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Canjin yanayi da tsuntsaye

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Ayyuka masu mahimmanci sun shiga cikin nazarin Tasirin Canjin yanayi akan tsuntsaye.[1] Kamar sauran kungiyoyin dabbobi, tsuntsaye suna shafar canjin yanayi na mutum (wanda ya haifar da mutum). Binciken ya haɗa da bin diddigin canje-canje a cikin rayuwar jinsuna a cikin shekaru da yawa don mayar da martani ga canjin duniya, kimanta rawar da matsin juyin halitta daban-daban ke takawa [2] har ma da kwatanta samfuran gidan kayan gargajiya tare da tsuntsaye na zamani don bin diddigirin canje-canjen bayyanar da tsarin jiki.[3][4] Tsinkaya na sauye-sauyen kewayon da ke haifar da tasirin kai tsaye da kai tsaye na canjin yanayi akan nau'in tsuntsaye suna daga cikin mafi mahimmanci, saboda suna da mahimmanci don sanar da aikin kiyaye dabbobi, wanda ake buƙata don rage hadarin halaka daga canjin yanayi.[5]

Zaɓuɓɓukan Rage canjin yanayi na iya samun tasiri daban-daban ga tsuntsaye. Koyaya, har ma da Tasirin muhalli na ikon iska an kiyasta ya zama mafi ƙarancin barazana ga tsuntsaye fiye da ci gaba da tasirin canjin yanayi.[6]

Dalilan da suka haifar

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Page 'Extinction risk from climate change#Birds' not found

Canjin yanayi ya ɗaga zafin jiki na Duniya da kimanin 1.1 °C (2.0 °F) ° C (2.0 ° F) tun lokacin Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu. Kamar yadda girman fitar da iskar gas a nan gaba da Ayyukan ragewa ya ƙayyade Yanayin canjin yanayi da aka ɗauka, dumama na iya ƙaruwa daga matakan yanzu da ƙasa da 0.4 °C (0.72 °F) ° C (0.72 ° F) tare da saurin ragewa da cikakke (mafarki na 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) ° C (2.7 ° F) Paris) zuwa kusa da 3.5 °C (6.3 °F) ° C (6.3 ° F) (4.5 °C (8.1 °F) ° C (8.1 ° F) daga preindustrial) a ƙarshen ƙarni tare da ƙaruwa sosai kuma ci gaba da ƙara fitar da isar gas. :21

Tasirin

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Canje-canje na jiki

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Misalan kayan tarihi na Collared flycatcher (sama) da Eurasian blackbird (kasa) yara idan aka kwatanta da tsuntsaye na zamani. Ana maye gurbin gashin tsuntsaye da gashin tsuntsu na manya a baya, kuma mata yanzu sun kammala canjin da wuri fiye da maza, yayin da a baya akasin haka ne.[4]

Tsuntsaye rukuni ne na dabbobi masu Jinin dumi waɗanda suka zama aji Tsuntsaye, waɗanda ke da gashin tsuntsaye masu ƙanƙara, sa ƙwai masu ƙanshin ƙanƙanta, ƙimar metabolism mai ƙarfi, zuciya mai ɗaki huɗu, da ƙashin ƙashi mai ƙarfi amma mai sauƙi.

Canjin yanayi ya riga ya canza bayyanar wasu tsuntsaye ta hanyar sauƙaƙe canje-canje ga gashin kansu. Kwatanta samfurori na gidan kayan gargajiya na yara masu tsayi daga 1800s tare da yara iri ɗaya a yau sun nuna cewa waɗannan tsuntsaye yanzu sun kammala canji daga gashin tsuntsaye su zuwa gashin tsuntsu masu girma a baya a rayuwarsu, kuma mata yanzu suna yin hakan kafin maza.[7] Bugu da ƙari, blue tits an bayyana su da blue da yellow fuka-fukan, amma wani binciken a cikin Bahar Rum Faransa ya nuna cewa waɗancan launuka masu banbanci sun zama marasa haske da ƙarfi a cikin lokacin tsakanin 2005 da 2019 kawai.[8][9]

Wani binciken da aka yi a Birnin Chicago ya nuna cewa tsawon ƙasusuwan ƙananan ƙafafun tsuntsaye (alamu na girman jiki) ya ragu da matsakaicin 2.4% kuma fuka-fukan su sun tsawo da 1.3%. A tsakiyar yankin Amazon, tsuntsaye sun ragu a cikin taro (alamu na girman) har zuwa 2% a kowace shekara goma, kuma sun karu da tsawon fuka-fuki har zuwa 1% a kowace shekara, tare da haɗi zuwa zafin jiki da sauye-sauyen hazo. Wadannan yanayin yanayin yanayi na iya nuna misali na canjin juyin halitta bayan mulkin Bergmann.[10][11][12] A duk faɗin Eurasia, dusar ƙanƙara ta zama karami da duhu a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata.[13]

