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Catherine ta Iskandariya

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Catherine ta Iskandariya
Rayuwa
Haihuwa Alexandria, 287
ƙasa Romawa na Da
Mutuwa Alexandria, 305
Yanayin mutuwa  (kashe kai)
Sana'a
Sana'a Mishan
Feast
November 25 (en) Fassara
Imani
Addini Kiristanci

Catherine ta Alexandria, wacce aka rubuta da Katherine, [lower-alpha 1], bisa ga al'ada, waliyya ce ta Kirista kuma budurwa, wacce ta yi shahada a farkon karni na 4 a hannun sarki Maxentius . A cewar tarihinta, gimbiya ce kuma fitacciyar malamar da ta zama Kirista a kusa da shekara 14, ta mayar da ɗaruruwan mutane zuwa Kiristanci, kuma ta yi shahada a kusa da shekara 18.

Cocin Orthodox na Gabas suna girmama ta a matsayin babbar shahidi kuma suna bikin ranar bikinta a ranakun 24 ko 25 ga Nuwamba, ya danganta da al'adar yankin. A cikin Katolika, ana girmama Catherine a al'ada a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Mataimakan Tsarki Goma Sha Huɗu, kuma ana tunawa da ita a cikin Shahadar Romawa a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba. [1] An cire bikinta daga Kalanda ta Janar ta Romawa a 1969 amma an sake dawo da ita a 2002 a matsayin abin tunawa na zaɓi. [2] A cikin Cocin Episcopal, ana tunawa da St. Catherine a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, tare da shahidai Barbara ta Nicomedia da Margaret ta Antakiya, yayin da a cikin Cocin Ingila ranar bikinta ita ce 25 ga Nuwamba. [3]

Wasu masana na zamani suna ganin cewa tatsuniyar Catherine wataƙila ta dogara ne akan rayuwa da kisan budurwa Saint Dorothea ta Alexandria da kuma masanin falsafar Girka Hypatia, tare da rawar da Kirista da mai ra'ayin neoplaton suka taka a yanayin na ƙarshen. [1] [1] [1] A gefe guda kuma, Leon Clugnet yana rubutu a cikin Katolika Encyclopedia ya ce "kodayake masu rubutun hagiographers na zamani suna kallon sahihancin rubuce-rubuce daban-daban da ke ɗauke da tatsuniyar St. Catherine a matsayin abin shakku, don haka ba a nufin ya jefa ko da inuwar shakku game da wanzuwar waliyyi ba". [1]

Rayuwa

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A cewar labarin gargajiya, Catherine 'yar Sabinella ce da Constus (ko Costus), gwamnan Alexandria a lokacin mulkin Sarki Maximian (286-305). [4] Ta kasance Ba'amurke ɗan Girka-Masar. [5] Tun tana ƙarama ta sadaukar da kanta ga karatu. Wahayi na Budurwa Maryamu da Yaron Yesu ya shawo kanta ta zama Kirista. Lokacin da tsanantawar ta fara a ƙarƙashin Sarki Maxentius, ta je wurin Sarki ta tsawata masa saboda muguntarsa. Sarki ya kira manyan masana falsafa da masu magana na arna guda 50 don su yi jayayya da ita, suna fatan za su karyata hujjojinta na goyon bayan Kiristanci, amma Catherine ta yi nasara a muhawarar. Da yawa daga cikin abokan hamayyarta, waɗanda suka ci nasara da iyawarta, sun ayyana kansu Kiristoci kuma nan take aka kashe su. [6]

Azabtarwa da shahada

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Gumakan Saint Catherine na Alexandria, tare da abubuwan da suka faru daga shahadarta

Sarki ya ba da umarni a azabtar da Catherine da azaba mai tsanani sannan a jefa ta a kurkuku. [4] Tatsuniyarta ta nuna cewa a lokacin da ake tsare da ita, kurciya ta kan ciyar da ita kowace rana daga sama, kuma Kristi shi ma ya ziyarce ta, yana ƙarfafa ta ta yi yaƙi da jarumtaka, kuma ya yi mata alƙawarin kambin ɗaukaka ta har abada. Mala'iku sun kula da raunukanta da maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta .

A lokacin da take tsare, mutane sama da 200 sun zo su gan ta, ciki har da matar Maxentius, Valeria Maximilla ; duk sun koma Kiristanci kuma daga baya aka kashe su . [7] Bayan da Maxentius ya kasa sa Catherine ta yarda ta hanyar azabtarwa, ya yi ƙoƙarin rinjayarta ta hanyar neman aure. [8] Catherine ta ƙi, tana bayyana cewa mijinta shine Yesu Kiristi, wanda ta tsarkake budurcinta gare shi. [9]

Sarki mai fushi ya yanke wa Catherine hukuncin kisa a kan wata ƙaramar ƙaramar ƙara, amma da ta taɓa ta sai ta karye. [6] Maxentius ya ba da umarnin a yanke mata kai. Catherine ta ba da umarnin a fara aiwatar da kisan. Kamar yadda tatsuniyarta ta nuna, wani abu mai kama da madara maimakon jini yana fitowa daga wuyanta. [10]

