito a cikin iyali. Wannan tasirin yana karawa ta hanyar canjin yanayi wanda ya haifar da karancin albarkatu.[65] Bugu da ƙari, sauyin yanayi sau da yawa yana haifar da karuwar ƙaurawar maza. Wannan ya bar mata da karuwar aiki a gida, wanda ke haifar da nauyin mata.[66] An yi hasashen canjin yanayi don ƙara mitar da girman haɗarin halitta kamar matsanancin zafi. A lokacin da kuma bayan wadannan haɗari musamman mata suna da nauyi tare da karuwar aikin kulawa ga yara, marasa lafiya da tsofaffi, ƙarawa da ƙari ga yawan ayyukan gida.[66][5] Mata kuma suna ba da gudummawar abinci a lokutan karancin abinci, wanda ya bar su da rauni ga kiwon lafiya, zamantakewa da lalacewar tunani.[67][4] Ana kuma fitar da 'yan mata daga makaranta don taimakawa iyalansu magance bala'o'i.

Dangane da binciken da aka kammala RAND da Jami'ar Vanderbilt, canjin yanayi na iya "ƙara bambancin kiwon lafiya da ya riga ya kasance a cikin al'ummomin LGBTQ +. " * Al'ummomin LGTQ + za su sami ƙarin fallasa ga bala'o'in muhalli kuma su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da mummunan tasirin bala'o-bambance masu alaƙa da yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan al'ummomin da aka ware ba za su iya murmurewa daga waɗannan bala'o'i ba, saboda suna da ƙananan albarkatun da za su juya don tallafawa. Akwai dalilai guda biyu da suka sa akwai yiwuwar waɗannan al'ummomin su fuskanci bala'o'in yanayi: saboda dalilai biyu ne. Ɗaya, yankunan da suka shafi sosai sun haɗa da yawan mutanen LGBTQ +, waɗanda suka fi shafar bala'o'i irin su ambaliyar ruwa, matsanancin zafi da barkewar cututtuka, da kuma tasirin waɗannan bala'o-bambance na dogon lokaci. Biyu, akwai rashin daidaito na tsari wanda zai iya kara tabarbarewar tasirin canjin yanayi. Binciken ya ambaci bayanai daga binciken ƙididdigar Amurka, wanda ke gabatar da bayanai cewa mutane LGBTQ + suna da ƙimar ƙaura daga gidajensu saboda bala'o'in muhalli fiye da takwarorinsu na cisgender ko heterosexual

Talauci na makamashi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  "Talauci na makamashi yana faruwa ne lokacin da iyali dole ne ya rage amfani da makamashi zuwa matakin da ke da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar mazauna da jin daɗi. " * Suna nuna cewa dalilai guda uku ne ke motsa shi ciki har da mafi yawan kudaden gida da aka kashe akan makamashi, rashin isasshen kudin shiga da rashin ingancin makamashi na gidaje da kayan aikin su. Talauci na makamashi yafi zama batun sirri, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya fi shafar gidaje.[8]

Talauci na makamashi, musamman a Afirka da Kudancin Asiya a kai a kai yana bayyana ta hanyar rashin makamashi mai tsabta da aminci, wanda ya haifar da "dogaro da yawa akan tushen makamashi na gargajiya kamar biomass".[10]

Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa akwai tasirin talauci na makamashi a kan mata, musamman a kasashe masu tasowa, shine cewa akwai rashin ilimi da horar da fasaha. Wannan yana hana su shiga cikin fannin makamashi da "ayyukan kasuwanci. "* Rahoton 2004 daga UNDP ya jaddada muhimmancin mata da 'yan mata a kasashe masu tasowa da ke shiga cikin ilimi mai zurfi, gami da wuraren da aka mayar da hankali kan lissafi da kimiyya, injiniya, jagoranci da karatun fasaha. [11]

Yankin kimiyya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Canjin yanayi da jinsi suna haɗuwa a hanyoyi da yawa. Na farko, canje-canjen muhalli sakamakon canjin yanayi na iya tasiri sosai ga mata, dangane da matsayin zamantakewarsu, kabilanci, da kuma wurin ƙasa.[68][69] Misali, mata a kasashe masu tasowa sun fi dogaro da albarkatun kasa don tsaron abinci, samun ruwa mai tsabta, da man fetur don dafa abinci da dumama. Yayinda canjin yanayi ke haifar da abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi da sauye-sauye a cikin yanayin hazo, waɗannan albarkatun sun zama da ƙarancin gaske, wanda ke haifar da rashin tsaro na abinci da talauci tsakanin mata. Na biyu, mata galibi ba su da wakilci a fagen kimiyya, suna sa ya zama da wahala a yi la'akari da tasirin jinsi na canjin yanayi.[70][71] Wannan shi ne saboda mata ba su da damar samun ilimi, albarkatu, da damar bincike a cikin kimiyya, don haka ra'ayoyinsu da ƙwarewarsu ba su da wakilci a fagen. Binciken da ba ya la'akari da tasirin jinsi na canjin yanayi na iya haifar da rashin isasshen fahimta game da yadda canjin yanayi ke shafar al'ummomi daban-daban kuma yana iya haifar da samun dama ga albarkatu da aiyuka don magance tasirin canjin yanayi. A ƙarshe, mata galibi suna da alhakin kula da membobin gida da sarrafa albarkatu a cikin al'ummomi, don haka suna da matsayi mai kyau don jagorantar canje-canje don rage canjin yanayi.[72][73] Koyaya, galibi ana cire mata daga hanyoyin yanke shawara waɗanda ke tsara manufofin canjin yanayi, don haka ba a la'akari da ra'ayoyinsu da iliminsu a cikin tsarin yin manufofi ba. Wannan na iya haifar da manufofi waɗanda ba su dace da bukatun jinsi na al'ummomi daban-daban ba, wanda ke haifar da rashin daidaito ga albarkatu da aiyuka don magance tasirin canjin yanayi. Gabaɗaya, canjin yanayi da jinsi suna da alaƙa da juna ta hanyoyi da yawa, kuma yana da mahimmanci a fahimci muhimmancin la'akari da tasirin jinsi na canjin yanayi a cikin bincike da yin manufofi.

Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin jinsi a Kimiyya

Dangane da binciken da aka gudanar na IPCC WGI Co-Chairs da Technical Support Unit (TSU) a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2014, da yawa daga cikin marubutan da aka bincika sun bayyana cewa sun ga bukatar ingantaccen ma'auni na jinsi. Wannan ya nuna a cikin daidaitattun jinsi na masu ba da gudummawa ga rahoton kimantawa na IPCC na biyar. Kashi 27% ne kawai na masu ba da gudummawa ga Working Group II, wadanda suka damu da tasirin, daidaitawa da rauni da kuma 18.5% na masu ba le gudummawa na Working Group I, wadanda suka shafi tushen kimiyyar jiki, mata ne. Wannan kuma ya shafi wasu kungiyoyi, kamar yadda misali kawai kashi 7% na matsayi na jagoranci a ofisoshin National Weather Services mata ne. A kan irin wannan bayanin, binciken da Jami'ar Oxford ta gudanar tare da hadin gwiwar Kamfanin Nielsen ya gano cewa 18 daga cikin 22 'masu magana da ya fi tasiri kan canjin yanayi' maza ne. Masu magana da yawun mata ba 'yan siyasa ba ne ko masana kimiyya kuma alaƙarsu kai tsaye da canjin yanayi saboda haka shakku ne.[7]

Siyasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manufofin ragewa suna ƙoƙari su daidaita tsananin tasirin dumamar duniya ta hanyar matakai kamar rage iskar gas da haɓaka sinks. Dangane da bincike, maza da mata suna amfani da iliminsu game da mahallinsu don rage bala'o'i, canja wannan ilimin ta hanyar ilimi na al'ada. Wasu daga cikin wannan ilimin sun haɗa da hanyoyin adana abinci, hanyoyin gini, da fahimtar albarkatun ƙasa a yankin.[46] Misalan kokarin ragewa sun hada da cinikin hayaki na carbon. Kokarin ragewa ya fi watsi da jinsi.[74]

Manufofin daidaitawa sun haɗa da ƙoƙarin da aka shirya don jure mummunan tasirin canjin yanayi da kuma amfani da tasirin da ya dace. Maza da mata suna amsawa daban-daban ga canjin yanayi kuma daga baya ga matakan daidaitawa, wanda zai iya shafar maza da mata ba daidai ba, lokacin da aka yi watsi da hangen nesa na jinsi a cikin manufofin. Misali, rahoton IPCC na AR5 ya nuna cewa matakan daidaitawa a cikin aikin gona na iya haifar da karuwar rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a wasu lokuta.