Hawan yanayin zafi saboda dumamar yanayi an kuma nuna shi don rage girman tsuntsaye masu ƙaura da yawa.[14] A cikin binciken farko don gano alaƙa kai tsaye tsakanin fahimta da martani na phenotypic ga Canjin yanayi, masu bincike sun nuna cewa raguwar girman ya fi bayyana a cikin ƙananan tsuntsaye idan aka kwatanta da nau'in manyan.[14] Rage girman jiki shine amsawa ta gaba ɗaya ga yanayin zafi tunda tsuntsaye masu ƙananan jiki na iya kawar da zafi cikin sauƙi, yana taimakawa wajen magance damuwa da ke haifar da zafi. Rage girman jiki da kwakwalwa kuma yana haifar da rage ikon fahimta da gasa, yana sa ƙananan tsuntsaye su fi sauƙi ga masu cin nama.[14] A wani binciken inda masu bincike suka kwatanta girman kwakwalwa na nau'in tsuntsaye 1,176, sun gano cewa nau'in da ke kashe karin albarkatu a kan yaransu suna da kwakwalwa mafi girma a matsayin manya.[15] Nau'in tsuntsaye da ke ciyar da 'ya'yansu bayan sun haife su sun tsawo lokacin da' ya'yansu zasu iya bunkasa kwakwalwarsu, suna samar da 'ya-ya'ya masu basira da girma. Canjin yanayi saboda Canjin yanayi na iya tasiri ga ikon tsuntsaye don samun isasshen abinci don kiyaye kwakwalwarsu da samar da 'ya'yansu, wanda ke haifar da rage girman kwakwalwa. Tsuntsaye masu girma da basira, kamar New Caledonian crow, na iya magance ƙalubalen da canjin yanayi ya kawo.[15]

Ilimin halitta

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Bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin tsuntsayen bakin teku na Arctic tsakanin shekara ta al'ada da shekara mai zafi.[16]

Ga jinsuna da yawa, canjin yanayi ya riga ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na abubuwan da suka faru, wanda shine sabon abu inda lokacin wani bangare na sake zagayowar shekara-shekara na jinsin ya daina daidaitawa da wani, yana lalata lafiya juyin halitta na jinsin. Abubuwan da suka faru kamar haifuwa da ƙaura suna da tsada sosai, kuma galibi suna faruwa ne kawai a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin sake zagayowar shekara-shekara lokacin da wadatar ganima ta yanayi ta fi girma. Koyaya, abubuwa da yawa da aka kama sun bambanta da abubuwan da ke cikin kuzari da abinci mai gina jiki kuma suna amsawa ga canjin yanayi a ƙididdiga daban-daban fiye da matakan rayuwar tsuntsaye.[17] Wasu nau'o'in da aka saba da su kamar pied flycatcher na iya ramawa don rashin daidaituwa tsakanin lokacin haihuwar su da girman yawan mutanen da suka fi so (caterpillars) ta hanyar ciyar da 'ya'yansu daban-daban kamar kwari masu tashi da gizo-gizo, wanda ke haifar da rage yawan jiki amma guje wa babban raguwa a cikin Nasarar haifuwa.[18] Mismatch wani lamari ne mai tsanani ga tsuntsayen bakin teku na Arctic saboda yawan Canjin yanayi a cikin Arctic, wanda ke haifar da abubuwan da suka faru kamar mutuwar da aka haifar da yunwa ta 2016 na kusan 9000 puffins da sauran tsuntsayen teku a Alaska. [16][19] tsuntsaye masu ƙaura masu nisa suna da hankali ga rashin daidaituwa na phenological, saboda ƙaruwa da rashin iya bin diddigin canje-canje a cikin yanayin kiwo yayin da suke ƙaura ko daidaita lokacin da za su iya tattara abinci da kiwo. Akwai ƙarin rashin daidaituwa na phenological da ke faruwa a lokacin ƙaurawar bazara, wanda ke haifar da raguwa a cikin yawan jama'a a cikin jinsunan da ke da rashin daidaituwa mafi girma ko asynchrony na phenological, idan aka kwatanta da jinsunan da ba su da ƙarancin hankali ga canjin yanayi sabili da haka ƙarancin buƙatar daidaita tsarin ƙaura.[3] Idan lokacin mafi girman wadataccen nau'in tsuntsaye ya faru a baya fiye da lokacin ƙaura saboda yanayin zafi, to mai yiwuwa zai rasa lokacin tattara albarkatu.[20]

A mayar da martani, an lura da canje-canje a cikin ilimin tsuntsaye a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, kamar tsawo na ƙaurawar bazara. Dabbobi daban-daban na iya samun abubuwan da suka haifar da ƙaura, don haka canje-canje a cikin tsarin ƙaura na iya bambanta, amma ga mutane da yawa, akwai alaƙa tsakanin yanayin zafi kuma in ba haka ba bambance-bambance da ba a bayyana su ba a cikin lokacin ƙaura a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Gabaɗaya, mutane na farko suna ƙaura a baya kuma na baya-bayan nan suna ƙaura ne a irin wannan lokacin ko daga baya fiye da baya.[1][21] Wood warblers a Arewacin Amurka suna ba da sanannen misali, kamar yadda bincike na shekaru 60 na bayanai ya nuna cewa kowane ƙarin yanayin zafi na farko ya bayyana don kawo ƙaura 0.65 kwanaki kusa.[2] Akwai wasu muhawara na kimiyya game da ko irin waɗannan sauye-sauye suna wakiltar canjin juyin halitta, ko filastik na phenotypic. A wasu kalmomi, kawai saboda mutane da yawa a cikin jinsin sun canza yanayin su, ba yana nufin cewa canjin zai taimaka wa waɗancan mutane su sami nasarar haihuwa kuma su ci gaba da canjin halayyar a cikin ƙarni na gaba, tunda sauye-sauyen mutum na iya zama ba daidai ba. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman tare da canjin yanayi, saboda canjin canjin sa ya zama da wuya a daidaita lokacin daidai, kuma yana yiwuwa ga mutane a cikin tsararraki da yawa su amsa irin waɗannan alamun muhalli a cikin wannan hanya, amma ba tare da fa'idar haifuwa ba.[22] Wasu nau'o'in da suka kara yawan kwanakin sa kwai da kuma ci gaba da lokacin ƙaura na bazara sun nuna mafi kyawun yanayin yawan jama'a, kamar wasu tsuntsaye da ke kiwo a Biritaniya, amma wannan kawai yana ba da shaidar kai tsaye.[3] Har zuwa yau, Common terns suna ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jinsuna inda aka tabbatar da matsin lamba don ƙaura a baya (motsawa na gaba na kwanaki 9.3 sama da shekaru 27) don samun wani sashi na gado a ciki.[23]

Wani mutum ne mai girma.

