Censorship a Gabas ta Tsakiya
Censorship wata manufa ce da gwamnatoci ke amfani da ita don riƙe iko a kan mutanensu ta hanyar hana jama'a kallon bayanan da jamhuriya ta ɗauka kamar yadda ke riƙe da damar tayar da tawaye. Yawancin kasashe a Gabas ta Tsakiya suna tantance kafofin watsa labarai, gami da Bahrain, Masar, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Siriya, Turkiyya da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.
 Censorship a Gabas ta Tsakiya | |
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| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
censorship (en)  |
Tsarkakewar Intanet
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana amfani da dabaru iri-iri don tantance kafofin watsa labarai na Intanet. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin farko shine gwamnati ta sanya ƙuntatawa ta doka a kan Masu ba da sabis na intanet ko nuna iko kai tsaye a kansu. Ta hanyar wannan iko, gwamnati tana toshe wasu shafukan yanar gizo ko kafofin watsa labarai (kamar hotuna, bidiyo, da labarai), har ma tana iya sanya sa ido kan wasu tushe. Hanyar ta biyu ita ce gwamnati ta haramta, ko ma ta yi buƙatun da ba su dace ba da ke hana kasancewar kamfanonin kafofin watsa labarai masu rikitarwa a cikin ƙasashensu, don hana yaduwar ra'ayoyin da kamfanonin suka gabatar. Tare da waɗannan hanyoyi guda uku, gwamnatoci na iya cire wasu abubuwan da ba a so sabili da haka sarrafa tunanin mutanensu.[1]
Censorship a lokacin Arab Spring
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A sakamakon Arab Spring, gwamnatocin mulkin kama karya sun rushe kan kwararar bayanai. Reporters Without Borders ya ce, "akalla 199 daga cikin wadanda ke sanar da jama'a an kama su a cikin 2011, karuwar kashi 31 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. " [2] Tun farkon 2011, Bahrain ta yi amfani da dabarun tantancewa kamar rage saurin Intanet, don hana yaduwar hotuna da bidiyo, saka idanu kan amfani da intanet, da toshe shafukan yanar gizo masu rikitarwa da batutuwa. Bahrain ta tilasta dabarun da ba a fahimta ba, yayin da Masar ta rufe Intanet gaba ɗaya na kwanaki biyar a lokacin mafi yawan tashin hankali a watan Janairun 2011. [2] Sauran kasashe, duk da kokarin da suke yi na ci gaba da shirin tantancewa mai tsauri, sun ga ba zai yiwu a tantance duk kayan da ke da damar haifar da tawaye ba saboda wadatar bayanan da ke akwai yanzu ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ƙarin bayani ya shiga cikin tsagewa fiye da kowane lokaci. Misali, tashoshin talabijin na Larabawa sun watsa bidiyon kishin kasa na Isra'ila a ranar tunawa da 'yancin kai na Isra'ira, galibi saboda "[Jordan] ba zai iya tantance shi ba," a cewar Jon Alterman.[3] A shekara ta 2011, masu amfani da Intanet a Misira da Tunisiya musamman sun sami hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su wajen tantancewa. Masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na Masar sun ba da rahoton cin zarafin da jihar ta yi, kamar duka 'yan sanda da kuma kama masu fafutuka. An kama waɗannan masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, wanda ya sa wasu masu rubutun ra-tafiye su ba da rahoton kama masu rubutun ra ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo na baya. Yayin da tantancewa a Misira ta fadi, haka kuma mulkin Mubarak. A Tunisia, masu amfani da Intanet sun kirkiro nasu sigar WikiLeaks, wanda ake kira "Tunileaks". Tunileaks ya sanar da jama'a game da gazawar shugabansu, Ben Ali, kuma, ya haifar da juyin juya hali.
Tasirin Musulunci a cikin Manufofin Censorship
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]'Yancin magana da haƙƙin samun bayanai a Gabas ta Tsakiya ana sarrafa su ta ƙa'idodin Islama. Akwai takamaiman matsayi na haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ka'idodin Islama sun ƙayyade abubuwan da ke cikin ci gaban zamantakewa. Babu wata tushe da ta bayyana a sarari ka'idar 'yancin magana, amma yawancin masu shari'a Musulmai suna amfani da wannan aya: "Kuma kada ku yi jayayya da mutanen Nassi sai dai a hanyar da ta fi kyau (29:46). Dokar Shari'a tana mulki sosai a kasashe Larabawa da yawa. Majalisar Musulunci ta Turai ta tsara sanarwar Musulunci ta Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam: mutane suna da' yancin bayyana tunaninsu muddin yana cikin iyakokin dokar Shari'a. [4]
Manufofin tantancewa a Misira
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai manufofi masu yawa na tantancewa da ke cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Masar ta ga nau'o'i da yawa na tantance kafofin watsa labarai. An tabbatar da Dokar Laifuka da Fasahar Bayanai a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, 2018 a Misira. [5] Za a sami hukunci idan mutum ya shiga tsarin gwamnati. Dokar ta haramta duk wani bayani game da 'yan sanda ko sojoji da aka buga.