Hanyoyi mafi inganci ga manufofi masu kula da jinsi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu malamai suna ba da shawarar haɗa girman jinsi a cikin bincike da amfani da hanyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar Millennium Development Goals da CEDAW a matsayin tsari don amsawar canjin yanayi. Kungiyoyi da yawa sun yi imanin cewa haɗa hanyoyin ragewa da daidaitawa, daidaitawa da kudade iri biyu na kokarin, da haɗa jinsi a cikin manufofi masu ragewa da daidaituwa zai fi magance sakamakon canjin yanayi. UNDP ta ba da umarnin haɓaka jinsi a duk matakan daidaitawa, ma'ana amsoshin daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi dole ne suyi la'akari da jinsi da daidaiton jinsi tun daga farkon su kuma ba za su iya haɗa ɓangaren jinsi ba a ƙarshen ci gaban su ko kuma kawai a wasu yankuna. Sauran sun yi imanin cewa tilasta ma'auni a kan al'ummomi na iya sa manufofin da suka shafi jinsi ba su da tasiri kuma suna iya zama marasa amfani, suna jaddada bambancin jinsi da ware batutuwan jinsi daga wasu yankunan da canjin yanayi ya shafa.

Manufofin rage yawan jinsi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 2009, masu halartar taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban sun amince da tsarin kariya na gandun daji da ake kira Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD). Yawancin kungiyoyin ci gaba suna yabon tsarin REDD, amma wasu suna sukar aikinta a matsayin kayan aiki na kasuwa da tasirinsa a kan al'ummomin yankin.

A cikin shekaru 13 da suka gabata, sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da kasashe 65 don cimma burinsu na gandun daji.[75] Wasu misalai na wannan sun haɗa da: Kasashen haɗin gwiwa na UN-REDD sun gabatar da tCO2 miliyan 700 na rage fitar da gandun daji, kuma kasashe 25 na UN-SREDD suka haɗa manufofin REDD + a matakin ministoci ko majalisar ministoci, ma'ana waɗannan ƙasashe yanzu sun ga raguwa a cikin sare daji.[75] Shirin zartarwa na 2020 ya lura cewa Myanmar da Peru sun kirkiro manufofi na dabarun don rage hayaki a cikin gandun daji da kuma amfani da ƙasa. [76][77]

The UN-REDD program has created a plan for 2021–2025 to reduce forest emissions and enhance carbon stocks.[75] The first priority is to have forest solutions realized, in which they focus on reducing CO2 emissions.[75] The second priority[78] is to reward these forest solutions, and they have allocated $5 billion from Results-based Payment schemes, carbon markets, and private-sector carbon investments.[75] Additionally, transactions under the 6th Article of the Paris Agreement are included in this.[75] The third priority[78] of this plan is to have at least 15 countries alter their Nationally Determined Contributions by 2025 to include more about forests, particularly with the goal of lowering emissions.[75] The fourth goal[78] involves REDD+ leading a Nature-based Solutions movement to speed up changes around climate action.[75]

Manufofin daidaitawa da makafi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu malamai sun yi imanin cewa manufofin canjin yanayi wanda ba ya magance jinsi ba su da tasiri. Yawancin manufofin canjin yanayi da aka kirkira kafin karni na 21 sun mayar da hankali kan tattalin arziki maimakon tasirin zamantakewa na canjin yanayi na duniya da dumamar yanayi.[74] Binciken canjin yanayi da manufofi sun fara kallon jinsi a karni na 21. [74] Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW), Manufofin Ci Gaban Millennium, da kuma Tsarin Ayyuka na Beijing duk shirye-shiryen kula da jinsi ne waɗanda zasu iya shafar manufofin canjin yanayi.[74] Wasu daga cikin martani na kasa da kasa game da canjin yanayi waɗanda ba su magance jinsi ba ko amfani da hanyoyin da suka shafi jinsi sun haɗa da Agenda 21, Sanarwar Rio kan Muhalli da Ci gaba, Yarjejeniyar Kyoto da Shirin Ayyuka na Bali. [74]

Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity (CBD) da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi sun haɗa da girman jinsi, na ƙarshe ta hanyar Shirin Ayyukan Jima'i.[79] Roehr ya lura cewa, yayin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta himmatu ga ƙaddamar da jinsi, a aikace ba a cimma daidaiton jinsi a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi ba. Ƙananan bayanai da bincike suna haifar da rashin isasshen wayar da kan jama'a game da manufofin jinsi da aka kafa.[80]

Shirin Ayyukan Canjin Yanayi na Indiya na Odisha na 2018-2023 yana da cikakken babi da aka keɓe ga jinsi da canjin yanayi, wanda ke tsara tsarin kula da jinsi na "haɓaka mata a matsayin wakilai na canji ba wadanda abin ya shafa ba". Wannan canji ne mai ban sha'awa daga Shirin Ayyukan Canjin Yanayi na baya na 2010-2015 inda ba a bincika jinsi a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi ba kuma saboda haka ba a haɗa shi a cikin Rahoton Ci gaban Gwamnati game da Aiwatar da Shirin Canjin Yanayin Ba. Wannan yana nuna "ƙuntata muryoyin mata daga yanke shawara da tsarin kudi" da kuma ci gaba da cire su daga manufofi waɗanda ke da tasiri kai tsaye a rayuwarsu.

Yankunan fifiko guda biyar na Shirin Ayyukan Jima'i sun haɗa da: [81] gina iyawa, gudanar da ilimi da sadarwa, daidaitaccen jinsi, shiga cikin jagorancin mata, daidaituwa, aiwatarwa da hanyoyin aiwatarwa, da saka idanu da rahoto. [82] Gina iyawa, gudanar da ilimi da sadarwa suna buƙatar la'akari da jinsi don taka muhimmiyar rawa yayin ƙirƙirar manufofi da shirye-shiryen aiki.[82] Manufar wannan ba wai kawai tabbatar da cewa ana la'akari da jinsi daidai ba, amma don kara fadakarwa da wayar da kan jama'a don yin hakan.[82] Sashe na biyu, daidaiton jinsi, shiga da jagorancin mata, ya bayyana burin samun karin mata su shiga cikin tsarin UNFCCC.[82] Na gaba, wanda shine daidaituwa, yana jaddada buƙatar umarnin da ya shafi jinsi.[82] Aiwatar da martani na jinsi da hanyoyin aiwatarwa suna tabbatar da muhimmancin samun mata da aka ambata a cikin dokoki kamar Yarjejeniyar Paris. Kuma a ƙarshe, saka idanu da rahoto za su sa ido kan waɗannan canje-canje a ƙarƙashin shirin aikin Lima don ganin ko ana aiwatar da shirin aikin jinsi yadda ya kamata.[82]

Ciki har da mata a cikin tsarin yin manufofi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Dina Titus tana sauraron Greta Thunberg tana tattauna bukatar gaggawa don magance canjin yanayi.

Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ba wai kawai ya fito ne a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi a matsayin gaskiyar zahiri ba, har ma a cikin jawabai da tattaunawa game da canjin yanayi.[7] Wannan yana nunawa a cikin gaskiyar cewa maza suna da rinjaye a duk matakan muhawara game da canjin yanayi [7] - daga kimiyya zuwa manufofi, daga gida zuwa matakin duniya.[83] Wannan yana da tasiri ga manufofin canjin yanayi.