Babban tits yana ba da sanannen misali na rikitarwa na bin diddigin canjin phenology. A shekara ta 2 °C (3.6 °F), an lura da raguwar yawan jama'a saboda rashin daidaituwa na >10-day tsakanin lokacin kiwo da suka fi so da kuma yawan yawan jama'ar caterpillars, tushen abincin da suka fi dacewa.[24] Sakamakon haka, 'ya'yan da aka haifa a farkon lokacin da yawan caterpillar ke cikin mafi kyawun yanayin jiki fiye da waɗanda aka haifa daga baya a lokacin kiwo, wanda ya kamata ya yi aiki a matsayin direba na juyin halitta.[25] Duk da haka, lambobi na caterpillar suna shafar fiye da yanayi, tare da yanayin jiki na masu samar da asali na gida kamar itatuwan oak sau da yawa suna da mahimmanci ga lambobin su, kuma saboda haka, don lokacin da ya fi dacewa ga manyan mutane su sa qwai.[26] Duk da haka, a shekara ta 2021, an lura cewa babban ilimin tit ya ci gaba da ci gaba har ma da ƙarshen bazara, kuma ta haka ne mafi girman lambobin caterpillar, ya canza kadan tun daga shekara ta 2006. Don haka, rashin daidaituwa na phenological ga manyan tits yanzu ya fi ƙasa da baya, yana nuna nasarar daidaitawa, amma dumama na gaba zai iya ƙara rashin daidaituwa. Idan Yarjejeniyar Paris ta cika kuma zafi ya kai 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) ° C (2.7 ° F) ko 2 ° C (3.6 ° F), to rashin daidaituwa zai kai kusan a shekara ta 2050 sannan ya sake raguwa yayin da jinsin zai ci gaba da daidaitawa. A karkashin RCP4.5 da RCP8.5, yanayin sauye-sauye guda biyu masu tsanani, matsakaicin rashin daidaituwa na phenological zai sake kasancewa a kwanaki 10 a ƙarshen karni ko ma ya kai kusan kwanaki 15 da ba a taɓa gani ba, bi da bi.[27]

Abubuwan da suka faru na matsananciyar damuwa

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Tsinkaya na matsanancin yanayi a matakai daban-daban na dumamar duniya.

Baya ga ci gaba da karuwa a cikin zafin jiki da sauye-sauye a cikin yanayin hazo, canjin yanayi yana ƙara yawan abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi, kuma waɗannan na iya zama masu lalacewa ga nau'in da aka kama a cikin hanyarsu. Carnaby's Black Cockatoo wani nau'i ne a kudu maso yammacin Ostiraliya wanda ya sha wahala sosai a cikin yawan jama'a bayan kawai abubuwa biyu masu tsanani - mummunan zafi da guguwar ƙanƙara tsakanin Oktoban shekarar 2009 da Maris, shekara ta 2010. [28] A Turai, ƙananan kestrels suna da alama suna daidaitawa da dumama mai gudana, amma an lura da rasa ƙarin 'ya'ya a lokacin matsanancin watanni.[29]

Canjin yanayi an san shi da kara haɗari da tsananin gobarar daji a sassa da yawa na duniya, inda yake bushe shuke-shuke kuma yana rage girman dusar ƙanƙara.[30][31] Wutar daji na iya lalata wuraren zama na wasu tsuntsaye: bayan Lokacin gobarar daji na Australiya na 2019-20, ana ɗaukar ƙauyuka na emu a bakin tekun New South Wales a cikin haɗari mai girma.[32] A Lokacin gobarar daji na Yammacin Amurka na shekarar 2020, daya daga cikin garuruwa biyu kawai na Cassia Crossbill ya cika da wuta.[33] Duk da yake yawancin nau'ikan tsuntsaye na iya tsira daga lalacewar mazauninsu ta hanyar tashi, har yanzu hayaki gobarar daji na iya shafar su sosai. Wannan damuwa ce ta musamman ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu ƙaura waɗanda za a iya kama su a cikin yankin da ke cike da hayaki yayin da suke ƙaura. A cikin shekara ta 2020, "dubban dubbai har ma da tsuntsaye miliyan daya sun mutu a fadin akalla jihohin Amurka guda biyar da jihohin Mexico guda huɗu", da farko na nau'in ƙaura.[34] Wannan taron "wanda ba a taɓa gani ba" an haɗa shi da hayakin gobara a shekara mai zuwa.[35][36]

Yankunan shorebird sau da yawa suna da mummunar tasiri ta hanyar hauhawar matakin teku, duka saboda raguwar sannu a hankali daga halin da ke gudana, da kuma guguwa guguwa ta kwatsam da sauran abubuwan da suka faru. Daga baya a cikin karni, matakin teku a Gabashin Gabashin Amurka na iya ci gaba sosai cewa babban guguwa zai iya ambaliya har zuwa 95% na mazaunin bututun mai na yanzu a yankin, yayin da ikonsa na canza mazaunin ciki na iya ƙuntata ta hanyar ci gaban bakin teku na gaba.[37] Har ila yau, yawan mutanen Gulf Coast suna cikin haɗari, tare da yiwuwar asarar kashi 16% na mazaunin ta hanyar 2100 zuwa ambaliyar ruwa kadai, da haɗarin guguwa mai tsanani da ci gaban ɗan adam na bakin teku.[38] Abin mamaki shine, yawan masu amfani da bututu na cikin gida na iya amfana daga ambaliyar ruwa mai karfi da canjin yanayi ya haifar, kamar yadda yashi mai budewa da suke gida a ciki na iya kauce wa tsiro da tsiro a kai a kai idan an ambaliya sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru huɗu, wanda ya faru kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai na Amurka amma yanzu an rage shi zuwa sau ɗaya a kowace shekara ashirin ta hanyar kokarin daidaitawa na bakin teku don kare dukiyar ɗan adam. Sakamakon haka, ambaliyar ruwa ta gaba da canjin yanayi ya haifar na iya dawo da tarihin tarihi ga jinsin, kodayake akwai karamin haɗarin canjin yanayi ko dai yana haifar da ambaliyar mai yawa ko bushe yankin a ƙarƙashin wasu al'amuran.[39]

