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Catharine Cox Miles

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Catharine Cox Miles
Rayuwa
Haihuwa San Jose (en) Fassara, 20 Mayu 1890
ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa Sandy Spring (en) Fassara, 11 Oktoba 1984
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama Walter Richard Miles (en) Fassara
Karatu
Makaranta Jami'ar Stanford
Thesis director Lewis Terman (en) Fassara
Sana'a
Sana'a psychologist (en) Fassara da university teacher (en) Fassara
Employers Jami ar Yale

Catharine Morris Cox Miles (20 ga Mayu, 1890 - 11 ga Oktoba, 1984) [1] masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce ta Amurka wadda akafi sani da aikinta a kan hankali da basira. An haife ta a San Jose, CA, ga Lydia Shipley Bean da Charles Ellwood Cox . A shekara ta 1927 ta auri masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Walter Richard Miles . 'Yar'uwarta masanin gargajiya ce kuma mai kula da Quaker Anna Cox Brinton .

Ta kasance farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Yale kuma tana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Harkokin Dan Adam ta Yale. Tun da farko ta yi aiki a Stanford tare da mahaliccin Stanford-Binet Lewis Terman a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi IQ. Har ila yau, an san ta da binciken Tarihi (1926) na ƙididdigar IQ na fitattun mutane ɗari uku waɗanda suka rayu kafin gwajin IQ, aikin da ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙoƙarin farko na amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya na zamantakewa don nazarin basira da girma.

Ayyukan ilimi

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Cox ta halarci Jami'ar Stanford inda ta sami digiri na farko a shekarar 1911. Ta sami digiri na Master of Arts a cikin harshen Jamusanci da adabi a shekara ta 1913. [2]Bayan kammala karatunta, ta koma Berlin, Jamus, inda ta yi shekara guda a Jami'ar Jena da Jami'ar Berlin. Ta koma San Jose, California, inda ta koyar da ilimin jiki da Jamusanci a Kwalejin Pacific . Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na I, Herbert Hoover ya kasance mai kula da Hukumar Taimako ta Amurka kuma ya ƙarfafa Quakers na Amurka su je Jamus don taimakawa kasar da ke fama. Cox ya koma Jamus kuma ya shiga Kwamitin Sabis na Abokai na Amurka a kokarinsa na taimakawa wajen samar da abinci ga yara masu fama da yunwa waɗanda Yaƙin Duniya na ya shafa. A shekara ta 1920, Cox yana aiki a matsayin Darakta na Gundumar ga Hukumar Taimako ta Amurka ta Arewa maso Gabashin Jamus.[3] Ziyararta ta biyu zuwa Jamus an ce ta yi wahayi zuwa ga sha'awar ilimin halayyar dan adam.

Komawa Jami'ar Stanford don neman Ph.D. a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam a karkashin kulawar Lewis Terman, Cox ta fara karatun ta na masu basira. Don aikinta na rubuce-rubuce, ta bincika ayyukan ƙwararrun mutane 301.[4] Yin amfani da tushen tarihin rayuwa, Cox ya yi amfani da Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales don ba da ƙididdigar IQ ga fitattun mutane daga lokacin da suke yara. Ta kammala cewa mafi girman IQ da kuma matsayi suna da alaƙa da waɗanda suka yi aiki a fannonin kimiyya, adabi, da fasaha. Matsayin soja shine kawai filin da ba ta sami dangantaka tsakanin IQ na yara da kuma matsayi ba.[5] Cox ta sami Ph.D. a 1925. An buga rubutun ta, Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses, a 1926 a matsayin kundi na biyu a cikin jerin Nazarin Jini na Genius wanda Lewis Terman ya fara.[4]

Bayan kammala karatunta, Cox ta fara aiki na shekara guda tare da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Tsakiya a Babban Asibitin Cincinnati, Asibitin Yara, da Cibiyar Diagnostic na Ofishin Tsohon Sojoji a matsayin masanin halayyar dan adam. Daga nan sai ta koma Stanford don ci gaba da aiki tare da Terman.[6] A cikin 1932, Cox ta karɓi matsayin jagorar likitan halayyar asibiti a Jami'ar Yale inda ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a cikin sashen Psychology da Psychiatry. Ta rike wannan mukamin har sai da ta yi ritaya a 1953.

Rayuwar iyali

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Bayan shekarar da ta yi a Cincinnati, Cox ta koma Stanford don yin aiki tare da Terman a 1927. Ba da daɗewa ba Cox ya sadu da ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikin Terman, Walter Miles, kuma biyun sun yi aure a wannan shekarar.[7] Miles, wanda ya mutu, yana da 'ya'ya matasa uku: Thomas, Caretta, da Kirk, dukansu Cox-Miles ya taimaka wajen tayar da su.[8] Sun kuma haifi 'ya'ya biyu; yarinya, Anna Mary Miles (Jones) da ɗa, Charles Elwood, wanda ya mutu a lokacin haihuwa.