Mata na iya zama muhimman 'yan wasa a cikin manufofin canjin yanayi saboda suna da ilimin jinsi game da abubuwa kamar sarrafa albarkatun ruwa. Duk da yake mata a yankunan karkara sun dogara da muhalli sosai, yawanci ba a wakilce su a cikin hanyoyin yanke shawara na canjin yanayi.[84] Binciken CARE ya nuna cewa, lokacin da mata ke kula da kudin shiga na iyali, ana iya kashe shi akan ci gaban ɗan adam. Mata kuma galibi suna da haɗari fiye da maza kuma suna yanke shawara mafi aminci.[85] Duk da haka, a cikin 2008, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar kan manufofin daidaitawa ba su magance jinsi ba. Bugu da ƙari, matsayin jinsi da matsin lamba na ma'aikata da zamantakewa na gaba na iya haifar da ƙuntatawa ga iyawar daidaitawa. Yawancin malamai da kungiyoyi da ke aiki don magance canjin yanayi sun yarda cewa masu tsara manufofi dole ne su yi aiki tare da mata da maza kuma suyi la'akari da su a kowane mataki.[85]

Bincike yana tallafawa rawar da mata ke takawa wajen jagorantar aikin yanayi: kasashe da ke da wakilcin mata da yawa a majalisa suna iya tabbatar da yarjejeniyar muhalli da kuma aiwatar da dokoki da ke magance tasirin canjin yanayi

Shugabanci da canjin yanayi kimiyya da manufofi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu malaman mata suna riƙe da cewa muhawara game da canjin yanayi ba kawai maza ne suka mamaye shi ba har ma da farko an tsara shi ne a cikin ka'idodin 'maza', wanda ke iyakance tattaunawa game da canji na yanayi zuwa hangen nesa wanda ke mai da hankali kan mafita ta fasaha, kuma yana da asusun rashin iya daidaitawa da rage canjin yanayi yana nuna tasirin ayyukan sararin samaniya waɗanda ke nuna alaƙar iko da ware mata. Sau da yawa ɓoyayyun ra'ayi da alaƙar iko waɗanda a zahiri ke ƙayyade manufofin canjin yanayi da kimiyya, suna haifar da wani abu wanda Tuana ya kira 'rashin adalci na asali'.

Hakazalika, MacGregor yana sukar maganganun kimiyya daga hangen nesa amma yana mai da hankali kan bangarorin magana. Ta tabbatar da cewa ta hanyar tsara canjin yanayi a matsayin batun 'mai wuya' halayyar kimiyya ta halitta da tsaro na halitta, ana kiyaye shi a cikin yankunan gargajiya na namiji.[7] Seager ya ci gaba da cewa manufar 2 ° C, wanda shine batun da ke faruwa a cikin muhawara game da canjin yanayi, ba, kamar yadda ake ɗauka sau da yawa, manufa ce mai aminci ga dukkan mutane a duniya. Maimakon haka zai tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na jari-hujja kuma daga baya ci gaba da iko ga waɗanda ke da iko a yau.[86] 