Yankin

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Yankunan Arewacin Amurka waɗanda aka yi hasashen cewa jinsunan suna motsawa a cikinsu a kan net (blue) ko rasa su (ja) a 3 °C (5.4 °F) ° C (5.4 ° F) na dumama daga preindustrial.

Canjin yanayi na iya sa yanayin gidaje ba za a iya jurewa ba ga nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban. Misali, tsuntsayen bakin teku suna gida a cikin yashi, kuma yawan mutanen bakin teku na mafi ƙanƙanta da bututu sun riga sun san su da shan wahala daga yanayin yashi da ke ƙaruwa kuma a wasu lokuta suna da zafi sosai, [40] yayin da tsuntsayen hamada na iya mutuwa gaba ɗaya daga rashin ruwa a kwanakin zafi da ba a taɓa gani ba. [41][42] Ana sa ran kewayon tsuntsaye da yawa za su canza a sakamakon haka, kamar yadda "canjin yanayi ya tilasta nau'ikan su motsa, su daidaita ko su mutu. " Misali, an lura da ƙananan Tsuntsaye na gida suna tafiya daga gidajen iyayensu fiye da baya, don mayar da martani ga yanayin zafi. Canjin yanayi kuma an haɗa shi da raguwar da aka lura a cikin lambobi da raguwar kewayon tsatsa baƙar fata, wanda a baya ya zama ruwan dare amma a halin yanzu yana da rauni a nau'in Arewacin Amurka.[43] Canje-canje na Range suna ƙaruwa a cikin latitude, kamar tare da nau'ikan Asiya guda biyu na Black-tailed godwit, waɗanda ake sa ran su matsa kusa da Arewacin Pole.[44] Gidajensu gabaɗaya na iya raguwa sosai zuwa kusan 16% na halin yanzu, tare da duk tsoffin wuraren da suka dace da su sun ɓace.[45] Baya ga motsawa zuwa gefen, nau'in tsuntsaye kusa da duwatsu suna canzawa zuwa yanayin sanyi na tsaunuka masu tsawo. A Indiya, ana sa ran 66-73% na nau'in 1,091 za su motsa sama ko arewa don mayar da martani ga canjin yanayi. Kusan kashi 60% za su ga kewayon su ragu, tare da sauran suna samun kewayon.[46]

Baya ga hauhawar yanayin zafi, canjin yanayi na iya tasiri ga kewayon tsuntsaye ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin hazo. Misali, karuwar ruwan sama a wasu yanayin alpine ya dace da tsinkaya na Tasirin canjin yanayi akan sake zagayowar ruwa. Wannan ya haɗa da wasu mazaunin tsuntsayen savannah da larks masu ƙaho, waɗanda aka sani suna da mafi girman mutuwar gidaje na yau da kullun idan mahallinsu ya yi ruwan sama a jere fiye da kwana biyu, idan aka kwatanta da babu ruwan sama kwata-kwata.[47] An ƙuntata Robin mai launin toka ga gandun daji na yankin zafi mai zafi a arewa maso gabashin Queensland na Australia da kuma wasu jama'a a cikin tsaunuka na New Guinea. Yana buƙatar yanayin sanyi wanda za'a iya samunsa ne kawai a cikin tsaunuka mafi girma, duk da haka ba kamar sauran jinsuna ba, ba zai iya ci gaba da canza kewayonsa ba har zuwa duwatsu, kamar yadda in ba haka ba yana fama da hazo mai yawa. Wadannan ƙuntatawa a kan iyakar da ake da ita sun sa ya kasance mai saukin kamuwa da canjin yanayi na gaba.[48] A gefe guda, a Arewacin Amurka, ana sa ran furen willow na kudu maso yamma zai rasa aƙalla kashi 62% na yawan jama'arta ta hanyar 2100 a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai zafi da kashi 36% a ƙarƙashin yanayin tsakiya, amma bazai sha wahala ba a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙarancin zafi, a babban bangare saboda yiwuwar juyin halitta. Koyaya, idan tasirin fari na gaba ya ƙare musamman mai tsanani ga jinsin a lokacin da yake zama, zai iya ƙare ya rasa mafi yawan yawan yawan jama'arta har ma a cikin yanayin zafi mai sauƙi, da kuma 93% ko >99% a cikin yanayin dumi mafi girma.[49]