Girmamawa

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A ƙarni na 6, Sarkin Gabas Justinian ya kafa abin da yanzu ake kira Saint Catherine's Sufaye a Masar, wanda aka gina shi da farko a kewaye da wani daji da ake zargin yana ƙonewa wanda Musa ya gani. Mutane da yawa suna yin aikin hajji zuwa gidan ibada don samun warkarwa ta mu'ujiza daga Catherine. [11]

Tarihi

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Wani lokaci ana ambatonsa a matsayin wahayi daga Catherine, Eusebius ya rubuta a kusan shekara ta 320 cewa Maximinus ya umarci wata matashiya Kirista ta zo fadarsa don ta zama uwargidansa, kuma lokacin da ta ƙi, ya hukunta ta ta hanyar korarta da kwace kadarorinta. [12] Eusebius bai ambaci sunan matar ba amma Rufinus na Aquileia ya sanya mata suna Dorothea ( Δωροθέα ) a cikin fassarar aikinsa na Eusebius. Wani masanin tarihi ɗan Italiya na ƙarni na sha shida, Caesar Baronius (kimanin 1538-1607), ya ba da shawarar cewa Catherine da Dorothea mutum ɗaya ne kuma Catherine (Hecaterina) ita ce tsohuwar sunan arna yayin da Dorothea (baiwar Allah) ita ce sunan da aka ba ta a lokacin baftisma.

Saint Catherine ta Alexandria ta Artemisia Gentileschi, kimanin 1619

Ko da yake ba ta musanta tarihinta ba, littafin Katolika ya ce yawancin cikakkun bayanai da suka ƙawata labarin, da kuma dogayen jawabai da aka danganta ga Catherine, za a ƙi su a matsayin ƙirƙira daga baya. [13] A cewar Encyclopædia Britannica, babu wani rubutaccen ambaton Catherine ta Alexandria da aka sani kafin ƙarni na 9, kuma "tarihinta yana da shakku". [9]

Donald Attwater ya yi watsi da abin da ya kira "tatsuniya" ta Saint Catherine, yana jayayya kan rashin "tabbacin shaida cewa ta taɓa wanzuwa a waje da tunanin wani marubuci ɗan Girka wanda ya fara rubuta abin da ya yi niyya ya zama kawai soyayya mai ginawa." [14] Harold Davis ya rubuta cewa "bincike mai zurfi ya kasa gano Catherine da wani mutum na tarihi". [15]

Anna Brownell Jameson ita ce ta fara jayayya cewa rayuwar Catherine ta rikice da ta masanin falsafar neoplaton Hypatia ta Alexandria, wacce ta ɗan yi ɗan lokaci. [16] Hypatia ƙwararren masanin lissafi ne na Girka, masanin ilmin taurari, kuma masanin falsafa wanda Parabalani ya kashe bayan an zarge shi da ƙara ta'azzara rikici tsakanin fitattun mutane biyu a Alexandria, gwamna Orestes da bishop Cyril . [17] [18] Tunanin cewa rayuwar Catherine ko dai ta dogara ne akan ko kuma ta rikice da rayuwar Hypatia ta arna ya zama sanannen ka'ida a tsakanin masana zamani tun daga lokacin. Duk da haka, yayin da Christine Walsh ta yarda da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin Catherine da Hypatia, ba ta yarda cewa akwai wata shaida ko akasin ra'ayin cewa an halicci Catherine bisa ga Hypatia ba. [16] [19]

Auren Sirri na Saint Catherine na Anthony van Dyck, 1618-20.

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Also referred to as Saint Catherine of Alexandria, Saint Catherine of the Wheel and The Great Martyr Saint Catherine (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., "Holy Catherine the Great Martyr"; Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.; Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.).
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found
  1. ↑ Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2001 ISBN 88-209-7210-7)
  2. ↑ Craughwell, Thomas (18 December 2017). "Why John Paul II Restored This Saint to the Calendar". National Catholic Register. Retrieved 26 November 2025.
  3. ↑ "The Calendar". The Church of England (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-11-25.
  4. 1 2 "Great Martyr Katherine of Alexandria". www.oca.org. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "oca" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ "Catharina K". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2023-10-29. Origin: St. Catherine of Alexandria; Greek theologian, philosopher
  6. 1 2 Clugnet 1908.
  7. ↑ "Saint Catherine of Alexandria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
  8. ↑ "St Catherine of Alexandria". Downside Abbey Archives and Library. 25 November 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  9. 1 2 "St. Catherine of Alexandria | Egyptian martyr". Britannica (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-12-11. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "britannica1" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ Morton 1841.
  11. ↑ Foley & McCloskey 2009.
  12. ↑ "Catherine of Alexandria, Lives of Saints". John J. Crawley & Co., Inc. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
  13. ↑ "Catherine of Alexandria, Saint". Catholic Answers. Retrieved 2021-12-11.
  14. ↑ de Azevedo 2005.
  15. ↑ Allen 1997.
  16. 1 2 Walsh 2007.
  17. ↑ Watts 2006.
  18. ↑ Deakin 1994.
  19. ↑ Deakin 2007.
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