Ayyukan mutum-mutumi da suka bambanta da jinsi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Lau, Jacqueline D.; Kleiber, Danika; Lawless, Sarah; Cohen, Philippa J. (March 2021). "Gender equality in climate policy and practice hindered by assumptions". Nature Climate Change (in Turanci). 11 (3): 186–192. Bibcode:2021NatCC..11..186L. doi:10.1038/s41558-021-00999-7. ISSN 1758-6798. S2CID 232107752 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Pearse, Rebecca (March 2017). "Gender and climate change". WIREs Climate Change (in Turanci). 8 (2). Bibcode:2017WIRCC...8E.451P. doi:10.1002/wcc.451. ISSN 1757-7780. S2CID 131947864.
  3. ↑ Eastin, Joshua (1 July 2018). "Climate change and gender equality in developing states". World Development (in Turanci). 107: 289–305. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.02.021. ISSN 0305-750X. S2CID 89614518. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Goli, Imaneh; Omidi Najafabadi, Maryam; Lashgarara, Farhad (9 March 2020). "Where are We Standing and Where Should We Be Going? Gender and Climate Change Adaptation Behavior". Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics (in Turanci). 33 (2): 187–218. Bibcode:2020JAEE...33..187G. doi:10.1007/s10806-020-09822-3. ISSN 1573-322X. S2CID 216404045.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 van Daalen, Kim Robin; Dada, Sara; Issa, Rita; Chowdhury, Maisoon; Jung, Laura; Singh, Lucy; Stokes, Diarmuid; Orcutt, Miriam; Singh, Neha S. (2021). "A Scoping Review to Assess Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes, Challenges and Recommendations in the Context of Climate Migration". Frontiers in Global Women's Health. 2: 78. doi:10.3389/fgwh.2021.757153. ISSN 2673-5059. PMC 8594026 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34816251 Check |pmid= value (help).
  6. ↑ "Challenging assumptions about gender and climate change adaptation" (PDF). Adaptation at Scale in Semi Arid Regions. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 MacGregor, Sherilyn. "A Stranger Silence Still: The Need for Feminist Social Research on Climate Change." The Sociological Review 57 (2010): 124–140. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2010.01889.x.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Gender is one of many social factors influencing responses to climate change | Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions". www.assar.uct.ac.za (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  9. ↑ "Climate justice means involving gender and sexual minorities in policy and action". SEI (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Korkala, Essi A. E.; Hugg, Timo T.; Jaakkola, Jouni J. K. (2014-05-13). Siribaddana, Sisira (ed.). "Awareness of Climate Change and the Dietary Choices of Young Adults in Finland: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study". PLOS ONE (in Turanci). 9 (5): e97480. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...997480K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097480. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4019576. PMID 24824363.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Čábelková, Inna; Smutka, Luboš; Strielkowski, Wadim (2022). "Public support for sustainable development and environmental policy: A case of the Czech Republic". Sustainable Development. 30: 110–126. doi:10.1002/sd.2232. S2CID 239679781 Check |s2cid= value (help). Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 McCright, Aaron M. (2010). "The effects of gender on climate change knowledge and concern in the American public". Population and Environment (in Turanci). 32 (1): 66–87. Bibcode:2010PopEn..32...66M. doi:10.1007/s11111-010-0113-1. ISSN 0199-0039. S2CID 17501476.
  13. ↑ Jylhä, Kirsti M.; Tam, Kim-Pong; Milfont, Taciano L. (June 2021). "Acceptance of group-based dominance and climate change denial: A cross-cultural study in Hong Kong, New Zealand, and Sweden". Asian Journal of Social Psychology (in Turanci). 24 (2): 198–207. doi:10.1111/ajsp.12444. ISSN 1367-2223. S2CID 229454695.
  14. ↑ Jylhä, Kirsti M.; Cantal, Clara; Akrami, Nazar; Milfont, Taciano L. (1 August 2016). "Denial of anthropogenic climate change: Social dominance orientation helps explain the conservative male effect in Brazil and Sweden". Personality and Individual Differences. 98: 184–187. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.020. ISSN 0191-8869.
  15. ↑ Diouf, Ndeye Seynabou; Ouedraogo, Issa; Zougmoré, Robert B.; Ouedraogo, Mathieu; Partey, Samuel Tetteh; Gumucio, Tatiana (4 May 2019). "Factors influencing gendered access to climate information services for farming in Senegal". Gender, Technology and Development. 23 (2): 93–110. doi:10.1080/09718524.2019.1649790. ISSN 0971-8524.
  16. ↑ Carr, Edward R.; Onzere, Sheila N. (1 January 2018). "Really effective (for 15% of the men): Lessons in understanding and addressing user needs in climate services from Mali". Climate Risk Management (in Turanci). 22: 82–95. doi:10.1016/j.crm.2017.03.002. ISSN 2212-0963.
  17. ↑ Carr, Edward R.; Fleming, Grant; Kalala, Tshibangu (1 July 2016). "Understanding Women's Needs for Weather and Climate Information in Agrarian Settings: The Case of Ngetou Maleck, Senegal". Weather, Climate, and Society (in Turanci). 8 (3): 247–264. doi:10.1175/WCAS-D-15-0075.1. ISSN 1948-8327.
  18. ↑ Henriksson, Rebecka; Vincent, Katharine; Archer, Emma; Jewitt, Graham (21 August 2020). "Understanding gender differences in availability, accessibility and use of climate information among smallholder farmers in Malawi". Climate and Development. 13 (6): 503–514. doi:10.1080/17565529.2020.1806777. ISSN 1756-5529.
  19. ↑ Geist, Claudia; McManus, Patricia A. (2012). "Different Reasons, Different Results: Implications of Migration by Gender and Family Status". Demography. 49 (1): 197–217. doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0074-8. PMID 22109084. S2CID 23141436. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey". EIB.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :13
  22. ↑ "Women's leadership boosts climate action, profits". European Investment Bank (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  23. ↑ Owen-Burge, Charlotte (2021-11-24). "Why female leadership is crucial to tackling climate change and other crises". Climate Champions (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  24. ↑ Harrington, Samantha (2019-09-12). "Countries with more female politicians pass more ambitious climate policies, study suggests » Yale Climate Connections". Yale Climate Connections (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  25. ↑ "To fight climate change, more female leaders are fundamental". European Investment Bank (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  26. ↑ Kim, Yeowon; Chester, Mikhail V.; Eisenberg, Daniel A.; Redman, Charles L. (July 2019). "The Infrastructure Trolley Problem: Positioning Safe-to-fail Infrastructure for Climate Change Adaptation". Earth's Future (in Turanci). 7 (7): 704–717. Bibcode:2019EaFut...7..704K. doi:10.1029/2019EF001208. ISSN 2328-4277. S2CID 155518556.
  27. ↑ Maximilian Missing or empty |title= (help)
  28. ↑ Yntiso, Gebre (2008). "Urban Development and Displacement in Addis Ababa: The Impact of Resettlement Projects on Low-Income Households". Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review. 24 (2): 53–77. doi:10.1353/eas.0.0001. ISSN 1684-4173. S2CID 154960059.
  29. ↑ Mathbor, Golam M. (May 2007). "Enhancement of community preparedness for natural disasters: The role of social work in building social capital for sustainable disaster relief and management". International Social Work (in Turanci). 50 (3): 357–369. doi:10.1177/0020872807076049. ISSN 0020-8728. S2CID 143139156.
  30. ↑ Van Wassenhove, L N (2006-05-01). "Humanitarian aid logistics: supply chain management in high gear". Journal of the Operational Research Society. 57 (5): 475–489. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602125. ISSN 0160-5682. S2CID 189867143. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  31. ↑ Kovács, Gyöngyi; Spens, Karen M. (2007-01-01). Jahre, Marianne; Persson, Gøran (eds.). "Humanitarian logistics in disaster relief operations". International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management. 37 (2): 99–114. doi:10.1108/09600030710734820. ISSN 0960-0035. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  32. ↑ Eikenberry, Angela M.; Arroyave, Verónica; Cooper, Tracy (2007-12-07). "Administrative Failure and the International NGO Response to Hurricane Katrina". Public Administration Review (in Turanci). 67: 160–170. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00825.x. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  33. ↑ "Explainer: How gender inequality and climate change are interconnected". UN Women – Headquarters (in Turanci). 2022-02-28. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  34. ↑ "Understanding Why Climate Change Impacts Women More Than Men". Global Citizen (in Turanci). 2020-03-05. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  35. ↑ Rao, Nitya; Lawson, Elaine T.; Raditloaneng, Wapula N.; Solomon, Divya; Angula, Margaret N. (2019-01-02). "Gendered vulnerabilities to climate change: insights from the semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia". Climate and Development. 11 (1): 14–26. Bibcode:2019CliDe..11...14R. doi:10.1080/17565529.2017.1372266. ISSN 1756-5529.
  36. ↑ W. Neil Invalid |url-status=Hutton (help); Check date values in: |access-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  37. ↑ Arora-Jonsson, Seema (1 May 2011). "Virtue and vulnerability: Discourses on women, gender and climate change". Global Environmental Change. Special Issue on The Politics and Policy of Carbon Capture and Storage. 21 (2): 744–751. Bibcode:2011GEC....21..744A. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.01.005. ISSN 0959-3780.
  38. ↑ Cleaveland, S.; Laurenson, M.K.; Taylor, L.H. (2001-07-29). Woolhouse, M. E. J.; Dye, C. (eds.). "Diseases of humans and their domestic mammals: pathogen characteristics, host range and the risk of emergence". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences (in Turanci). 356 (1411): 991–999. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0889. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1088494. PMID 11516377.
  39. ↑ Fuchs, Wolfgang; Brockmeyer, Norbert H. (June 2014). "Sexually transmitted infections: CME Article". JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft (in Turanci). 12 (6): 451–464. doi:10.1111/ddg.12310. PMID 24889293. S2CID 9982104. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  40. ↑ Hamlyn, E.; Taylor, C. (2006). "Sexually transmitted proctitis". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 82 (973): 733–736. doi:10.1136/pmj.2006.048488. PMC 2660501. PMID 17099092.