Ayyukan ɗan adam galibi suna hulɗa da tasirin canjin yanayi. Misali, a cikin ciyawa na Kudancin Amurka, ma'adinin filin zai rasa kashi 77-92% na yankinsa ta hanyar 2080 a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai zafi da 68-74% a ƙarƙashin yanayin tsakiya, wanda ke da damuwa musamman saboda rashin wuraren da aka kare ga wannan nau'in.[50] Tsuntsu ya ga raguwar kewayonsa a arewacin Afirka amma yana ƙaruwa a kudancin Afirka saboda canjin yanayi.[51] Canjin yanayi yana fa'idar ci gaban gandun daji a kan ciyawa a kudancin Afirka, wanda ke samar da karin bishiyoyi don nesting. Koyaya, karuwar su a cikin kewayon da yawa a kudu an taimaka musu da layin wutar lantarki. Infrastructure na lantarki yana ba da ƙarin gidaje da wuraren zama, wanda zai iya ƙara yawan nau'in.[51] Kuma a Arewacin Amurka, an bayyana sauye-sauyen da aka tsara a matsayin "maras tabbas" ta hanyar masana na National Audubon Society. Duk da yake daya daga cikin dalilan shi ne nesa da su, ɗayan kuma saboda ga jinsunan da ba su ƙaura ba, za su iya zama gaskiya ne kawai tare da taimakon ƙaura, in ba haka ba ba za su iya ƙetare shingen halitta zuwa sababbin wuraren zama masu dacewa ba kuma a maimakon haka za a cire su daga tsoffin su.[5]