A Misira, an toshe damar yin amfani da shafukan yanar gizo daban-daban da kuma shafukan yanar gizo sama da 500 na kungiyoyin kafofin watsa labarai. An tsare 'yan jarida da yawa,' yan jarida, da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo kuma an yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku.
Kafin a zartar da dokar yanar gizo, majalisar dokokin Masar ta zartar da doka da ke bi da asusun kafofin sada zumunta tare da mabiya sama da 5,000 a matsayin kafofin watsa labarai. Wannan yana nufin cewa suna fuskantar tsanantawa idan sun buga labarai na karya ko karya doka.
A karkashin fasahar sa ido, hukumomi na iya toshewa da saka idanu kan zirga-zirgar intanet. Wannan dokar aikata laifuka ta yanar gizo tana bawa hukumomi damar toshe abubuwan da ke barazana ga tsaron kasa ko tattalin arziki. [6] Akwai irin waɗannan dokoki a Qatar, Saudi Arabia, da UAE.
A watan Yulin 2022, gwamnatin Masar ta ba da sanarwar cewa an kwantar da hankali kan ka'idojin tantancewa da suka shafi daukar hoto da daukar hoto a wuraren jama'a. A watan Agustan 2022, hukumomin Masar sun toshe shafin yanar gizon Al-Manassa a yammacin 14 ga Yuli a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin ci gaba da ƙuntatawa a shafin yanar gizon, wanda shine ɗayan ƙananan shafukan labarai masu zaman kansu da ke aiki daga cikin Masar. [7]
Manufofin tantancewa a Qatar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Qatar tana da dokoki daban-daban game da bayyanawa da tantancewa. Kwanan nan, an yi gyare-gyare na Dokar Shari'a ta hanyar kara Mataki na 136. Wannan labarin yana ba da izinin ɗaure duk wanda ya buga ko watsa shirye-shiryen da ke cutar da bukatun ƙasa ko ra'ayin jama'a. [8]
Dokar Bugawa da Bugawa da aka bayar a 1979 ta shafi tantancewa a Qatar. Mataki na 62 ya shafi kirkirar kwamitin a Qatar don sarrafa manufofin tantancewa; za a zabi wakilai daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Cikin Gida, Aiki da Harkokin Jama'a. Mataki na 63 ya ƙunshi yadda ake buƙatar sake nazarin ayyukan fasaha kafin a buga su. Mataki na 64 ya bayyana cewa Ma'aikatar Littattafai da Buga na iya jagorantar Kwamitin Censorship kuma ya lura cewa ana bin al'adun fasaha, zamantakewa, addini, ɗabi'a da al'adu. Mataki na 65 ya bayyana cewa binciken kwatsam na iya faruwa a cikin fina-finai da sauran wurare a Qatar don tabbatar da cewa fina-fallace, tallace-tallace da nunawa sun dace.[9]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "How Do Countries Censor the Web?". Arbitrage Magazine Inc. Missing or empty
|url=(help) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Beset by Online Surveillance and Content Filtering, Netizens Fight On". Reporters Without Borders. Missing or empty
|url=(help) - ↑ Ayad, Christophe. "Middle East: Media Pluralism Via. Satellite". UNESCO Courier. Missing or empty
|url=(help) - ↑ Shishkina, Alisa; Issaev, Leonid (2018). "Internet Censorship in Arab Countries: Religious and Moral Aspects". Religions. 9 (11): 358. doi:10.3390/rel9110358.
- ↑ "Egypt leads the pack in internet censorship across the Middle East". Atlantic Council (in Turanci). 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
- ↑ "Egypt leads the pack in internet censorship across the Middle East". Atlantic Council (in Turanci). 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
- ↑ "Egypt: End the blocking of news websites". ARTICLE 19 (in Turanci). August 2022. Retrieved 2023-01-08.
- ↑ "Qatar: Repressive new law further curbs freedom of expression". www.amnesty.org (in Turanci). 20 January 2020. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
- ↑ "Al Meezan - Qatary Legal Portal | Legislations | Law No. 8 of 1979 on Publications and Publishing". www.almeezan.qa. Retrieved 2020-11-20.