  41. ↑ Castillo, Rostislav; Konda, Kelika A.; Leon, Segundo R.; Silva-Santisteban, Alfonso; Salazar, Ximena; Klausner, Jeffrey D.; Coates, Thomas J.; Cáceres, Carlos F. (2015-08-15). "HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infection Incidence and Associated Risk Factors Among High-Risk MSM and Male-to-Female Transgender Women in Lima, Peru". Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (in Turanci). 69 (5): 567–575. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000667. ISSN 1525-4135. PMC 4501868. PMID 25950207.
  42. ↑ Alter, Miriam J.; Margolis, Harold S. (1990-11-01). "The Emergence of Hepatitis B as a Sexually Transmitted Disease". Medical Clinics of North America (in Turanci). 74 (6): 1529–1541. doi:10.1016/S0025-7125(16)30493-X. ISSN 0025-7125. PMID 2246951. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  43. ↑ Inoue, Takako; Tanaka, Yasuhito (2016-09-05). "Hepatitis B virus and its sexually transmitted infection – an update". Microbial Cell (in Turanci). 3 (9): 420–437. doi:10.15698/mic2016.09.527. ISSN 2311-2638. PMC 5354569. PMID 28357379.
  44. ↑ Gunn, Robert A.; Murray, Paula J.; Ackers, Marta L.; Hardison, William G. M.; Margolis, Harold S. (March 2001). "Screening for Chronic Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections in an Urban Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic: Rationale for Integrating Services". Sexually Transmitted Diseases (in Turanci). 28 (3): 166–170. doi:10.1097/00007435-200103000-00008. ISSN 0148-5717. PMID 11289199. S2CID 39802706.
  45. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Abuse and natural disasters
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Building gendered approaches
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Climate Change Adaptation from a Gender Perspective
  48. ↑ Hammer, Karl; Arrowsmith, Nancy; Gladis, Thomas (2003-06-01). "Agrobiodiversity with emphasis on plant genetic resources". Naturwissenschaften (in Turanci). 90 (6): 241–250. Bibcode:2003NW.....90..241H. doi:10.1007/s00114-003-0433-4. ISSN 1432-1904. PMID 12835833. S2CID 20275232. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  49. ↑ Chen, Hongda; Yada, Rickey (2011-11-01). "Nanotechnologies in agriculture: New tools for sustainable development". Trends in Food Science & Technology. Agri-food nano applications: ensuring social benefits (in Turanci). 22 (11): 585–594. doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2011.09.004. ISSN 0924-2244. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  50. ↑ Chum, Helena L.; Overend, Ralph P. (2001-06-01). "Biomass and renewable fuels". Fuel Processing Technology. Fuel science in the year 2000: Where do we stand and where do we go from here? (in Turanci). 71 (1): 187–195. Bibcode:2001FuPrT..71..187C. doi:10.1016/S0378-3820(01)00146-1. ISSN 0378-3820. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  51. ↑ Marshall, E. J. P; Moonen, A. C (2002-04-01). "Field margins in northern Europe: their functions and interactions with agriculture". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. The Ecology of Field Margins in European Farming Systems (in Turanci). 89 (1): 5–21. Bibcode:2002AgEE...89....5M. doi:10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00315-2. ISSN 0167-8809. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  52. ↑ Laurance, William F.; Sayer, Jeffrey; Cassman, Kenneth G. (2014-02-01). "Agricultural expansion and its impacts on tropical nature". Trends in Ecology & Evolution (in English). 29 (2): 107–116. Bibcode:2014TEcoE..29..107L. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2013.12.001. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 24388286. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2023.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  53. ↑ Jackson, Louise; van Noordwijk, Meine; Bengtsson, Janne; Foster, William; Lipper, Leslie; Pulleman, Mirjam; Said, Mohammed; Snaddon, Jake; Vodouhe, Raymond (2010-05-01). "Biodiversity and agricultural sustainagility: from assessment to adaptive management". Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability (in Turanci). 2 (1): 80–87. Bibcode:2010COES....2...80J. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2010.02.007. ISSN 1877-3435. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  54. ↑ Edwards, Peter J.; Abivardi, Cyrus (1998-03-01). "The value of biodiversity: Where ecology and economy blend". Biological Conservation. Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Strategies (in Turanci). 83 (3): 239–246. Bibcode:1998BCons..83..239E. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00141-9. ISSN 0006-3207. Archived from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  55. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Climate change and food supply
  56. ↑ Hans, Asha; Hazra, Sugata; Das, Shouvik; Patel, Amrita (1 September 2019). "Encountering Gendered Spaces in Climate Change Policy in India: Migration and Adaptation". Journal of Migration Affairs. 2 (1): 1. doi:10.36931/jma.2019.2.1.1-24. ISSN 2582-0990. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  57. ↑ Atela, Joanes; Gannon, Kate Elizabeth; Crick, Florence (October 2018). "Climate change adaptation among female-led micro, small and medium enterprises in semi-arid areas: A case study from Kenya" (PDF) (Working paper). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  58. ↑ Tom, Pamela (2012-11-15). "More Female Board Directors Add Up to Improved Sustainability Performance". Haas News | Berkeley Haas (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  59. ↑ "Gender Diversity and Climate Innovation" (PDF). BloombergNEF. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  60. ↑ Sokona, Youba; Denton, Fatma (2001-01-01). "Climate change impacts: can Africa cope with the challenges?". Climate Policy. 1 (1): 117–123. Bibcode:2001CliPo...1..117S. doi:10.3763/cpol.2001.0110. ISSN 1469-3062. S2CID 154020901. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  61. ↑ Rahman, Md Sadequr (2013). "Climate Change, Disaster and Gender Vulnerability: A Study on Two Divisions of Bangladesh". American Journal of Human Ecology (in Turanci). 2 (2): 72–82. doi:10.11634/216796221504315 (inactive 11 July 2025). ISSN 2167-9630. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of ga Yuli, 2025 (link)
  62. ↑ Belsey-Priebe, Maryruth; Lyons, Deborah; Buonocore, Jonathan J. (January 2021). "COVID-19′s Impact on American Women's Food Insecurity Foreshadows Vulnerabilities to Climate Change". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (in Turanci). 18 (13): 6867. doi:10.3390/ijerph18136867. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 8296854 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34206797 Check |pmid= value (help).
  63. ↑ Devonald, Megan; Jones, Nicola; Iyasu Gebru, Abreham; Yadete, Workneh (2022-02-20). "Rethinking climate change through a gender and adolescent lens in Ethiopia". Climate and Development. 16 (3): 176–186. doi:10.1080/17565529.2022.2032568. ISSN 1756-5529. S2CID 247020011 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  64. ↑ Benevolenza, Mia A.; DeRigne, LeaAnne (2018-10-10). "The impact of climate change and natural disasters on vulnerable populations: A systematic review of literature". Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 29 (2): 266–281. doi:10.1080/10911359.2018.1527739. ISSN 1091-1359. S2CID 150219722. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  65. ↑ Demetriades, Justina, and Emily Esplen. "The Gender Dimensions of Poverty and Climate Change Adaptation." IDS Bulletin 39.4 (2009): 24–31. doi:10.1111/j.1759-5436.2008.tb00473.x.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Olsson
  67. ↑ "نماینده مجلس ایران: بیشترین آسیب تغییرات اقلیمی متوجه زنان روستایی است". ایرنا (in Farisanci). 14 March 2018. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
  68. ↑ Rahman, Md. Sadequr (2013-05-30). "Climate Change, Disaster and Gender Vulnerability: A Study on Two Divisions of Bangladesh". American Journal of Human Ecology. 2 (2). doi:10.11634/216796221302315. ISSN 2167-9630.
  69. ↑ Dulal, Hari; Shah, Kalim; Ahmad, Nilufar (2009-07-23). "Social Equity Considerations in the Implementation of Caribbean Climate Change Adaptation Policies". Sustainability. 1 (3): 363–383. doi:10.3390/su1030363. ISSN 2071-1050. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  70. ↑ Tannenbaum, Cara; Ellis, Robert P.; Eyssel, Friederike; Zou, James; Schiebinger, Londa (2019-11-06). "Sex and gender analysis improves science and engineering". Nature. 575 (7781): 137–146. Bibcode:2019Natur.575..137T. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1657-6. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 31695204. S2CID 207916652. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  71. ↑ Patt, Anthony G.; Dazé, Angie; Suarez, Pablo (2009). "Gender and Climate Change Vulnerability: What's the Problem, What's the Solution?". Distributional Impacts of Climate Change and Disasters. doi:10.4337/9781849802338.00013. ISBN 9781849802338.
  72. ↑ Garcia, Alicea; Tschakert, Petra; Karikari, Nana Afia (2020-07-13). "'Less able': how gendered subjectivities warp climate change adaptation in Ghana's Central Region". Gender, Place & Culture. 27 (11): 1602–1627. doi:10.1080/0966369x.2020.1786017. ISSN 0966-369X. S2CID 225609579. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  73. ↑ Lawson, Victoria (March 2007). "Geographies of Care and Responsibility". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 97 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00520.x. ISSN 0004-5608. S2CID 144686805. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gender and Climate Change
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 75.4 75.5 75.6 75.7 "Our Work". UN-REDD Programme. 2019. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018.
  76. ↑ "Executive Summary". 12 July 2021. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  77. ↑ "Executive Summary". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (in Turanci). 2021-07-12. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-22.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto
  79. ↑ "The Gender Action Plan". UNFCCC. Archived from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  80. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Roehr
  81. ↑ "Enhanced Lima work programme on gender and its gender action plan" (PDF). unfccc.int. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 82.5 "Conference of the Parties: Twenty fifth session. Gender and Climate Change: Proposal by the President" (PDF). United Nations: Framework Convention on Climate Change: 1–10. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  83. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Boyd
  84. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named adapting to climate change in Africa
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Adaptation, Gender, and Women's Empowerment
  86. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Seager