Rashin Kashewa

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Senapathi, Deepa (2010). "Climate Change and Birds: Adaptation, Mitigation & Impacts on Avian Populations. A report on the BOU's Annual Conference held at the University of Leicester, 6–8 April 2010". Ibis (in Turanci). 152 (4): 869–872. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01062.x. ISSN 1474-919X. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Horton, Kyle G.; Morris, Sara R.; Van Doren, Benjamin M.; Covino, Kristen M. (19 January 2023). "Six decades of North American bird banding records reveal plasticity in migration phenology". Journal of Animal Ecology. 92 (3): 738–750. Bibcode:2023JAnEc..92..738H. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13887. PMID 36655993 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 255973200 Check |s2cid= value (help). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Horton2023" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Franks, Samantha E.; Pearce-Higgins, James W.; Atkinson, Sian; Bell, James R.; Botham, Marc S.; Brereton, Tom M.; Harrington, Richard; Leech, David I. (2017-11-20). "The sensitivity of breeding songbirds to changes in seasonal timing is linked to population change but cannot be directly attributed to the effects of trophic asynchrony on productivity". Global Change Biology. 24 (3): 957–971. doi:10.1111/gcb.13960. ISSN 1354-1013. PMID 29152888. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kiat, Y.; Vortman, Y.; Sapir, N. (10 June 2019). "Feather moult and bird appearance are correlated with global warming over the last 200 years". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 2540. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.2540K. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10452-1. PMC 6557852. PMID 31182713.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kenn Kaufman (March 21, 2018). "Climate Change Could Cause Shifts in Bird Ranges That Seem Unbelievable Today". Audubon (in Turanci). Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  6. ↑ Sovacool, B. K. (2013). "The avian benefits of wind energy: A 2009 update". Renewable Energy. 49: 19–24. Bibcode:2013REne...49...19S. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.01.074.
  7. ↑ Kiat, Y.; Vortman, Y.; Sapir, N. (10 June 2019). "Feather moult and bird appearance are correlated with global warming over the last 200 years". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 2540. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.2540K. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10452-1. PMC 6557852. PMID 31182713.
  8. ↑ "Change in bird coloration due to climate change". ScienceDaily (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  9. ↑ López-Idiáquez, David; Teplitsky, Céline; Grégoire, Arnaud; Fargevieille, Amélie; del Rey, María; de Franceschi, Christophe; Charmantier, Anne; Doutrelant, Claire (1 July 2022). "Long-Term Decrease in Coloration: A Consequence of Climate Change?". The American Naturalist. 200 (1): 32–47. arXiv:2211.13673. doi:10.1086/719655. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 35737990 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 247102554 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  10. ↑ "North American Birds Are Shrinking, Likely a Result of the Warming Climate". Audubon (in Turanci). 4 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  11. ↑ Weeks, Brian C.; Willard, David E.; Zimova, Marketa; Ellis, Aspen A.; Witynski, Max L.; Hennen, Mary; Winger, Benjamin M.; Norris, Ryan (4 December 2019). "Shared morphological consequences of global warming in North American migratory birds". Ecology Letters. 23 (2): 316–325. doi:10.1111/ele.13434. PMID 31800170. S2CID 208620935. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  12. ↑ Jirinec, Vitek; Burner, Ryan C.; Amaral, Bruna R.; Bierregaard, Richard O.; Fernández-Arellano, Gilberto; Hernández-Palma, Angélica; Johnson, Erik I.; Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Powell, Luke L.; Rutt, Cameron L.; Wolfe, Jared D. (2021). "Morphological consequences of climate change for resident birds in intact Amazonian rainforest". Science Advances. 7 (46): eabk1743. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.1743J. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abk1743. PMC 8589309 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34767440 Check |pmid= value (help).
  13. ↑ del Mar Delgado, Maria; Bettega, Chiara; Martens, Jochen; Päckert, Martin (6 November 2019). "Ecotypic changes of alpine birds to climate change". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 16082. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916082D. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52483-0. PMC 6834662. PMID 31695069.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Brainy birds may fare better under climate change: Study is first to directly link cognitive power to a physical response to warming". ScienceDaily (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Brainy birds may fare better under climate change: Study is first to directly link cognitive power to a physical response to warming". ScienceDaily (in Turanci). 21 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-23.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Saalfeld, Sarah T.; Hill, Brooke L.; Hunter, Christine M.; Frost, Charles J.; Lanctot, Richard B. (27 July 2021). "Warming Arctic summers unlikely to increase productivity of shorebirds through renesting". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15277. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1115277S. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94788-z. PMC 8316457 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34315998 Check |pmid= value (help).
  17. ↑ Shipley, J. Ryan; Twining, Cornelia W.; Mathieu-Resuge, Margaux; Parmar, Tarn Preet; Kainz, Martin; Martin-Creuzburg, Dominik; Weber, Christine; Winkler, David W.; Graham, Catherine H.; Matthews, Blake (February 2022). "Climate change shifts the timing of nutritional flux from aquatic insects". Current Biology (in Turanci). 32 (6): 1342–1349.e3. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E1342S. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.057. PMID 35172126 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 246830106 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  18. ↑ Samplonius, Jelmer M.; Kappers, Elena F.; Brands, Stef; Both, Christiaan (2016-06-23). "Phenological mismatch and ontogenetic diet shifts interactively affect offspring condition in a passerine". Journal of Animal Ecology. 85 (5): 1255–1264. Bibcode:2016JAnEc..85.1255S. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12554. ISSN 0021-8790. PMID 27263989.
  19. ↑ Helen Briggs (30 May 2019). "Climate change link to puffin deaths". BBC News (in Turanci). Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  20. ↑ Fraser, Kevin C.; Shave, Amanda; de Greef, Evelien; Siegrist, Joseph; Garroway, Colin J. (2019-09-06). "Individual Variability in Migration Timing Can Explain Long-Term, Population-Level Advances in a Songbird". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00324. ISSN 2296-701X.
  21. ↑ VAN BUSKIRK, JOSH; MULVIHILL, ROBERT S.; LEBERMAN, ROBERT C. (March 2009). "Variable shifts in spring and autumn migration phenology in North American songbirds associated with climate change". Global Change Biology. 15 (3): 760–771. Bibcode:2009GCBio..15..760V. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01751.x. ISSN 1354-1013. S2CID 84920348.
  22. ↑ Charmantier, Anne; Gienapp, Phillip (12 November 2013). "Climate change and timing of avian breeding and migration: evolutionary versus plastic changes". Evolutionary Applications. 7 (1): 15–28. doi:10.1111/eva.12126. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 3894895. PMID 24454545.
  23. ↑ Moiron, Maria; Teplitsky, Céline; Haest, Birgen; Charmantier, Anne; Bouwhuis, Sandra (3 May 2023). "Micro-evolutionary response of spring migration timing in a wild seabird". Evolution Letters. 8: 8–17. doi:10.1093/evlett/qrad014. PMC 10872114 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 38370547 Check |pmid= value (help).
  24. ↑ Visser, Marcel E.; Holleman, Leonard J. M.; Gienapp, Phillip (February 2006). "Shifts in caterpillar biomass phenology due to climate change and its impact on the breeding biology of an insectivorous bird". Oecologia. 147 (1): 164–172. Bibcode:2006Oecol.147..164V. doi:10.1007/s00442-005-0299-6. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 16328547. S2CID 27648066.