Jima'i da Halin

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Cox-Miles da Terman sun buga wani littafi tare mai suna Jima'i da Mutum . An ba da shawarar cewa littafi ne da farko da Terman ya rubuta, amma bisa ga wallafe-wallafen sa mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa aikin Cox-Miles ne tare da wasu kulawa da taimako daga Terman.[9] Cox-Miles dalibi ne na Termans amma yayin da tsarin rubuce-rubuce na Jima'i da Mutum ya ci gaba, sun zama masu nisa da juna kuma gwagwarmaya ce don a buga shi a cikin lokacin da ake tsammani.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag Yayinda suke la'akari da bambancin jinsi, biyun sun sami babban bambanci tsakanin jinsi yayin haɗin kalmomi da ayyukan motsawa. Binciken su ya gano cewa martani na maza sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma suna da ƙarancin mahimmanci yayin da martani na mata ba su da ƙaranci kuma sun fi hadin kai.[10] Cox-Miles da Terman sun kuma haɓaka gwajin Maza-Maza. Gwajin ya kamata ya sanya mutane a kan bakan da ya dace da yadda suke namiji ko mace. Terman da Cox-Miles suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da bambancin jima'i wanda ya haifar da matsaloli da yawa tare da wallafe-wallafen binciken su. Sun fara rashin jituwa, wanda ya haifar da Cox-Miles da aka yi watsi da shi daga ko a haɗa shi cikin wallafe-wallafen. Dukkanin surori da suka danganci aikinta an cire su daga littattafai saboda waɗannan rashin jituwa.

An buga wani labarin mujallar da Cox-Miles da Terman suka rubuta a cikin American Journal of Psychology mai taken "Bambanci tsakanin jinsi a cikin haɗin ra'ayoyi. " Kungiyar ta rubuta wannan kuma ta yi wannan binciken yayin da take Jami'ar Stanford. Binciken ya kwatanta martani na kalmomi da abubuwan sha'awa, da kuma martani na motsin zuciyarsu ga maza da mata na shekaru daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan binciken ya bayyana cewa babu bambance-bambance tsakanin 'yan mata da maza tare da bambance-mbance na ilimi, amma' yan mata sun nuna ƙarin sha'awar zamantakewa kuma yara maza sun nuna ƙarin son aiki. Binciken ya kammala cewa bambance-bambance galibi suna cikin wani bangare ga bambance-mbance a cikin mutuntaka da halin mutum.

Ilimi

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Cox-Miles kuma yana da sha'awar saurin tunani a matsayin aikin shekaru. Hanyoyin da ta yi na binciken wannan ta hanyar auna batutuwa Sakamakon saurin hankali yayin amfani da gwajin saurin jarrabawar Otis-S-A. Ta gwada batutuwa tsakanin farkon balaga zuwa ƙarshen balaga. Ta gano cewa akwai mummunan alaƙa tsakanin shekarun tunani da shekarun mutum. Ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai raguwar iyawa tare da shekaru wanda ta yi imanin cewa saboda tasirin saurin gudu ne.[11] Cox-Miles da Terman sun buga bincike kan nasarar da aka samu tare. Sun kalli manya da yawan nasarorin da suka samu a rayuwarsu. Daga nan sai suka ɗauki wannan matakin ma'auni kuma suka kwatanta shi da ƙididdigar IQ na tunanin su don ganin idan akwai alaƙa. Akwai imani mai karfi cewa lafiyar kwakwalwa, lafiyar jiki, da matakan hankali duk zasu sami kyakkyawar alaƙa da juna.[12] Wani binciken Miles ya haɗa da binciken sashi na gargajiya wanda ta yi tare da Walter R. Miles inda suka gwada dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙididdigar hankali da shekaru, musamman daga farkon zuwa ƙarshen balaga. Binciken da suka yi shi ne cewa karuwar shekaru yana da alaƙa da raguwar wasu ƙwarewar ilimi, kamar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da hanyoyin saurin gudu. A wasu kalmomi, raguwar matsakaicin IQ yana da alaƙa da karuwar shekaru bayan ƙarshen matasa ko ashirin.[13]

Kyauta

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Cox-Miles na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mata masu ilimin halayyar dan adam na lokacinta. Ta yi aiki a matsayin likitan asibiti, farfesa, da kuma mai bincike; duk ayyukan da ba a saba gani ba ga mata a zamanin yakin duniya na biyu. Maimakon mayar da hankali kan zaluncin mata, rubuce-rubucenta a Jima'i da Mutum suna ɗaukar hanyar da ta fi dacewa da mata. Ta bayyana cewa mata suna da cikakken ikon zama uwaye da masu sana'a amma al'umma ta hana wannan.[14] Cox-Miles kuma yana da ra'ayi mai sassaucin ra'ayi game da jinsi da jima'i wanda ya kasance mai kawo rigima a lokacin.