Mata na iya taka rawa a cikin martani na canjin yanayi kuma sau da yawa suna iya taimakawa a matakin gida, wanda zai iya sanar da takamaiman fannoni na manufofin canjin yanayi.[1] Mata suna ba da gudummawa ga ilimin su na gida game da jagoranci, gudanar da albarkatu mai ɗorewa, da kuma yadda za a haɗa dorewa cikin gida da al'umma. Wannan kuma yana nuna yadda mata ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kula da albarkatun kasa.[2]

Bugu da ƙari, shaidu sun nuna cewa al'ummomi sun fi dacewa da shirye-shiryen bala'o'i lokacin da mata ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin gargadi da sake ginawa.[2] Wani binciken da aka yi a Kudancin Asiya a shekara ta 2000 ya nuna cewa mata suna da mahimmanci a shirye-shiryen haɗari da sake ginawa / gudanar da al'ummomi bayan bala'i, da kuma tabbatar da tsaron abinci da aminci ga takamaiman kungiyoyin mutane.[2]

Haɗin jinsi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Yan tsiraru na jima'i da jinsi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Many marginalized groups are disproportionately affected by the climate crisis the world is experiencing, and this includes both gender and sexual minorities.[3] Following a disaster, same sex couples risk not receiving relief support if they are not recognized as a legitimate couple by the government.[3] Additionally, non-binary individuals lack access to gender-specific services that target men or women. Initiatives to reduce this risk and danger include [1] Archived 29 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine to map LGBTQ+ safe spaces, HIV testing facilities, and access through roads and buildings for disaster management.[3]

Maza da Canjin Yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Canjin yanayi yana kara muni, batutuwan muhalli na maza suna kara muni. Rashin rauni daban-daban yana nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin abubuwan damuwa na muhalli da tasirin da suke da shi a kan wasu kungiyoyi idan aka kwatanta da wasu. Misali, wani abin damuwa wanda ke shafar maza ba daidai ba shine ra'ayin zamantakewa na namiji. Wannan na iya sa maza da yara maza su dauki hadari, musamman a lokutan rikici, kamar bala'o'in muhalli. Wannan ya bayyana kididdigar cewa mutuwar maza ta fi girma a lokacin wani taron, kamar guguwa ko ambaliyar ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, wani al'ada na zamantakewa, musamman a kasashe masu tasowa, shine cewa maza ya kamata su yi jinkirin neman taimako da canza halaye, hana rauni. Wannan yana sa wasu maza su yi tsayayya da daidaitawa, wanda ya sa su kasance marasa nasara a hanyoyin rayuwarsu, musamman a lokacin bala'o'in muhalli.[4]

Bugu da ƙari, ayyukan da suka shafi jinsi ga maza da kuma yadda aka kammala ayyukan suna cikin haɗari saboda canjin yanayi. Misali, wasu ayyukan noma kamar kamun kifi da noma na iya zama ba zai yiwu ba saboda hauhawar matakin teku da hauhawar matakan carbon a ƙasa. Wannan na iya sa maza su bar ayyukansu na noma kuma su yi barazana ga ikon samun kudin shiga. Maza kuma bazai sami damar samun cikakken bayani game da batutuwa kamar wadatar ruwan sha da kuma abin da amfanin gona za a iya amfani da shi don dafa abinci ba, saboda shingen zamantakewa. Ƙayyadaddun bayanai maza na iya samun game da waɗannan bayanan na iya haifar da rashin isasshen shiri da rashin nasarar shirye-shirye ga al'ummar da ke cikin haɗari.

Manufofin Amurka da dabarun

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Introduction to Gender and Climate Change". unfccc.int. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Overview of linkages between gender and climate change". Global Gender and Climate Alliance. 2011.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :03
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :25

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an kirkiro shirye-shirye game da daidaiton jinsi dangane da canjin yanayi. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen shine dabarun kasa kan daidaito da daidaito na jinsi, wanda gwamnatin Biden-Harris ta gabatar.[1] Wannan dabarar ce da ke da niyyar samun cikakken shiga na dukkan mutane, wanda ya hada da mata, a Amurka.[1] A cikin wannan dabarar, sun fahimci cewa akwai nuna bambanci da ke da alaƙa da jinsi a ci gaban manufofin yanayi.[1] Wadannan manufofi, wadanda ke warewa, suna da wuyar yin ingantaccen manufofi game da batutuwa kamar canjin yanayi idan aka bar kungiyoyin mutane.[1] Manufar wannan dabarar ita ce inganta daidaiton jinsi dangane da manufofin canjin yanayi da ragewa, da kuma magance yadda canjin yanayi zai iya shafar lafiyar jama'a daban-daban bisa ga jinsi.[1]

Wannan burin inganta daidaiton jinsi a ragewa da amsawa ga canjin yanayi ya haɗa da matakai da yawa.[2] Na farko shine bin wannan daidaiton jinsi a cikin tattaunawar da kimiyya wanda ke kewaye da canjin yanayi.[2] Don inganta ilimin mata, gwamnati na fatan samar da mayar da hankali kan kimiyyar yanayi a ilimi da kuma tabbatar da shigar da su cikin tsare-tsaren kare muhalli da tsare-tsare na aikin yanayi.[2] Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a gaba su ne ƙirƙirar ƙarin horo na jagoranci ga mata don ƙirƙirar mafi kyawun shiga cikin tattalin arzikin makamashi mai tsabta.[2] Wani burin shi ne yin amfani da shirin Justice40 don isar da kashi 40% na fa'idodi daga saka hannun jari don yanayi da makamashi mai tsabta ga al'ummomin da ba su da wadata.[2] Bugu da ƙari, suna shirin ƙirƙirar Kayan Binciken Yanayi da Tattalin Arziki.[2]

Sauran dokoki, kamar Dokar Mata da Canjin Yanayi ta 2019. Yana fatan nuna shirye-shiryen da mata ke jagoranta ba kawai don yaki da canjin yanayi da kansa ba, amma rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da ke cikin wannan yanki.[3] Suna fatan kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Tarayya kan Mata da Canjin Yanayi, da kuma ƙirƙirar cikakkiyar dabarun kan yadda za a haɗa mata cikin manufofin yanayi a nan gaba.[3]

A farkon 2021, 'yar majalisa Barbara Lee, daga gundumar 12 ta California, ta gabatar da Dokar Mata da Canjin Yanayi ta 2021 da kuma Ƙudurin Taimaka wa Koyar da Canjin Canjin Yanayin A Makarantu. Wadannan kudaden biyu "an yi niyya ne don rage tasirin canjin yanayi a kan mata da 'yan mata a duniya da kuma karfafa gwamnatin tarayya, jihohi, makarantu, da kungiyoyin al'umma don koyar da canjin yanayi cikin shirye-shiryen da suka dace da ayyukan. " * Kafin Lee ya gabatar da waɗannan kudaden, akwai Dokar Mata da Canjin Yanayi ta 2019, wanda aka yi niyya don inganta martani da dabarun gwamnatin Amurka ga tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan Mata da 'yan matan. WCCA na 2019 ta sami goyon baya da amincewa daga Planned Parenthood, Sierra Club da Kungiyar Muhalli da Ci Gaban Mata.

Nazarin shari'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bangladesh

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Page 'Climate change in Bangladesh' not found

Madagascar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Page 'Energy poverty and gender' not found
Kashe daji a Madagascar.

80% na nau'ikan shuke-shuke da dabbobi da aka samu a Madagascar ba su samuwa a ko'ina a Duniya ba.[4][5] Saboda wannan bambancin jinsin, sare daji a Madagascar zai yi tasiri sosai a kan Bambancin halittu na duniya, kuma wannan ya sa kasar ta zama mafi girman fifiko ga kiyaye bambancin halittukan halittu na Duniya.[4] Tasirin canjin yanayi a Madagascar, kasar da ke da yawan mutanen karkara da masu rauni, ana sa ran za su kara tsananta abubuwan da suka faru na guguwa mai karfi, ambaliyar ruwa, fari, da rashin tabbas a cikin yanayin yanayi, wanda zai kara barazana ga tsaro na abinci, ababen more rayuwa, da kuma yanayin kasar.[6][7] The Policy Research Brief da Cibiyar Manufofin Kasa da Kasa ta wallafa (IPC-IG) mai taken "Greening the Economy and Hacking Economic Equity for Women Farmers in Madagascar" ta gano cewa gaskiyar rayuwa ta canjin yanayi a Madagascar ta bambanta da jinsi.[8] Manufofin da dabarun da suka dace na kasa kamar su Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa na Madagascar (NAPA) da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi ba a mayar da hankali ga jinsi ba, saboda haka, wanda ke haifar da bambancin manufofin da suka shafi jinsi wanda ke ci gaba da karfafa warewar mata a cikin hanyoyin manufofi da suka shafi daidaitawar yanayi, kudade da ragewa.[8] Rahoton ya ba da shawarar shirya hadin gwiwa mata da inganta shigar da mata a matsayin jagoranci don inganta haɗin kai a cikin tattalin arzikin kore.[8][9] 