  25. ↑ Kaliński, Adam; Bańbura, Mirosława; Glądalski, Michał; Markowski, Marcin; Skwarska, Joanna; Wawrzyniak, Jarosław; Zieliński, Piotr; Bańbura, Jerzy (2019-07-08). "Physiological condition of nestling great tits (Parus major) declines with the date of brood initiation: a long term study of first clutches". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 9843. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.9843K. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46263-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6614424. PMID 31285462.
  26. ↑ Cole, Ella F.; Regan, Charlotte E.; Sheldon, Ben C. (27 September 2021). "Spatial variation in avian phenological response to climate change linked to tree health". Nature Climate Change. 11 (10): 872–878. Bibcode:2021NatCC..11..872C. doi:10.1038/s41558-021-01140-4. S2CID 237947627 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  27. ↑ Visser, Marcel E.; Lindner, Melanie; Gienapp, Phillip; Lonng, Matthew C.; Jenouvrier, Stephanie (24 November 2021). "Recent natural variability in global warming weakened phenological mismatch and selection on seasonal timing in great tits (Parus major)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 147 (1): 164–172. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1337. PMC 8611334 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34814747 Check |pmid= value (help).
  28. ↑ Saunders, Denis A.; Mawson, Peter; Dawson, Rick (2011). "The impact of two extreme weather events and other causes of death on Carnaby's Black Cockatoo: a promise of things to come for a threatened species?". Pacific Conservation Biology (in Turanci). 17 (2): 141–148. doi:10.1071/pc110141. ISSN 2204-4604.
  29. ↑ Marcelino, J.; Silva, J. P.; Gameiro, J.; Silva, A.; Rego, F. C.; Moreira, F.; Catry, I. (29 April 2020). "Extreme events are more likely to affect the breeding success of lesser kestrels than average climate change". Scientific Reports (in Turanci). 10 (1): 7207. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.7207M. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-64087-0. PMC 7190627. PMID 32350294.
  30. ↑ Jones, Matthew; Smith, Adam; Betts, Richard; Canadell, Josep; Prentice, Collin; Le Quéré, Corrine. "Climate Change Increases the Risk of Wildfires". ScienceBrief. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  31. ↑ Dunne, Daisy (14 July 2020). "Explainer: How climate change is affecting wildfires around the world". Carbon Brief. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
  32. ↑ Ed Yong (Jan 14, 2020). "The Bleak Future of Australian Wildlife". The Atlantic. Retrieved Feb 8, 2020.
  33. ↑ "Nearly Half of the Cassia Crossbill's Population Could Be Lost After Wildfire". Audubon (in Turanci). 2020-10-14. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
  34. ↑ Kevin Johnson (September 16, 2020). "The Southwest Is Facing an 'Unprecedented' Migratory Bird Die-Off". Audubon (in Turanci). Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  35. ↑ Joshua Rapp Learn (26 March 2021). "Mass Bird Die-Off Linked to Wildfires and Toxic Gases". EOS (in Turanci). Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  36. ↑ Yang, Di; Yang, Anni; Yang, Jue; Xu, Rongting; Qiu, Han (8 March 2021). "Unprecedented Migratory Bird Die-Off: A Citizen-Based Analysis on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Mass Mortality Events in the Western United States". GeoHealth (in Turanci). 5 (4): e2021GH000395. Bibcode:2021GHeal...5..395Y. doi:10.1029/2021GH000395. PMC 8029984 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33855250 Check |pmid= value (help).
  37. ↑ Seavey, Jennifer R.; Gilmer, Ben; McGarigal, Kevin M. (January 2011). "Effect of sea-level rise on piping plover (Charadrius melodus) breeding habitat". Biological Conservation (in Turanci). 144 (1): 393–401. Bibcode:2011BCons.144..393S. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.017.
  38. ↑ Convertino, Matteo; Bockelie, Adam; Kiker, Gregory A; Muñoz-Carpena, Rafael; Linkov, Igor (2012-10-30). "Shorebird patches as fingerprints of fractal coastline fluctuations due to climate change". Ecological Processes. 1 (1): 9. Bibcode:2012EcoPr...1....9C. doi:10.1186/2192-1709-1-9. ISSN 2192-1709. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  39. ↑ Zeigler, Sara L.; Catlin, Daniel H.; Brown, Mary Bomberger; Fraser, James D.; Dinan, Lauren R.; Hunt, Kelsi L.; Jorgensen, Joel G.; Karpanty, Sarah M. (11 January 2017). "Effects of climate change and anthropogenic modification on a disturbance-dependent species in a large riverine system". Ecosphere (in Turanci). 8 (1): e01653. Bibcode:2017Ecosp...8E1653Z. doi:10.1002/ecs2.1653. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  40. ↑ Andes, Alicia K.; Sherfy, Mark H.; Shaffer, Terry L.; Ellis-Felege, Susan N. (July 2020). "Plasticity of Least Tern and Piping Plover nesting behaviors in response to sand temperature". Journal of Thermal Biology (in Turanci). 91: 102579. Bibcode:2020JTBio..9102579A. doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102579. PMID 32716890.
  41. ↑ Meghan Bartels (February 13, 2017). "In a Hotter World, Desert Birds Will Face a Much Higher Risk of Dehydration". Audubon (in Turanci). Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  42. ↑ Albright, Thomas P.; Mutiibwa, Denis; Gerson, Alexander. R.; Krabbe Smith, Eric; Talbot, William A.; O’Neill, Jacqueline J.; McKechnie, Andrew E.; Wolf, Blair O. (February 13, 2017). "Mapping evaporative water loss in desert passerines reveals an expanding threat of lethal dehydration". PNAS. 114 (9): 2283–2288. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114.2283A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1613625114. PMC 5338552. PMID 28193891.
  43. ↑ McClure, Christopher J. W.; Rolek, Brian W.; McDonald, Kenneth; Hill, Geoffrey E. (January 16, 2012). "Climate change and the decline of a once common bird". Ecology and Evolution (in Turanci). 21 (12): 4342–4352. Bibcode:2012EcoEv...2..370M. doi:10.1002/ece3.95. PMC 3298949. PMID 22423330. S2CID 17474939.
  44. ↑ Senapathi, Deepa (2010). "Climate Change and Birds: Adaptation, Mitigation & Impacts on Avian Populations. A report on the BOU's Annual Conference held at the University of Leicester, 6–8 April 2010". Ibis (in Turanci). 152 (4): 869–872. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01062.x. ISSN 1474-919X.
  45. ↑ Zhu, Bing-Run; Verhoeven, Mo A.; Velasco, Nicolas; Sanchez-Aguilar, Lisa; Zhang, Zhengwang; Piersma, Theunis (18 June 2022). "Current breeding distributions and predicted range shifts under climate change in two subspecies of Black-tailed Godwits in Asia". Global Change Biology. 28 (18): 5416–5426. doi:10.1111/gcb.16308. PMC 9544271 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35716047 Check |pmid= value (help).
  46. ↑ Deomurari, Arpit; Sharma, Ajay; Ghose, Dipankar; Singh, Randeep (10 March 2023). "Projected Shifts in Bird Distribution in India under Climate Change". Diversity. 15 (3): 404. doi:10.3390/d15030404.
  47. ↑ Martin, Kathy; Wilson, Scott; MacDonald, Elizabeth C.; Camfield, Alaine F.; Martin, Michaela; Trefry, Sarah A. (2017-07-01). "Effects of severe weather on reproduction for sympatric songbirds in an alpine environment: Interactions of climate extremes influence nesting success". The Auk. 134 (3): 696–709. doi:10.1642/AUK-16-271.1. ISSN 1938-4254. S2CID 89912283.
  48. ↑ Li, Jin; Hilbert, David W.; Parker, Trevor; Williams, Stephen (8 January 2009). "How do species respond to climate change along an elevation gradient? A case study of the grey-headed robin (Heteromyias albispecularis)". Global Change Biology (in Turanci). 15 (1): 255–267. Bibcode:2009GCBio..15..255L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01737.x. S2CID 84822516.
  49. ↑ Forester, Brenna R; Day, Casey C; Ruegg, Kristen; Landguth, Erin L (February 4, 2023). "Evolutionary potential mitigates extinction risk under climate change in the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher". Journal of Heredity (in Turanci). 21 (12): 4342–4352. doi:10.1093/jhered/esac067. PMC 10287148 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36738446 Check |pmid= value (help).
  50. ↑ Meireles, Ricardo C.; Lopes, Leonardo E.; Brito, Gustavo R.; Solar, Ricardo (February 14, 2023). "The future of suitable habitats of an endangered Neotropical grassland bird: A path to extinction?". Ecology and Evolution (in Turanci). 13 (2): e9802. Bibcode:2023EcoEv..13E9802M. doi:10.1002/ece3.9802. PMC 9926175 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 36818528 Check |pmid= value (help).
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Cunningham, S. J.; Madden, C. F.; Barnard, P.; Amar, A. (2016). "Electric crows: powerlines, climate change and the emergence of a native invader". Diversity and Distributions (in Turanci). 22 (1): 17–29. Bibcode:2016DivDi..22...17C. doi:10.1111/ddi.12381. ISSN 1472-4642.