Littattafai

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  • 1926: Nazarin Kwayar halitta na Genius: Hanyoyin Zuciya na Ɗari Uku [1]Nazarin Kwayar halitta na Genius: Hanyoyin Zuciya na Farko na Genius Ɗari Uku
  • 1929: "Bambanci tsakanin Jima'i a cikin Ƙungiyar Ra'ayoyi" [15]
  • 1931: "Otis S-A a matsayin gwajin hankali na minti goma sha biyar" [16]
  • 1932: "Hadin gwiwar ƙididdigar hankali da Zamanin Tarihi daga Farko zuwa Ƙarshe" [17]
  • 1935: Jima'i a cikin ilimin halayyar jama'a
  • 1936: "Rubuce-rubucen Lafiya na Yara na Tarihi" [18]
  • 1936: Jima'i da Mutum

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Sears, Robert R. (1986). "Catherine Cox Miles: 1890–1984". The American Journal of Psychology. 99 (3): 431–433. JSTOR 1422495.
  2. ↑ name="Psychology's Feminist Voices">Ball, Laura. "Profile of Catharine Morris Cox Miles". Feminist Voices. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  3. ↑ name="Miles Away from Terman">Hagarty, Peter (2012). "Getting Miles away from Terman: Did the CRPS fund Catharine Cox Miles UnSilenced Psychology of Sex?" (PDF). History of Psychology. 15 (3): 201–208. doi:10.1037/a0025725. PMID 23397910.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ball, Laura. "Profile of Catharine Morris Cox Miles". Feminist Voices. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  5. ↑ name="Catharine Cox Miles">Sears, Robert R. (1986). "Catharine Cox Miles: 1890–1984". The American Journal of Psychology. 99 (3): 431–433. JSTOR 1422495.
  6. ↑ name="Psychology's Feminist Voices">Ball, Laura. "Profile of Catharine Morris Cox Miles". Feminist Voices. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  7. ↑ name="Catharine Cox Miles">Sears, Robert R. (1986). "Catharine Cox Miles: 1890–1984". The American Journal of Psychology. 99 (3): 431–433. JSTOR 1422495.
  8. ↑ name="Miles Away from Terman">Hagarty, Peter (2012). "Getting Miles away from Terman: Did the CRPS fund Catharine Cox Miles UnSilenced Psychology of Sex?" (PDF). History of Psychology. 15 (3): 201–208. doi:10.1037/a0025725. PMID 23397910.
  9. ↑ name="Miles Away from Terman">Hagarty, Peter (2012). "Getting Miles away from Terman: Did the CRPS fund Catharine Cox Miles UnSilenced Psychology of Sex?" (PDF). History of Psychology. 15 (3): 201–208. doi:10.1037/a0025725. PMID 23397910.
  10. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ReferenceA
  11. ↑ Miles, Catharine Cox (January 1934). "Influence of Speed and Age on Intelligence Scores of Adults". The Journal of General Psychology. 10 (1): 208–210. doi:10.1080/00221309.1934.9917723.
  12. ↑ Simonton, Dean Keith; Song, Anna V. (April 2009). "Eminence, IQ, Physical and Mental Health, and Achievement Domain: Cox's 282 Geniuses Revisited". Psychological Science. 20 (4): 429–434. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02313.x. PMID 19399968. S2CID 41910440.
  13. ↑ Miles, Catharine Cox; Miles, Walter R. (January 1932). "The Correlation of Intelligence Scores and Chronological Age from Early to Late Maturity". The American Journal of Psychology. 44 (1): 44. doi:10.2307/1414956. JSTOR 1414956.
  14. ↑ Hagarty, Peter (2012). "Getting Miles away from Terman: Did the CRPS fund Catharine Cox Miles UnSilenced Psychology of Sex?" (PDF). History of Psychology. 15 (3): 201–208. doi:10.1037/a0025725. PMID 23397910.Hagarty, Peter (2012). "Getting Miles away from Terman: Did the CRPS fund Catharine Cox Miles UnSilenced Psychology of Sex?" (PDF). History of Psychology. 15 (3): 201–208. doi:10.1037/a0025725. PMID 23397910.
  15. ↑ Miles, C.C.; Terman, L.M. (1929). "Sex difference in the association of ideas". American Journal of Psychology. 41 (2): 165–206. doi:10.2307/1415233. JSTOR 1415233.
  16. ↑ Miles, C. C. (1931). "The Otis S-A as a fifteen minute intelligence test". Personnel Journal. 10 (4): 246–249.
  17. ↑ Miles, C.C.; Miles, W.R. (1932). "The correlation of intelligence scores and chronological age from early to late maturity". American Journal of Psychology. 44 (1): 44–78. doi:10.2307/1414956. JSTOR 1414956.
  18. ↑ Miles, C.C.; Wolfe, L.S. (1936). "Childhood physical and mental records of historical geniuses". Psychological Monographs. 47 (2): 390–400. doi:10.1037/h0093425.
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