Mozambique

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Mozambique ta karɓi Tsarin Jima'i, Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi da Shirin Aiki a farkon shekara ta 2010, kasancewar ita ce gwamnati ta farko a duniya da ta yi hakan. A cikin shirin aikinsa na II, Alcinda António de Abreu, Ministan Muhalli na Mozambique a lokacin, ya yi sharhi cewa "daidaitawa da sauye-sauyen yanayi da ragewa [daidaita] akan amfani mai ɗorewa da daidaitaccen iko, da kuma fa'idodin da aka samu daga, albarkatun halitta - kuma duk 'yan ƙasa, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu na zamantakewa ko jinsi ba, a duk fannoni na rayuwar tattalin arziki da siyasa, suna da rawar da za su taka a cikin wannan gagarumin ƙoƙari". An ba da amfani mai ɗorewa da gudanar da horar da albarkatun ƙasa ga mata sama da 12,000. Hakazalika, al'ummomi talatin da shida sun koyi kuma sun sami ilimi game da hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don rigakafi da sarrafa gobara, dasa amfanin gona mai tsayayya da fari, da samarwa da amfani da ingantaccen murhu.[10]

Afirka ta Kudu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  A shekara ta 2010, Afirka ta Kudu ita ce yankin da ke da tattalin arziki mafi girma a Afirka, duk da haka fiye da rabin yawan jama'a suna rayuwa cikin talauci kuma da yawa ba su da aikin yi. Mutanen da ke fama da talauci a Afirka ta Kudu sun dogara da aikin gona da albarkatun kasa don rayuwa.[11] Har ila yau, hakar kwal da ƙarfe sun kasance manyan bangarorin da ke ba da gudummawa ga tattalin arziki, amma suna raguwa a cikin karni na 21 saboda canjin yanayi da duniya.[11] A cikin shekara ta 2007, Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ya yi hasashen cewa Afirka za ta yi dumi saboda canjin yanayi sau 1.5 fiye da sauran duniya kuma cewa Afirka ta Kudu, musamman, za ta kasance 3 - 4 ° C mai dumi da 2100. [11] Ruwa, noma, hakar ma'adinai, da gandun daji duk za su shafi waɗannan canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki da yanayi.[11] Kwamitin Binciken Kimiyya na Dan Adam ya gano a shekara ta 2004 cewa kashi 57% na matalautan Afirka ta Kudu suna cikin haɗari ga tasirin canjin yanayi mara kyau saboda sun dogara da aikin gona mai ruwan sama kuma ana sa ran canjin yanayi a Afirka zai haifar da lokaci mai tsawo da tsananin fari a tsawon lokaci.[11] Yawancin matalauta a yankunan karkara a Afirka ta Kudu mata ne waɗanda ke da iyakantaccen damar samun dukiya, samun kudin shiga, bashi, albarkatu, da ikon zamantakewa.[11] 

A Afirka ta Kudu, maza suna kula da dabbobi yayin da mata ke kula da lambun, amma a cikin dogon lokacin fari, gidaje da yawa suna rasa dabbobinsu. A mayar da martani ga wannan asarar da kuma karuwar rashin aikin yi, maza suna juyawa zuwa barasa don magance damuwa ta hankali.[11] Wasu kuma suna ƙara yawan abokan jima'i, suna ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV ko yaduwar cutar HIV.[11] Dangane da waɗannan canje-canje, mata da yawa suna shiga cikin ma'aikata, ko dai a hukumance ko kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wasu yanzu suna aiki a cikin al'adun maza kamar hakar ma'adinai da gine-gine. Sauran suna yin da sayar da kayayyaki a cikin gida.[11] Gudummawar zamantakewa daga gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta kara tallafawa gidajen da sauyin yanayi ya shafa.[11] Wadannan tallafin sun hada da fansho, biyan bashin nakasassu, da tallafin yara.[11] A wasu lokuta, lokacin da maza ke da alhakin rarraba tallafin zamantakewa a cikin gida maimakon mata, suna amfani da kuɗin don siyan barasa.[11] A mayar da martani, gwamnati tana ba da tallafi ga mata, wanda zai iya haifar da rikice-rikicen cikin gida a cikin gidaje.[11]

Fahimtar Canjin yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu ya dogara ne da gogewa da ilimin gida, wanda ake sadarwa ta baki. Mata suna riƙe da wannan ilimin fiye da maza saboda kwarewarsu game da noma da lambu.[11] Don mayar da martani ga fari, wasu mata suna shuka amfanin gona a kusa da wuraren da ake ruwa ko wasu maɓuɓɓugar ruwa.[11] Har ila yau, suna adana abinci don lokutan fari ko gazawar amfanin gona.[11] Duk da ilimin da suke da shi game da canjin yanayi, martani da yawa a Afirka ta Kudu (kamar Nazarin Kasar Afirka ta Kudu kan Sauƙin Canjin Yanayi da Binciken Adaptation) ba su magance jinsi ba.[11] Duk da yake mata a Afirka ta Kudu suna da wakilci a cikin gwamnati a matakin kasa da na lardin, babu mata da yawa a cikin gwamnati A matakin birni.[11]

Arewacin Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2005, wata guguwa ta rukuni na 3, Guguwar Katrina, ta buge Tekun Gulf na Amurka, ta bar tasiri ga duk wanda ya tsira. Duk da haka, bala'in da ya fi shahara ya bar tasiri sosai ga matan da ke zaune a New Orleans a lokacin. A cewar Laura Butterbaugh, marubucin Feminism and Motherhood, a lokacin da guguwar ta buge, kashi 25.9% na mata da ke zaune a New Orleans suna rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci, kusan kashi 6% fiye da maza da ke zaune cikin wannan radius. Saboda yanayin kudi, an sanya mata a matsayi inda ba su iya kwashe gidajensu ba bayan ambaliyar ruwa ta fara. Wannan ya haifar da matsala mafi girma ga mata masu juna biyu da yara, saboda an hana motsi. Kimanin kashi 56% na mata a New Orleans gidaje ne masu zaman kansu, don haka iyalai masu zaman kansu da ke fama da talauci da ambaliyar ruwa ta tarihi sun haifar da bala'i. Mata ma sun fuskanci haɗarin tashin hankali a lokacin bala'in da shekaru da suka biyo baya. A cewar Jane Henrici, Allison Suppan Helmuth, da Jackie Braun daga Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Mata, a lokacin guguwar ta'addanci na jinsi "a Mississippi ta tashi daga 4.6 a kowace rana lokacin da Guguwar Katrina ta buge jihar, zuwa 16.3 a kowace rana a shekara bayan haka mata da yawa sun kasance sun rasa gidajensu kuma suna zaune a cikin mafaka na wucin gadi da tirela. " * A nan gaba, yana da mahimmanci ga al'ummomin da ke fuskantar bala'o'in muhalli don yin shirin game da aka ware. A ƙarshe, ya kamata a yi ƙarin bincike ta hanyar nazarin tasirin bala'o'i na halitta a kan duk asalin jinsi, don fahimtar yadda ya kamata a tallafa wa kowace al'umma.[12]  [13]

Kudancin Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ibrahim Granados Martinez ya nuna cewa an tilasta mata a yankuna a duk faɗin Latin Amurka su daidaita da mahallinsu, wanda sauyin yanayi na mutum ke canzawa akai-akai. A Latin Amurka, sauyin yanayi ya shafi mata 'yan asalin ƙasar, yayin da mata miliyan 58 ke zaune a yankunan karkara na nahiyar kuma kashi 30% na waɗancan mata suna da ƙasar noma. Koyaya, babban matsala tare da daidaitawarsu ya samo asali ne daga iyakantaccen albarkatun da suke da shi don magance fari, ambaliyar ruwa, raƙuman zafi, hauhawar matakin teku, da sauran tasirin da suka shafi yanayi a kan al'ummominsu. Kashi 5% ne kawai na matan da ke zaune a yankunan karkara kuma wadanda ke da gonar noma suna da damar samun taimakon fasaha, wanda ke barin su cikin talauci, cututtuka, da tashin hankali. Wadannan matan da ke zaune a yankunan karkara a halin yanzu suna neman hanyoyin daidaitawa da wannan rikicin, a cikin karancin goyon baya daga gwamnati. Misali, ana buƙatar mata masu sayar da kayan a yankunan karkara na Bolivia a wasu lokuta su ɗauki nau'ikan sufuri guda uku don isa wurin da za su ba su isasshen kuɗi don samar da iyalansu. Bugu da ƙari, ana tilasta mata a Nicaragua su sake tunanin yadda suke noma, yayin da canjin yanayi ke samar da ƙasashe marasa amfani.

Indiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Page 'Climate change in Bangladesh' not found
Sakataren Harkokin Makamashi da Canjin Yanayi, Burtaniya, Ms. Amber Augusta Rudd ta gana da Ministan Tarayyar Mata da Ci gaban Yara, Smt. Maneka Sanjay Gandhi

Don fahimtar raunin jinsi mutum yana buƙatar fahimtar shi tare da matsayi, aji, da kabilanci. A cikin Mahanadi Delta na Indiya, mata daga Scheduled Castes sun nuna matakan amincewa da kansu da girman kai duk da fuskantar talauci. Duk da yake mata daga manyan kabilu suna ɗaure da "mafi karfi na shugabanci da ƙuntataccen motsi", mata daga Scheduled Castes "sau da yawa ba tare da fahimtar hakan ba" suna iya kawar da iyakokin shugabanci da "suna motsi da sauƙi".[14]

Ra'ayin mata a matsayin "kawai masu rauni da kuma warewa a cikin mahallin canjin yanayi" ba daidai ba ne.[15] Hukumar mata don noma kayan lambu a cikin filayen da aka katako na ruwa na ƙauyen Totashi na Odisha ta juya rashin fa'idodi da aka haifar da katako na ruwan da aka kai ta hanyar samar musu da ƙarin kuɗin shiga don tallafawa iyalansu da bukatun abinci mai gina jiki. Mata na ƙauyen Jeypore na Odisha suna ba da gudummawa sau biyu a wata don share ruwa daga jikin ruwa ta hanyar samar da sarkar don "cire sassan ruwa na ruwa kafin a cire su". Wannan ba wai kawai ya inganta ingancin ruwa na tafkunan ba kuma ya ba mazauna ƙauyuka damar shiga aikin noma da kamun kifi ba har ma ya bincika raguwar amfanin ƙasa da yaduwar cututtuka, macizai, da kwari masu guba.[16]

Wani binciken da aka gudanar tsakanin 2014 da 2018 a gundumomi biyar na Mahanadi delta na Odisha ya nuna cewa iyalai masu shugabancin mata sun sami "ƙarin asarar kuɗi saboda gazawar amfanin gona, dabbobi da kayan aiki da kuma asarar rai" idan aka kwatanta da iyalai masu jagorancin maza a lokacin matsanancin abubuwan da suka faru. Iyalan mata da ke jagoranta suna da nauyin da ke akwai na kula da iyali, kuma haɗe da ƙananan kudaden shiga, ƙarancin juriya ko iyawa, sun fi muni fiye da iyalai na maza a lokacin matsanancin abubuwan da suka faru. Rashin daidaito ya kara da shekarun mata, matsayin aure, rashin ilimi, da samun kudin shiga inda yawancin mata ba su da kudin shiga, da yawa suna da karancin kudin shiga, kuma yawancin su gwauraye ne masu tsufa ba tare da ilimi ba. Ba wai kawai waɗannan mata suna zaune a ƙarƙashin yanayin jiki mai rauni a cikin delta ba saboda sauyin yanayi amma kuma sun kasance masu rauni a zamantakewa da tattalin arziki fiye da gidajen maza.[17]

Rashin jituwa game da jinsi da canjin yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai jigogi guda biyu da ke fitowa yayin nazarin canjin yanayi da jinsi: "Mata kamar yadda suke da rauni ko masu kirki dangane da muhalli. " [18] Wannan yana nufin cewa mata da ke zaune a ƙasashe a Kudancin duniya sun fi dacewa da tasirin canjin yanayi fiye da maza a waɗancan ƙasashe kuma maza a Arewacin duniya sun iya ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi karịa mata. Wadannan zato game da raunin mata da kyawawan halaye suna ƙarfafa nuna bambanci na arewa maso kudu na duniya, wanda shine cewa mata a Kudancin duniya matalauta ne kuma ba su da taimako kuma mata a Arewacin duniya suna da ilimi sosai kuma masu kare muhalli.

Labarin "mata a matsayin masu kirki" ya tsara mata a matsayin mahimman direbobi wajen gina daidaito da amsoshi masu ɗorewa ga canjin yanayi. Rahoton UNFPA Yanayin Jama'ar Duniya na 2009 - Ganin Duniya Mai Canji: Mata, Jama'a da Yanayi sun gano mata a matsayin muhimman 'yan wasa wajen tattara mutane game da canjin yanayi. Musamman, Carolyn Sachs ta tattauna gwagwarmayar da mata ke fuskanta a duniya game da abubuwan muhalli kamar shirye-shiryen jinsi a ci gaban noma.[19] Sau da yawa mata suna fuskantar zalunci daga takwarorinsu na kamfanoni a matsayin abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ga matsalar mata. Ana amfani da aikin mata a matsayin hanyar da za ta hana su yin yaƙi da baya, a lokacin canjin tsakiyar shekara suna fuskantar gwagwarmaya mai yawa na matsanancin canjin yanayi da wadatar albarkatun kasa.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Fact Sheet: National Strategy on Gender Equity and Equality". 22 October 2021. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "National Strategy on Gender Equity and Equality" (PDF). The White House. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lee, Barbara (27 March 2019). "H.R.1880 - Women and Climate Change Act of 2019". Archived from the original on 23 November 2021.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Environment and Climate Change". USAID (in Turanci). 13 February 2019. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  5. ↑ "Story Map Journal". www.arcgis.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  6. ↑ "Climate Risk and Adaptation Country Profile: Madagascar" (PDF). climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org (in Turanci). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  7. ↑ "Future Climate Change in Madagascar – how gender equality can help". Lick the Spoon (in Turanci). 27 January 2019. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "Greening the Economy and Increasing Economic Equity for Women Farmers in Madagascar" (PDF). www.ipc-undp.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  9. ↑ "IPC-IG Publishes Brief on Climate Change, Farming and Gender in Madagascar" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  10. ↑ "Mozambique Climate Change Gender Action Plan (ccGAP) Report". Climatelinks (in Turanci). 31 December 2014. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gender and Climate Change South Africa Case Study
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :28
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :29
  14. ↑ Hans, Asha; Hazra, Sugata; Das, Shouvik; Patel, Amrita (2019-09-01). "Encountering Gendered Spaces in Climate Change Policy in India: Migration and Adaptation". Journal of Migration Affairs. 2 (1): 1. doi:10.36931/jma.2019.2.1.1-24. ISSN 2582-0990. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :8
  16. ↑ "Women Adapting to Climate Change by undp india on Exposure". undp-india.exposure.co. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :9
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :10
  19. ↑ Sachs, Carolyn; Alston, Margaret (2010). "Global Shifts, Sedimentations, and Imaginaries: An Introduction to the Special Issue on Women and Agriculture". Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society (in Turanci). 35 (2): 277–287. doi:10.1086/605618. S2CID 144095064. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canjin_yanayi_da_jinsi&oldid=723891"