Tasirin ayyukan rage canjin yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rage canjin yanayi yana amfana da yawancin nau'in tsuntsaye a cikin dogon lokaci ta hanyar iyakance tasirin tasirin canjin yanayi. Koyaya, dabarun ragewa na iya samun sakamako mai rikitarwa da ba a yi niyya ba. Wasu suna ba da fa'idodi tare kamar yadda kula da gandun daji ke ba da wutar daji na iya ƙara mazaunin tsuntsaye. Wasu dabarun amfanin gona don sabuntawa na iya ƙara wadatar jinsuna gaba ɗaya idan aka kwatanta da ayyukan noma na gargajiya.[1] A gefe guda, tsarin wutar lantarki na iya shafar tsuntsaye masu yawa, [1] amma akwai ƙananan bincike saboda iyakancewar ɗaukar wannan nau'in makamashi mai sabuntawa.

An san gonakin iska da haɗari ga tsuntsaye, kuma an gano su da cutar da nau'o'in kamar gaggafa masu farin wutsi da kuma wutsiyoyi. Wannan na iya zama matsala ta hangen nesa, saboda yawancin tsuntsaye suna da hangen nesa mara kyau. Za'a iya rage haɗarin turbine na iska idan an sanya hasumiyoyi a bayyane ga tsuntsaye, ko kuma an sanya su a wurare mafi kyau.[1]

A Amurka, an kiyasta cewa tsakanin tsuntsaye 140,000 da 500,000 suna mutuwa a kowace shekara daga haɗari da turbines na iska, wanda zai iya ƙaruwa zuwa miliyan 1.4 idan an ƙara ƙarfin wutar lantarki sau shida. A matsakaici, haɗuwa sune mafi ƙarancin lokaci a yankin Great Plains, inda kimanin tsuntsaye 2.92 suka haɗu da turbine a kowace shekara, sun fi girma a Yamma da Gabashin ƙasar (4.72 da 6.86 tsuntsaye a kowace turbine a shekara) kuma sune mafi girma a California inda tsuntsaye 7.85 suka haɗu tare da kowane turbine a kowane shekara. [2]

Gabaɗaya, tsofaffin gonakin iska suna la'akari da tsuntsaye ƙasa da matsayi, kuma wannan ya haifar da yawan mace-mace fiye da gonakin iska da aka girka bayan ci gaban ingantaccen jagororin.[3] Sabon bincike ya nuna cewa a cikin jihar Indiya ta Karnataka, mutuwar shekara-shekara ta kowane turbine tana da 0.26 a kowace shekara, wanda ya haɗa da tsuntsaye da jemagu.[4] Lokacin da aka gina gonar iska ta bakin teku a kan hanyar jirgin sama ta Gabashin Asiya-Australasian, al'ummar tsuntsaye sun bayyana don daidaitawa bayan shekara guda na aiki.[5] Koyaya, har ma da tsofaffin gonakin iska an kiyasta suna da alhakin rasa ƙasa da tsuntsaye 0.4 a kowace gigawatt-hour (GWh) na wutar lantarki da aka samar a cikin 2009, idan aka kwatanta da tsuntsayen sama da 5 a kowace GWh don tashoshin wutar lantarki na burbushin halittu.[6]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Taimako na ƙaura
  • Tasirin canjin yanayi a kan halittu
  • Hadarin ƙaurawar tsuntsaye
  • Rashin tsuntsaye
  • Kare tsuntsaye
  • Lokacin raguwa

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Senapathi, Deepa (2010). "Climate Change and Birds: Adaptation, Mitigation & Impacts on Avian Populations. A report on the BOU's Annual Conference held at the University of Leicester, 6–8 April 2010". Ibis (in Turanci). 152 (4): 869–872. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01062.x. ISSN 1474-919X.
  2. ↑ "Wind Turbines". FWS (in Turanci).
  3. ↑ Shepherd, Abby (2022-08-01). "Wind turbines and solar panels can hurt birds and bats. A Missouri group hopes to help". The Beacon (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-09-24.
  4. ↑ Kumara, Honnavalli N.; Babu, S.; Babu Rao, G.; Mahato, Santanu; Bhattacharya, Malyasri; Ranga Rao, Nitin Venkatesh; Tamiliniyan, D.; Parengal, Harif; Deepak, D.; Balakrishnan, Athira L.; Bilaskar, Mahesh (25 January 2022). "Responses of birds and mammals to long-established wind farms in India". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 1339. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.1339K. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05159-1. PMC 8789773 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 35079039 Check |pmid= value (help).
  5. ↑ Bai, Mei-Ling; Chih, Wen-Chieh; Lee, Pei-Fen; Lien, Yu-Yi (11 March 2021). "Response of waterbird abundance and flight behavior to a coastal wind farm on the East Asian-Australasian Flyway". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 193 (4): 181. Bibcode:2021EMnAs.193..181B. doi:10.1007/s10661-021-08985-4. PMID 33694006 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 232173283 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  6. ↑ Sovacool, B. K. (2013). "The avian benefits of wind energy: A 2009 update". Renewable Energy. 49: 19–24. Bibcode:2013REne...49...19S. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.01.074.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canjin_yanayi_da_tsuntsaye&oldid=684712"